tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-60695142713377484702024-03-05T21:06:51.126-08:00UNPFIP NetworkA Network of Information and Exchange for the UN Permanent Forum for Indigenous Peopleschantlacahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15255116987351106636noreply@blogger.comBlogger413125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6069514271337748470.post-68922114725266859222023-02-26T20:33:00.005-08:002023-02-26T20:42:22.532-08:00Ayotzinapa: February 26, 2023 Open Letter to Arizona Senators Sinema and Kelly <p><br /></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhhpdLWZutvfaRvxz3FURrrOGnmRUyngQ5sE1jYN4JO5Owq9nltWbpddJ6vP14Ug9aZ5_UcVSb6u2J6plULVQyITiBwj87jIj86nO0oaPZihhVq2gNUS9pDedRULbS2Rceohl3pZOtK4dM1gCPEy6DGPooxNwB55smlZd36sTXpUyMx7yLF6lsjxQ-/s1376/37925808_2129356053742413_7703042923620728832_o%20(1).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1055" data-original-width="1376" height="490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhhpdLWZutvfaRvxz3FURrrOGnmRUyngQ5sE1jYN4JO5Owq9nltWbpddJ6vP14Ug9aZ5_UcVSb6u2J6plULVQyITiBwj87jIj86nO0oaPZihhVq2gNUS9pDedRULbS2Rceohl3pZOtK4dM1gCPEy6DGPooxNwB55smlZd36sTXpUyMx7yLF6lsjxQ-/w640-h490/37925808_2129356053742413_7703042923620728832_o%20(1).jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><div class="post-header">
<div class="post-header-line-1"></div>
</div>
<div class="post-header">
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ES"> </span></span></b></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></b></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ES">TONATIERRA</span></span></b></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></b></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ES">Human Rights
Commission</span></span></b></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></b></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ES">PO Box 24009<span> </span>Phoenix, AZ 85074 </span></span></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ES">www.tonatierra.org
</span></span></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></b></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></b></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 50.9pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0.1pt 50.9pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span lang="ES" style="font-size: large; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="ES" style="font-size: large; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7FuM0bC8qZ6RjBK5HNjPmU_itRz5-CLxHtAFTJCGdkm-ham91TvDQGfYSIKiTFziPOZZbUvEy6GbRVaawLya5jefSmHAvYCVODeGZbR-A5X9iCk-tdq7YBG-0WQRKHM3tnrG_FMGMQamb0Rqm4RNf1bMoJCac359qyNPCjEVlGtGBR60kTrwm6CKe/s400/Kuauhtli.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="384" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7FuM0bC8qZ6RjBK5HNjPmU_itRz5-CLxHtAFTJCGdkm-ham91TvDQGfYSIKiTFziPOZZbUvEy6GbRVaawLya5jefSmHAvYCVODeGZbR-A5X9iCk-tdq7YBG-0WQRKHM3tnrG_FMGMQamb0Rqm4RNf1bMoJCac359qyNPCjEVlGtGBR60kTrwm6CKe/s320/Kuauhtli.jpg" width="307" /></a></span></b></div><b><span lang="ES" style="font-size: large; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />Arizona Senator Kyrsten Sinema</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">3333 E. Camelback Rd, Suite 200</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">Phoenix, Arizona 85018</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">Arizona Senator Mark Kelly</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">2201 E. Camelback Rd, Suite 115</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">Phoenix, AZ 85016</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">February 26, 2023</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dear Arizona Senators Sinema and Kelly,<br /><br /></span></span></p>
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">On September 24, 2021, we submitted a<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Ut1_Q0sY9yQmk228hDOtjdV2H5e9LGhl/view" target="_blank">
<b>Freedom of Information </b></a>Request along with the WATER PROTECTOR LEGAL COLLECTIVE
requesting disclosure of records related to the case of the <b>Forced Disappearance</b>
of the <b>43 Ayotzinapa</b> students on September 26, 2014, in Iguala Guerrero, Mexico.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><br />
On May 24, 2021, Mexican <b>President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador</b> communicated
he had received files from the United States regarding the investigation of the
2014 Ayotzinapa disappearances and subsequent criminal coverup by officials of
the Mexican government. President Lopez Obrador received these files after a
virtual meeting with <b>Vice President Kamala Harris</b> on May 7, 2021.<span> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">The TONATIERRA Human Rights Commission has
accompanied the parents and families of the 43 Ayotzinapa students for over
seven years now in their attempts to bring accountability and justice to the case.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"> </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Although we have sent this message to
both of your offices on December 26, 2021, via the email address provided on
your website and the message has been confirmed to have been received, we have
not had any substantive response from either of you regarding our request for
assistance in terms of bringing to light the relevant information as outlined
our initial FOI request.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"> </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">We shall continue to follow up with your offices to
arrange for a meeting to discuss the particulars of the human rights issues
involved.</span></span></span></p>
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Sincerely,<br /><br /></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Tupac Enrique Acosta</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">TONATIERRA<br /><br /></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjepnw-3dXU11pbybgTyNLuCRJnvZqdAp5tJ9u3i8kZ5VNmI6wEfy5csU1hEfJJ-VeyoNSGUq1jYbofh7nmRgEdfV67OOrCmXT91Cvzd58wDHrXlNxSuPIJMi8j9MDrICCk6sHz_pDLcns7qrarmOIDqBTZ9NIqeW-iJK5BQAaR-GyB-27om0XYh8ly/s934/Ayotzinapa%20Huehuecoyotl%20-%20Version%202.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="696" data-original-width="934" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjepnw-3dXU11pbybgTyNLuCRJnvZqdAp5tJ9u3i8kZ5VNmI6wEfy5csU1hEfJJ-VeyoNSGUq1jYbofh7nmRgEdfV67OOrCmXT91Cvzd58wDHrXlNxSuPIJMi8j9MDrICCk6sHz_pDLcns7qrarmOIDqBTZ9NIqeW-iJK5BQAaR-GyB-27om0XYh8ly/w400-h297/Ayotzinapa%20Huehuecoyotl%20-%20Version%202.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="font-family: georgia;">PRESS RELEASE</span></b></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span></b></span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span></b></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://redabyayala.blogspot.com/2021/09/ayotzinaparizona-press-conference-today.html?fbclid=IwAR2mr3oxCEf-9nvXI-zRglR_gwq8horiAb0RwvNIOPE3M2w1ZIOTU6tS62A" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span>Comisión
Permanente Ayotzinapa</span></b></span></a></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://redabyayala.blogspot.com/2021/09/ayotzinaparizona-press-conference-today.html?fbclid=IwAR2mr3oxCEf-9nvXI-zRglR_gwq8horiAb0RwvNIOPE3M2w1ZIOTU6tS62A" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>
</span></span></a></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://redabyayala.blogspot.com/2021/09/ayotzinaparizona-press-conference-today.html?fbclid=IwAR2mr3oxCEf-9nvXI-zRglR_gwq8horiAb0RwvNIOPE3M2w1ZIOTU6tS62A" target="_blank"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span>TONATIERRA Submits
Freedom of Information Request to the Biden administration for US government
files on the investigation of the Forced Disappearance of the 43 Ayotzinapa
students missing since September 26, 2014, in Mexico</span></span></b></a></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>
</span></span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Phoenix, Arizona –
Today a Freedom of Information Act request was formally submitted to the Biden
Administration by TONATIERRA and the WATER PROTECTOR LEGAL COLLECTIVE
soliciting disclosure of the files related to the US government’s investigation
into the Forced Disappearance of the 43 students from Ayotzinapa Rural
Teachers’ College missing since September 26, 2014.<br /><br /></span></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi_uZWd9fTRIavdrTOxmrheocli-Lgi69dDM7pYP521wFJu55htpo8cZaSDtN-Oe9aX90hBRoYQ0AxmzC5Q5yXsAuxyadCwXL-NS71TbKF9uahM9U_AMejqtkMTxJE-vBgPhbSeH9651AJ1VidiPzDDsY66pyiSZqhStSlfJq-dtNiMVnzrn3AcxL9m=s1550" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1550" data-original-width="1222" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi_uZWd9fTRIavdrTOxmrheocli-Lgi69dDM7pYP521wFJu55htpo8cZaSDtN-Oe9aX90hBRoYQ0AxmzC5Q5yXsAuxyadCwXL-NS71TbKF9uahM9U_AMejqtkMTxJE-vBgPhbSeH9651AJ1VidiPzDDsY66pyiSZqhStSlfJq-dtNiMVnzrn3AcxL9m=s320" width="252" /></a></span></span></div><h1 class="title style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">************</span></span></span></span></h1><h1 class="title style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span> February 26, 2023<br /></span></span></span></span></h1><h1 class="entry-title" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://mexicodailypost.com/2023/02/26/us-guns-kill-more-people-in-mexico-than-in-the-us-research-reveals/" target="_blank">US guns kill more people in Mexico than in the US, research reveals</a></span></h1>
<h1 class="title style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh9ux6uqYDO8OCUE0ZO0V3-FkPJhzKkvABOH42m2rXo-HbWAEpi2s6XQn6lPT6phYlIESMzczahe1D5EiluPOCQCylaqsVgywbPM3fUH2bh044IDnR_lbdWSs-546QN4_gxOEt8b4IsOGIJQdPhqaEfG-G6qoo1nZ9XC6z8jQPNS7d9g47Q9jogpiQb=s2048" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1703" data-original-width="2048" height="532" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh9ux6uqYDO8OCUE0ZO0V3-FkPJhzKkvABOH42m2rXo-HbWAEpi2s6XQn6lPT6phYlIESMzczahe1D5EiluPOCQCylaqsVgywbPM3fUH2bh044IDnR_lbdWSs-546QN4_gxOEt8b4IsOGIJQdPhqaEfG-G6qoo1nZ9XC6z8jQPNS7d9g47Q9jogpiQb=w640-h532" width="640" /></a></div><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">
</span></span></span></span></h1><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">TONATIERRA</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">Comisión de Derechos Humanos</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">PO Box 24009 Phoenix, AZ 85074</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">www.tonatierra.org</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">Contacto: Tupac <br />
Enrique Acosta</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">chantlaca@tonatierra.org</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">26 febrero de 2023</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">Senadora de Arizona Kyrsten Sinema</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">3333 E. Camelback Rd, Suite 200</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">Fénix, Arizona 85018</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">Senador de Arizona Mark Kelly</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">2201 E. Camelback Rd, Suite 115</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">Fénix, Arizona 85018</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">Estimados Senadores Sinema y Kelly,</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">El 24 de septiembre de 2021 presentamos una Solicitud de
Libertad de Información (FOI) junto con el COLECTIVO LEGAL PROTECTOR DEL AGUA
solicitando la divulgación de antecedentes relacionados con el caso de la <b>Desaparición
Forzada de los 43 estudiantes de Ayotzinapa</b> el 26 de septiembre de 2014, en
Iguala Guerrero, México.</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
El 24 de mayo de 2021, el presidente mexicano, <b>Andrés Manuel López Obrador</b>,
comunicó que había recibido archivos de Estados Unidos sobre la investigación
de las desapariciones de Ayotzinapa en 2014 y el subsiguiente encubrimiento
criminal por parte de funcionarios del gobierno mexicano. El presidente López
Obrador recibió estos archivos luego de una reunión virtual con la <b>Vicepresidenta
Kamala Harris</b> el 7 de mayo de 2021.</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
La Comisión de Derechos Humanos de TONATIERRA ha acompañado a los padres y
familiares de los 43 estudiantes de Ayotzinapa desde hace más de siete años en
su intento de llevar la rendición de cuentas y la justicia al caso.</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
Aunque enviamos este mensaje a sus dos oficinas el 26 de diciembre de 2021, a
través de la dirección de correo electrónico proporcionada en su sitio web y se
confirmó que se recibió el mensaje, no hemos recibido ninguna respuesta
sustancial de ninguno de ustedes con respecto a nuestra solicitud por
asistencia en términos de sacar a la luz la información relevante como se
describe en nuestra solicitud inicial de FOI.</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
Haremos un seguimiento con sus oficinas para organizar una reunión para
discutir los detalles de los problemas de derechos humanos involucrados.</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />Atentamente,</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tupac Enrique Acosta</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">TONATIERRA </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></div><h1 class="title style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span style="color: #990000;"></span></span></span></span></h1><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhM3LFq1p8M7aTRzAg69MywbdsoeJau-YGdYmxXglEA0MubXhg3-iQrmNTY7U34qP6jEeYxe_8KvgfcE0Gh5SL-aN5G5uLDDqIFUQdpw892wJfvvbChh4RBqzqASzF6S4Rx5sMuFKCK2HHKKG6BHUTkAtqrwQ4kMIULw9NyBYjmlJ_8f3GYkPsvFQ8y=s1956" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1119" data-original-width="1956" height="367" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhM3LFq1p8M7aTRzAg69MywbdsoeJau-YGdYmxXglEA0MubXhg3-iQrmNTY7U34qP6jEeYxe_8KvgfcE0Gh5SL-aN5G5uLDDqIFUQdpw892wJfvvbChh4RBqzqASzF6S4Rx5sMuFKCK2HHKKG6BHUTkAtqrwQ4kMIULw9NyBYjmlJ_8f3GYkPsvFQ8y=w640-h367" width="640" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/events/1280174502727869/?ref=newsfeed" target="_blank"><br /><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ES">*********************</span></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="ES">YouTube:<br />
</span></span></b></span></p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EAtho5ZpwdQ" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></b></span></a><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EAtho5ZpwdQ" target="_blank"><b><span><span lang="ES">Solidaridad
Internacional </span></span></b></a></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><b>
</b></span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><b><span lang="ES">Comisión
Permanente Ayotzinapa</span></b></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><b>
</b></span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><b><span lang="ES">TONATIERRA</span><span lang="ES"> </span></b></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="ES">Phoenix, Arizona</span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>On September 26, 2014 in the town of Iguala, Guerrero in Mexico, 43 students
from the rural teacher preparation school of Ayotzinapa were Forcibly
Disappeared by federal and local police agents of the Mexican state.<span> </span>Six others were killed that night, including
three students and three innocent bystanders shot and killed when the Mexican
army attacked the bus the students were taking to Mexico City.<span> <br /><br /></span>The 43 Ayotzinapa students were unarmed, they
were on their way to participate in the commemoration of the massacre of the
students in Tlaltelolco Square in 1968. Unknown to the students, was the fact
that the bus they were on was also carrying a contraband load of heroin for
delivery to the US, in Atlanta and Chicago.</span></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>
</span></span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>
</span></span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>The military and police agents were sent by the cartels of
the narco-state in Mexico to recover the heroin, at any cost.<br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><br /></span></span></span>
</p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>
</span></span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Now. eight years later, the parents, families, and
the community of the Ayotzinapa continue to demand accountability and justice
not only for the 43 Ayotzinapa students, but also for the tens of thousands of
victims of killed and disappeared in Mexico under the shroud of the US backed
“War on Drugs” and the US financed Plan Merida Mexico.</span></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>
</span></span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>
</span></span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Today, the guilty parties to the crime of the Forced
Disappearance of the 43 Ayotzinapa students remain at large. In open collusion
and complicity, the highest echelon of the Narco State in Mexico, the guilty
parties who were facing formal court charges in Mexico and in the US, have
escaped capture and detention, and after fleeing to Canada, are living in
comfort with protection and political exile in Israel.</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlDTHRhqAXBxBsG4qkN2GODnVPowyUYVXtxncdJVi01m7xA5enAsndCHPCQlSLNoXvtFjrobxbNiurm8frXEDfoR6U4DwT7xwN7og9sDF8rANvG9Ia_PDhrQAGLcMnunUp6aarHtKWTcgp2wn-8Ngco_EvEpYuJyVpUHsMbhDo2yc1pUhTlJfHVEa0/s2048/US%20Arms%20Mexico.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1565" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlDTHRhqAXBxBsG4qkN2GODnVPowyUYVXtxncdJVi01m7xA5enAsndCHPCQlSLNoXvtFjrobxbNiurm8frXEDfoR6U4DwT7xwN7og9sDF8rANvG9Ia_PDhrQAGLcMnunUp6aarHtKWTcgp2wn-8Ngco_EvEpYuJyVpUHsMbhDo2yc1pUhTlJfHVEa0/w306-h400/US%20Arms%20Mexico.jpg" width="306" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /><span><b>
</b></span></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><b><span lang="ES">¡AYOTZINAPA!</span></b></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><b>
</b></span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><b><span lang="ES">¡We do not
forget, we do not forgive!</span></b></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><b>
</b></span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><b><span lang="ES">They were taken
alive, we want them back alive!</span></b></span></span></span><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;"><br />
</span></p>chantlacahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15255116987351106636noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6069514271337748470.post-63598968923712410002023-02-17T01:55:00.001-08:002023-02-17T01:55:03.502-08:00Wallmapuche<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCyuHRo9lYw04KBcL1GjXNSfm9tXBH-rcAqJf5cKFYF6ciK8spECrRdgncK_MuFDVfLksPS83_I-wSBGS4DL17GcI4Us7OMMEHW1KfxlV_2FxuFi9yGraf1pzMGk2mXo88TDQ5p5PlFTr_IxNYVOWswnkXNXM-33ozs82hLnC0g2nP7randKjwewzn/s320/mapuche-nation.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="299" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCyuHRo9lYw04KBcL1GjXNSfm9tXBH-rcAqJf5cKFYF6ciK8spECrRdgncK_MuFDVfLksPS83_I-wSBGS4DL17GcI4Us7OMMEHW1KfxlV_2FxuFi9yGraf1pzMGk2mXo88TDQ5p5PlFTr_IxNYVOWswnkXNXM-33ozs82hLnC0g2nP7randKjwewzn/s1600/mapuche-nation.jpg" width="299" /></a></div><br /> <p></p>chantlacahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15255116987351106636noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6069514271337748470.post-13293207967593426432023-02-11T10:03:00.001-08:002023-02-11T10:03:30.808-08:00<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfgLrgyZNMz40f0h9KEjMoUhqTjNT-73t_BobdPHP17WzIjMEqd47kVSGNpdmh0zGDTH2aHe60OnmiqBS1TXVh2G-qdbnoEqIG6hiou3xluEnZ_xS8GfwVNoDI_aoRLxTsXjJNnCcUE3ZDRlOHmUZOpHT2DW3Z86aZaU2_x0NGDyYyVsdbwqby1UhR/s320/mapuche-nation.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="299" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfgLrgyZNMz40f0h9KEjMoUhqTjNT-73t_BobdPHP17WzIjMEqd47kVSGNpdmh0zGDTH2aHe60OnmiqBS1TXVh2G-qdbnoEqIG6hiou3xluEnZ_xS8GfwVNoDI_aoRLxTsXjJNnCcUE3ZDRlOHmUZOpHT2DW3Z86aZaU2_x0NGDyYyVsdbwqby1UhR/s1600/mapuche-nation.jpg" width="299" /></a></div><br /> <p></p>chantlacahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15255116987351106636noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6069514271337748470.post-17433735832231350082023-01-16T20:41:00.037-08:002023-01-18T10:49:50.320-08:00TONATIERRA: Minimum international legal standards underpinning the pillars of transitional justice<p>
</p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Papyrus",sans-serif">TONATIERRA</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">Submission to</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/calls-for-input/2023/minimum-international-legal-standards-underpinning-pillars-transitional" target="_blank"><span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">Call for Input</span></span></span></a></b></span></p><a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/calls-for-input/2023/minimum-international-legal-standards-underpinning-pillars-transitional" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></a><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/calls-for-input/2023/minimum-international-legal-standards-underpinning-pillars-transitional" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">by</span></span></span></a></p><a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/calls-for-input/2023/minimum-international-legal-standards-underpinning-pillars-transitional" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></a><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/calls-for-input/2023/minimum-international-legal-standards-underpinning-pillars-transitional" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">Special Rapporteur on the promotion of
truth, justice, reparation & guarantees of non-recurrence</span></span></span></a></b></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">Mr. Fabian Salvioli</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">15 January 2023</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">Minimum international
legal standards underpinning the pillars of transitional justice</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">United Nations Human Rights Special
Procedures</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">Office of the United Nations High
Commissioner for Human Rights</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">United Nations Office at Geneva</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">CH 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland</span></span></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DFJ32LKNcArVTrGqoJsGggrzpyued-D8/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>DOWNLOAD PDF </b></span></span></span></span></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span><br /></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">Introduction</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">In
July of 1990 the <a href="https://redabyayala.blogspot.com/2023/01/the-declaration-of-quito-1990.html" target="_blank"><b>First Continental Encounter of Indigenous Nations, Pueblos, and Organizations </b></a>took place in Quito, Ecuador hosted by the Confederacy of
Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador (CONAIE). Nearly 400 Indigenous Peoples,
representing 120 nations, tribes and organizations of the entire continent met
for the first time to discuss their peoples' struggles for self-determination
and strategize for a unified response to the 1992 International Jubilee
celebrations <b>commemorating and sanitizing</b> the initial phase of <b>colonization
and genocide</b> against the Original Nations of Indigenous Peoples the <b>Great Turtle Island Abya Yala</b> which
<a href="https://www.cwis.org/2017/10/the-blue-water-rule-and-the-selft-determination-of-nations/" target="_blank">continues today</a> in 2023.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">Despite
the offensive denial of truth in the official histories, the Indigenous
delegations emitted a call from Quito, intended to reflect upon what the 500
years of invasion had meant to us and to work with a renewed effort for our self-determination.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We determined to educate the people of the
world, to celebrate that we had survived and that our cultures are still alive
thanks to 500 years of resistance, rebellion, and regeneration. We collectively
reaffirmed our commitment to formulate alternative strategies to realize the
decolonization of our Original Nations, in harmony with Mother Earth.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">From the <b>Declaration
of Quito, 1990</b>:</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">“The existing nation states of the
Americas, their constitutions and fundamental laws are judicial/political
expressions that negate our socio-economic, cultural and political rights. </span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></i></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">From this point in our general
strategy of struggle, we consider it to be a priority that we demand complete
structural change; change which recognizes the inherent right to
self-determination through our own governments and through the control of our
territories.”</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></i></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM_NuKnwMIRlgtGOax-pciJrehRGSWfxPl7RSybox4HSpVjPp3NmGtLlMsWvxzezJglppBKpgC1ThfS14QpTXgQ-9IXIeK6XQ_AvQyVCJCgQoHr8NANpig5PYHyjKSeBlsQNvlANvl8YvOmnxtTmu6HObj6eV62AVsu-ujrV_zaqTgAgd8Zz3w8CmT/s536/Poster.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="536" data-original-width="374" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM_NuKnwMIRlgtGOax-pciJrehRGSWfxPl7RSybox4HSpVjPp3NmGtLlMsWvxzezJglppBKpgC1ThfS14QpTXgQ-9IXIeK6XQ_AvQyVCJCgQoHr8NANpig5PYHyjKSeBlsQNvlANvl8YvOmnxtTmu6HObj6eV62AVsu-ujrV_zaqTgAgd8Zz3w8CmT/w279-h400/Poster.jpeg" width="279" /></a></span></i></span></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"><br /></span></i></span></span><p></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">This
submission to the request for input regarding the minimum international legal
standards of <b>transitional justice</b> underpinning the duties of States and
the rights of victims is submitted on behalf of the <a href="https://redabyayala.blogspot.com/2017/09/communique-to-vatican-dismantling.html" target="_blank"><b>Continental Commission Abya Yala</b></a>, via our secretariat <b>TONATIERRA</b> which has served as the
singular agent of continuity and communications for the continental commission
since 1990. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><u><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">1. Truth</span></u></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">None.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">As
was clarified in the declaration of Quito, 1990, and subsequently reaffirmed
and consistently denounced in the second Continental Indigenous Encounter in
1993 in Temoaya, Mexico, and the following five continental <a href="https://www.nahuacalli.org/archive-of-abya-yala" target="_blank"><b>Indigenous
Summits of Abya Yala</b></a> in Teotihuacan, Mexico (2000); Quito, Ecuador (2004); Iximché,
Guatemala (2007); Puno, Peru (2009); Cauca, Colombia (2013); and then again in
each <a href="https://redabyayala.blogspot.com/2020/03/2020.html" target="_blank"><b>Izcalli Abya Yala</b></a> of 2020-2022, the so-called legal framework of
justice and purported claims by the states for jurisdiction over the Indigenous
Peoples is based on the nefarious <b>LEGALOIDE</b> construct of the <a href="http://unpfip.blogspot.com/p/framework-of-dominance-preliminary_03.html" target="_blank"><b>Doctrine of Discovery of Christendom</b></a> and the transfer of colonial jurisdiction via
the <b>Alexandrian Papal Bulls</b> from the crown powers of Europe to the
successor states of the Americas as they exist today.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">Since
colonization is a violation of international law since <a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/declaration-granting-independence-colonial-countries-and-peoples" target="_blank"><b>UNGA 1514</b></a> in
1960, and with the UN Human Rights Council adoption of <a href="http://unpfip.blogspot.com/2022/03/unhrc-resolution-487-negative-impact-of.html" target="_blank">Resolution 48/7 “<i>Negative
impact of the legacies of colonialism on the enjoyment of human rights</i>”</a> on
8 October 2021, the time has come to <b>reveal the truth</b> of how the UN
system itself is guilty of perpetuating the regime of systematic discrimination
in concept, policy, and practice against the collective rights of the Original
Nations of Indigenous Peoples to transitional justice and self-determination as
“<b><i>peoples, equal to all other peoples…”.</i></b></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"><b><i> </i></b></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/P-k4Qs5LahU" width="320" youtube-src-id="P-k4Qs5LahU"></iframe></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><u><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">2.
Obstacles to Justice</span></u></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">Just
as the principle of “Christian Discovery” was used to purportedly claim
jurisdiction over the territories and nationality of the non-Christian
Indigenous Peoples in 1492, today we see that the <b>UN High Level Plenary
Meeting of 2014</b>, which is fraudulently called the World Conference on
Indigenous Peoples has operated to the same effect at the global level.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is due to the fact that all UN bodies
are operating under the <b>System Wide Action Plan</b> which emerged from the
outcome document of the 2014 High Level Plenary Meeting, which in turn pivots
on the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples UNDRIP (2007).</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">In
similar manner as there existed the League of Nations before the UN, the UN
Human Rights Council was preceded by the UN Human Rights Commission. In fact, it
was the Sub Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of
Minorities under the UN Human Rights Commission that requested Dr. Miguel
Alfonso Martínez as Special Rapporteur to conduct the “<a href="http://unpfip.blogspot.com/2021/06/blog-post.html" target="_blank"><b>Study on treaties,
agreements and other constructive arrangements between States and indigenous
populations</b></a>” which he presented in a final report in 1999.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Martinez study of 1999 was in turn itself
rooted in the recommendations of the 1982 Study of the <b><a href="https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/publications/martinez-cobo-study.html" target="_blank">Problem of
Discrimination against Indigenous Populations</a> </b>by Sr. Martínez Cobo.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">Significantly,
the original resolution on this theme in 1987 by the Sub-Commission on
Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities was precise and
definitive in identifying the <b>Indigenous Treaty</b> issues with the
colonizing states as a category of international importance in its own right,
and in its own light of evaluation apart from other agreements and other
constructive arrangements. The original resolution by the Sub-Commission was
titled “<b>Study on treaties concluded between indigenous peoples and States</b>”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl63BmoCJGel_JHDLMp9EJV3Hy12QL9B1fmEoxt0gaebh5quiqpn-Y9HaOrRR-vW80WDNk7TDckyb5c-c69-DFLIKtgVHJ3Vr7UWohuOe3gU9sEWSlQ9DKsc_ZjpU3e1J2V20K_M3gSgJZSnVDs9bCRvMAMn2DIopByrON4vsxXwOo4sVy9r3u5Kh5/s2048/5E20252B-E0CA-4535-8175-C7EF5342AF0D_1_201_a.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1536" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl63BmoCJGel_JHDLMp9EJV3Hy12QL9B1fmEoxt0gaebh5quiqpn-Y9HaOrRR-vW80WDNk7TDckyb5c-c69-DFLIKtgVHJ3Vr7UWohuOe3gU9sEWSlQ9DKsc_ZjpU3e1J2V20K_M3gSgJZSnVDs9bCRvMAMn2DIopByrON4vsxXwOo4sVy9r3u5Kh5/w480-h640/5E20252B-E0CA-4535-8175-C7EF5342AF0D_1_201_a.jpeg" width="480" /></a></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"><br /></span></span></span><p></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 148.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">In 1994, the <b>Sub-Commission on the
Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities</b> working on the
Draft United Nations declaration on the rights of Indigenous Peoples approved
the <b>Original Text</b> of the declaration. This Original Text was the product
of many years of deliberation - a process that allowed for a degree of
meaningful and decisive participation of Indigenous Peoples from around the
world.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">That
same year, a move was made to redraft the Original Declaration under the
Working Group on the Draft Declaration (WGDD). Debate continued for eleven more
years. Then, in September 2004, the WGDD’s Chairperson-Rappoteur, Louis Enrique
Chavez, announced his intention to present his own version to the Human Rights
Commission. This proposal was challenged on November 29, 2004, by a five-day <b>prayer
fast</b>/hunger strike by six Indigenous delegates to the WGDD at UN
headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">With
the support and solidarity of Indigenous Peoples from around the world, the
Indigenous delegates demanded that the <b>Original Text</b>, which the
Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities
had approved, be recognized as the <b>only legitimate version</b> of the
declaration and be advanced as such on the floor of the UN General
Assembly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Representatives of the UN
Commission on Human Rights made assurances that, if no consensus could be
achieved by the end of the 2004 session of the Working Group, the <b>only
version</b> of the declaration that would be submitted to the full Commission
would be the Sub-Commission Text as approved in 1994. With these assurances,
the hunger strike/prayer fast came to an end.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">This
agreement was subsequently violated and then betrayed.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><u><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">3.
Reparations</span></u></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">Here
is the original article 36 as approved by the Sub-Commission and supported by
the Indigenous delegations in Geneva since 2004, and which still today serves as the fundamental<i>
</i><b>UNDERPINNING PRINCIPLE</b><i> </i>of <b>restorative justice</b> <i>vis-à-vis
</i>the UN system of states and the Original Nations of Indigenous Peoples of
Mother Earth.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">Sub-Commission on Prevention of
Discrimination and Protection of Minorities</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">Original Sub-Commission Text</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">Article 36</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">Indigenous
peoples have the right to the recognition, observance and enforcement of
treaties, agreements and other constructive arrangements concluded with States
or their successors, according to their original spirit and intent, and to have
States honour and respect such treaties, agreements and other constructive
arrangements. Conflicts and disputes which cannot otherwise be settled should
be submitted to competent international bodies agreed to by all parties
concerned.</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgBoYkFmhGJ-lhlPd5zn6jQTk7YWgouffL-4UFM1M-FifGROSso723FGnuk3qccRYWc8p4fVv-zG160cJnwR2b8ns-L6UqgcIPx7vAWfsrSE5GIBX8M7rwo3yJW2Ws4b9Qu0Ri0YTqlfYcvwJ7GklS6Rk4rWe-vvy5VS8ai5xyKe-LLCxNPF68rCxr/s2048/1TIME.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1554" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgBoYkFmhGJ-lhlPd5zn6jQTk7YWgouffL-4UFM1M-FifGROSso723FGnuk3qccRYWc8p4fVv-zG160cJnwR2b8ns-L6UqgcIPx7vAWfsrSE5GIBX8M7rwo3yJW2Ws4b9Qu0Ri0YTqlfYcvwJ7GklS6Rk4rWe-vvy5VS8ai5xyKe-LLCxNPF68rCxr/w304-h400/1TIME.jpg" width="304" /></a></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"><br /></span></span></span><p></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><u><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">4.
Guarantees of non-recurrence</span></u></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">Prior
to the convening of the General Assembly High Level Plenary Meeting in 2014, a
<b><a href="http://unpfip.blogspot.com/2013/06/huehuecoyotl-submission-from-floor-at.html" target="_blank">UN Indigenous Preparatory Meeting</a></b> was held in Alta, Norway from June 10-12,
2013. The following intervention from the floor of the Alta Conference was
presented by the representative of TONATIERRA:</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">1) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We call for the restitution of the primary
source materials and testimony that was lent to the United Nations system as fundamental
to the evidence in document form of the systemic (system to system) nature of
the legal relationships between the Nations of Indigenous Peoples and the
member states of the UN system for the purpose of the Treaty Study conducted by
Dr. Miguel Alfonso Martinez of Cuba.</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></i></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">Such delivery, should be initial act
of good faith in terms of the continuing process of systemic documentation
among the Nations of Indigenous Peoples and the UN system prior to and as a
necessary act of condition to allow for the full and effective participation of
the Indigenous Peoples in the High Level Plenary Meeting on an equal basis and <b>without
systemic discrimination</b> in the process of producing the Final Outcome
Document of the High Level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly 2014.</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><u><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">5.
Memorialization</span></u></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">This
intervention was never recorded in the reports from Alta, much less integrated
into the Alta Outcome document, nor considered by the UN member states at their
2014 High Level Plenary Meeting, fraudulently called the <a href="http://unpfip.blogspot.com/2014/05/remarks-by-arthur-manuel-this-fake-wcip.html" target="_blank">World Conference on Indigenous Peoples</a>.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/GS8rIKJrx-Y" width="320" youtube-src-id="GS8rIKJrx-Y"></iframe></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"><br /></span></span></span><p></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">###</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br /></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Papyrus",sans-serif" style="letter-spacing: 3.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";">NAHUACALLI</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Papyrus",sans-serif">Embassy of Indigenous
Peoples</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">Secretariat:</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Papyrus",sans-serif">TONATIERRA</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Papyrus",sans-serif">PO Box 24009 </span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Papyrus",sans-serif">Phoenix, Arizona
85074</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Papyrus",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-themecolor: text1;">tonal@tonatierra.org</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="http://WWW.TONATIERRA.ORG"><b><span face=""Papyrus",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-themecolor: text1;">WWW.TONATIERRA.ORG</span></b></a></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Papyrus",sans-serif"> </span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">Submitted by Tupac Enrique Acosta,
Yaotachcauh</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwEOi120Id4HfWyCDyeUJDplc80iYRqalGsaPNsa7g7duan00slJu9ZFZdg10Djfo3vKtHj-H375nsr816ub2djlTf9T_C6rCYH47I1kwMtJzmhOrSR4hNeqSxElb3vDX7cUQsAwiKqnWYgmGXeL3sCJlTGUIxnJeLy0KYOZbBFpokmhWOzLQyEGuD/s1146/XiuhMazatl.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1146" data-original-width="1058" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwEOi120Id4HfWyCDyeUJDplc80iYRqalGsaPNsa7g7duan00slJu9ZFZdg10Djfo3vKtHj-H375nsr816ub2djlTf9T_C6rCYH47I1kwMtJzmhOrSR4hNeqSxElb3vDX7cUQsAwiKqnWYgmGXeL3sCJlTGUIxnJeLy0KYOZbBFpokmhWOzLQyEGuD/w369-h400/XiuhMazatl.jpeg" width="369" /></a></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"><br /></span></span></span><p></p><div class="post-header">
<div class="post-header-line-1"></div>
</div>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><a href="https://redabyayala.blogspot.com/2022/06/pronouncement-of-indigenous-peoples-of.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span>PRONOUNCEMENT OF THE
ENCOUNTER OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF ABYA YALA</span></b></span></span></a></p><a href="https://redabyayala.blogspot.com/2022/06/pronouncement-of-indigenous-peoples-of.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></a><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><a href="https://redabyayala.blogspot.com/2022/06/pronouncement-of-indigenous-peoples-of.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span>For Self-Determination
and Decolonization</span></b></span></span></a></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>June 05 – 10, 2022</b></span></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Ancestral Territories of the Tongva/Gabrielino Nations<br /></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Los Angeles, California, [USA]</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Los Angeles, CA – Gathering in independent formation as a continental
alliance of <b>Original Nations</b> of <b>Indigenous Peoples</b> of <b>Abya
Yala</b> [Americas], the Continental Commission Abya Yala has convened in Los
Angeles for a four-day gathering to advance a collective geopolitical agenda in
defense of right of self-determination of Indigenous Peoples.<span> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Calling for the implementation of the international protocols and
procedures for decolonization in the hemisphere as Indigenous Peoples, <i>equal
to all other peoples</i>, the Encounter of Indigenous Peoples of Abya Yala has
denounced as illegitimate and discriminatory the continued normalization of the
doctrine of “<b>Internal Colonization</b>” of Indigenous Peoples by the states
of the Americas under the so called “<a href="https://www.cwis.org/2017/10/the-blue-water-rule-and-the-selft-determination-of-nations/" target="_blank"><b>Blue Water Rule</b></a>”.</span></span></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></span></span></p>
<p><style>@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073732485 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Verdana;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1593833729 1073750107 16 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Papyrus;
panose-1:2 11 6 2 4 2 0 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612609 1073750107 0 0 403 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:auto;
mso-font-signature:0 0 0 0 0 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}p.MsoFooter, li.MsoFooter, div.MsoFooter
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"Footer Char";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
tab-stops:center 3.25in right 6.5in;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:#0563C1;
mso-themecolor:hyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:#954F72;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}span.FooterChar
{mso-style-name:"Footer Char";
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:Footer;}.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}</style></p>chantlacahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15255116987351106636noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6069514271337748470.post-21555652729521118072022-10-05T20:53:00.008-07:002022-10-05T21:26:59.996-07:00Video Archive: UNHRC Panel on the Legacies of Colonialism Wednesday September 28, 2022<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> <b>United Nations</b></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Human Rights Council</b></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b></b></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjePUekxeNX2hNuxYmLz5lxebfcG298o1tbRXObmZVLN23WyFJsnNY8XyP3Z9Ken7aeQs_lS84NWARCezQBoDP0pGS6sKXveJ4cfFp10eNJ3jRls6lkqhuRP7sxlTJ3q7WaUHcJRWxJG2cOrBBnzr6ADOxENGysX7XgarCBWWTSAK695ImIQU0ZayNj/s2710/A825A253-3919-4354-B422-3832472E50C1_1_201_a.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1522" data-original-width="2710" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjePUekxeNX2hNuxYmLz5lxebfcG298o1tbRXObmZVLN23WyFJsnNY8XyP3Z9Ken7aeQs_lS84NWARCezQBoDP0pGS6sKXveJ4cfFp10eNJ3jRls6lkqhuRP7sxlTJ3q7WaUHcJRWxJG2cOrBBnzr6ADOxENGysX7XgarCBWWTSAK695ImIQU0ZayNj/w502-h283/A825A253-3919-4354-B422-3832472E50C1_1_201_a.jpeg" width="502" /></a></b></span></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">51st Session</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">Geneva, Switzerland <b><br /></b></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">Wednesday September 28, 2022</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><br />Special Panel on the Negative Impact of the Legacies of Colonialism on the Enjoyment of Human Rights</b></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://media.un.org/en/asset/k1t/k1too2lr41" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>UNWeb Live TV</b></span></span></a></p><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://media.un.org/en/asset/k1t/k1too2lr41" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Video Archive </b></span></span></a></div><p> </p><div class="layout__region layout__region--second">
<div class="block">
<div class="media-asset__field-summary">
<div class="field__label font-weight-bold">
Summary </div>
<div class="field__item"><p>Panel discussion on the negative impact of the legacies of colonialism on human rights.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="block">
<div class="media-asset__field-description">
<div class="field__label font-weight-bold">
Description </div>
<div class="field__item"><p>- Panel discussion on the negative impact of the legacies of colonialism on the enjoyment of human rights<br />
Opening statements: </p>
<ul><li>Ms. Nada Al-Nashif, Acting United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</li><li>Ms. Verene Shepherd, Chair of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination</li></ul>
<p>Moderator: </p>
<ul><li>Ms. E. Tendayi Achiume, Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination and related intolerance</li></ul>
<p>Panellists:</p>
<ul><li>Mr. José Francisco Calí Tzay, Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples </li><li>Mr. Mihir Kanade, Chair of the Expert Mechanism on the Right to Development (EMRTD)</li><li>Mr. Koen de Feyter, Member of the EMRTD</li><li>Mr. Fabian Salvioli, Special Rapporteur on the promotion of truth, justice, reparation and guarantees of non-recurrence</li></ul>
<p>SPEAKERS: </p>
<ul><li>Barbados (on behalf of a group of countries), Mr. Ricardo Kellman</li><li>Côte d'Ivoire (on behalf of the group of African States), Mr. Kouadio Adjoumani</li><li>European Union, Ms. Marleen Steenbrugghe</li><li>State of Palestine, Ms. Dima Asfour</li><li>Syrian Arab Republic, Mr. Hussam Edin Aala</li><li>Mauritius, Mr. Omduttrajsingh Sewraj</li><li>China, Mr. Li Song</li><li>Armenia, Mr. Nairi Petrossian</li><li>Ukraine, Ms. Yevheniia Filipenko</li><li>Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), Mr. Manuel Enrique García Andueza</li><li>Switzerland, Mr. Tim Segessemann</li><li>South Africa, Mr. Duncan Sebefelo</li><li>International Lesbian and Gay Association, Ms. Crystal Hendrix</li><li>American Civil Liberties Union, Ms. Theodora Simon</li><li>Action Canada for Population and Development, Ms. Natasha Dowell</li><li>Russian Federation, Mr. Stanislav Kovpak</li><li>Pakistan, Mr. Danyal Hasnain</li><li>Togo, Mr. Wemble Badibalaki</li><li>Iran (Islamic Republic of), Mr. Hamid Ahmadi</li><li>Cuba, Mr. Roberto Cabañas </li><li>Ethiopia, Mr. Yibza Aynekully Tesfaye</li><li>United States of America, Ms. Kelly Billingsley</li><li>Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Mr. Olmer Torrejon Alcoba</li><li>Malawi, Ms. Rose Nayeja</li><li>Tunisia, Mr. Sabri Bachtobji</li><li>Indonesia, Ms. Nadia Amalia</li><li>Malaysia, Ms. Yazmalina Yaacob</li><li>Rencontre Africaine pour la défense des droits de l'homme, Ms. Laura Gomez Perez</li><li>Penal Reform International, Ms. Triona Lenihan</li><li>Associazione Comunita Papa Giovanni XXIII, Ms. Valentina di Paco</li><li>Ms. E. Tendayi Achiume, Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of
racism, racial discrimination and related intolerance (Final Remarks)</li><li>Mr. Koen de Feyter, Member of the Expert Mechanism on the Right to Development </li><li>Ms. José Francisco Calí Tzay, Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples </li><li>Mr. Fabian Salvioli, Special Rapporteur on the promotion of truth, justice, reparation and guarantees of non-recurrence </li><li>Ms. E. Tendayi Achiume, Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination and related intolerance </li></ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="block">
<div class="media-asset__field-related-url">
<div class="field__label font-weight-bold">
Related Sites and Documents </div>
<div class="field__items">
<div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--related-url paragraph--view-mode--default">
<p class="details-p">
<a href="https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/regularsession/session51/2022-09-14/CN-HRC51-PanelLegaciesColonialism-22-09-13.docx">Concept Note</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--related-url paragraph--view-mode--default">
<p class="details-p">
<a href="https://undocs.org/A/HRC/RES/48/7">A/HRC/RES/48/7</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--related-url paragraph--view-mode--default">
<p class="details-p">
<a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/regular-sessions/session51/regular-session">Learn More:</a></p><p class="details-p"> </p><p class="details-p" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b>********************* </b></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>YouTube:</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Wednesday September 28, 2022</span><br /></span></span></span><h1 class="title style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-k4Qs5LahU" target="_blank">1894 Sioux Nation Treaty Council <br />Statement to UN Human Rights Council</a></span></h1><h1 class="title style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioIb3QILmj4xqWKwCbwG_XPLzyuTN1bPMtBGZEDkMmNREgA19S3SXFiqCrmPqImDi0-tbbcPgVANa2T9iT4xEiGgE9VGhJfqsdq6OQyM8g6pYwRIGgFwjYF8MiypS1GjuUKg6uPAg0KUS8UKHmnWFGTvenzPe20JUghX2O171xQRkHM6HXS3IXcu_C/s1975/Image%203-15-20%20at%209.56%20AM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="890" data-original-width="1975" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioIb3QILmj4xqWKwCbwG_XPLzyuTN1bPMtBGZEDkMmNREgA19S3SXFiqCrmPqImDi0-tbbcPgVANa2T9iT4xEiGgE9VGhJfqsdq6OQyM8g6pYwRIGgFwjYF8MiypS1GjuUKg6uPAg0KUS8UKHmnWFGTvenzPe20JUghX2O171xQRkHM6HXS3IXcu_C/w400-h180/Image%203-15-20%20at%209.56%20AM.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /> </span></h1></div><p class="details-p" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b> </b></span></p><table cellpadding="0" class="ajC"><tbody><tr class="UszGxc ajv"><td class="gL" colspan="2" tabindex="0"><br /></td></tr><tr class="ajv"><td class="gG" colspan="2" tabindex="0"><br /></td><td class="gL" colspan="2" tabindex="0"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><p></p><p> </p><p> </p><p><br /></p>chantlacahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15255116987351106636noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6069514271337748470.post-24958861395026386502022-10-03T11:49:00.006-07:002022-10-03T11:55:03.254-07:00UNHRC 2013: Declaración de Gary Harrison, Jefe Tradicional, Chickaloon Village [Alaska]<p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES"></span></span></span></p><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcAN1NykFwX-e7D8PLIDsCEs8QwmXtfH1CpQONd4JBI96m3DebyEW72kl-LAKMlAJSyFKB82tKO74snOewKaZvjfxx96S2B5AK6r-upKwOXHOuqlqokM7mJCYtfku3V-_6sKem1bT8RS9_wMCnWb07N0CvjcKKnlsPvyBoXnRw8kbyeam05hFlvBU0/s977/5BD19574-985F-4387-B9BF-71C67F93F44C_1_201_a.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="576" data-original-width="977" height="378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcAN1NykFwX-e7D8PLIDsCEs8QwmXtfH1CpQONd4JBI96m3DebyEW72kl-LAKMlAJSyFKB82tKO74snOewKaZvjfxx96S2B5AK6r-upKwOXHOuqlqokM7mJCYtfku3V-_6sKem1bT8RS9_wMCnWb07N0CvjcKKnlsPvyBoXnRw8kbyeam05hFlvBU0/w640-h378/5BD19574-985F-4387-B9BF-71C67F93F44C_1_201_a.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES">8 de septiembre
de 2013</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span lang="ES">Secretaría del
Comité de Derechos Humanos de las Naciones Unidas</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES">Avenida de la
Paz, 8-14</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES">CH 1211 Ginebra
10</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES">Suiza</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES">Atención: Kate
Fox/Sindu Thodiyil</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span lang="ES"> </span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span lang="ES">A: Los
miembros del Comité de Derechos Humanos de las Naciones Unidas, 109° período de
sesiones</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span lang="ES">Re: Revisión
del 4° Informe Periódico de los Estados Unidos</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span lang="ES">Declaración de Gary Harrison, Jefe Tradicional,
Chickaloon Village [Alaska]</span></i></span></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span lang="ES"> </span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1R1s6AsLgofJrhlYIinbRYGvMzlGrI5JQ/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank"><b> DESCARGAR PDF</b></a></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES"><b> </b><br /></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES">Le escribo en nombre del Pueblos Indígenas de la Aldea Chickaloon de la
Nación Athabasca como su Jefe Tradicional. Mi papel como Líder Indígena es
asegurar el disfrute pleno y completo de los derechos humanos para todos en
nuestra comunidad.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span lang="ES">La toma de Alaska y el artículo 1 del Pacto
Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span lang="ES"> </span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span lang="ES">Preguntas para los Estados Unidos de parte del Comité:</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span lang="ES"> </span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span lang="ES">1. ¿De qué manera obtuvo Estados Unidos el título territorial
en Alaska?</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span lang="ES"> </span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span lang="ES">2. ¿Cuándo se va a reincorporar a Alaska a la
lista de descolonización de la ONU?</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES">Este informe se presenta de conformidad con el artículo 1 del <b>Pacto
Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos </b>(PIDCP), luego de la próxima
revisión de los Estados Unidos por parte del Comité de Derechos Humanos y el
Cuarto Informe Periódico de los Estados Unidos bajo el PIDCP.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES">Este informe explica por qué Estados Unidos nunca realizo la compra de Alaska
ni tiene el derecho de usar el poder plenario domestico para llevar a cabo la
supuesta y continua dominación de Alaska.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES">También escribo este informe para solicitar que el Comité recomiende que se
reincorpore a Alaska a la lista de descolonización para facilitar el inicio del
proceso de descolonización en Alaska como se pretendía originalmente en virtud
del Artículo 73 de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES">En 1787, se ratificó la Constitución de los Estados Unidos y el Artículo VI
(2) establece lo siguiente:</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES">Esta Constitución, y las Leyes de los Estados
Unidos que se dicten en cumplimiento de la misma, y <b>todos los Tratados
celebrados o que se celebren bajo la Autoridad de los Estados Unidos, serán la
Ley suprema del País</b>; y los Jueces de cada Estado estarán obligados a ello,
a pesar de cualquier Disposición en Contrario en la Constitución o las Leyes de
cualquier Estado. (énfasis añadido) </span><span lang="ES" style="color: #4472c4;">[1]</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES">En septiembre de 1821, el gobierno ruso estableció reglas marítimas
especiales que limitaban la navegación en el océano alrededor de las Islas
Aleutianas y las aguas costeras continentales de Alaska. Estas reglas
implicaban un reclamo de soberanía sobre Alaska por parte del gobierno ruso </span><span lang="ES" style="color: #4472c4;">[2]</span><span lang="ES">. Los gobiernos de
Estados Unidos y Gran Bretaña protestaron de inmediato por estas normas [3].<span> </span>El gobierno ruso se abstuvo deliberadamente
de hacer cualquier afirmación basada en la Doctrina del Descubrimiento. Rusia
no había descubierto ni conquistado Alaska; de hecho, los fuertes rusos fueron
quemados en el territorio continental de Alaska, incluidos los de Nulato,
Kustatan y Kenai </span><span lang="ES" style="color: #4472c4;">[4]</span><span lang="ES">. Un importante documento histórico de esta época,
el Memorándum Kostlivtzov, afirmaba: </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES">“la necesidad de protección de los habitantes de
Alaska porque los expoliadores tomarían sus posesiones y la explotación
depredadora de las riquezas tanto en la superficie como en el útero de la
tierra. Para civilizar a los salvajes ofréceles comodidades materiales, lujo y
religión”. </span><span lang="ES" style="color: #4472c4;">[5]</span><span lang="ES"></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES">El Artículo VI del Tratado de Cesión de 1867 establecía que Rusia solo
vendía los intereses que tenía en Alaska. Todo lo que tenían era un monopolio
para el comercio con los demás países: los Pueblos Indígenas no firmaron un
tratado ni hicieron ningún acuerdo similar relacionado con el territorio</span><span lang="ES" style="color: #4472c4;">[6]</span><span lang="ES">.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES">En algún momento, EE. UU. le preguntó al gobierno ruso qué les había
comprado EE. UU. en el Tratado de cesión. La respuesta rusa fue que el
Memorándum de Kostlivtzov describía lo que se había comprado y vendido en
virtud del Tratado de Cesión. Decía que Rusia no era dueña de Alaska, pero que
poseía un fuerte en Kodiak y un fuerte en Sitka, con algunos reductos y varios
puestos comerciales temporales en el continente.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES">¡Los Estados Unidos se convirtieron en los “expoliadores”!</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span lang="ES">¡El Tratado de Cesión NO se hizo con los Pueblos
Indígenas del nuestro territorio!</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES">El valle de Matanuska-Susitna en Alaska es parte de la patria original de
los indios Ahtna Athabasca. Fue explorado por primera vez por los rusos en
1818. En 1935, como parte del "New Deal" (una serie de programas
económicos nacionales de los EE. UU.), 200 familias del medio oeste de los EE.
UU. viajaron a Alaska, incluidos los primeros pobladores de la Colonia del Valle
Matanuska. La ciudad de Palmer, Alaska, se estableció en la tierra natal de los
indios atabascanos. En 1880 se construyó una estación comercial y,
posteriormente, el área fue poblada por mineros de oro en 1913 </span><span lang="ES" style="color: #4472c4;">[7]</span><span lang="ES">.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES">Alaska es, e históricamente ha sido, una fuente de inmensa riqueza para los
Estados Unidos. Recursos como pieles, oro, plata y otros extractivos han sido
los principales generadores de ingresos durante décadas.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES">Durante la Primera Guerra Mundial, se extrajo carbón para alimentar la
Flota del Pacífico. Fue entonces cuando la Marina de los EE. UU. llegó a
Alaska. Su llegada trajo crimen, alcohol, enfermedades, daños ambientales
devastadores y destrucción (incluida la aniquilación de salmones, caribúes y
ovejas) que impactaron a mi Pueblo en Chickaloon y cambiaron para siempre
nuestras formas de vida.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES">Al final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial en 1945, se establecieron las Naciones
Unidas y Estados Unidos fue uno de los primeros en ratificar la Carta de la
ONU. De hecho, Estados Unidos asumió un papel de liderazgo en la creación,
estructura y desarrollo de las Naciones Unidas. La Carta de las Naciones Unidas
estableció en el Capítulo XI (Artículos 73 y 74) los principios que continúan
guiando los esfuerzos de descolonización de las Naciones Unidas, incluido el
respeto a la libre determinación de todos los pueblos.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES">La Carta de las Naciones Unidas también estableció el Sistema Internacional
de Administración Fiduciaria en el Capítulo XII (artículos 75-85) y el Consejo
de Administración Fiduciaria en el Capítulo XIII (artículos 86-91) para
monitorear ciertos Territorios, conocidos como Territorios “Fideicomisarios”</span><span lang="ES" style="color: #4472c4;">[8]</span><span lang="ES">. Como miembro
fundador, Estados Unidos debería descolonizar sus territorios reclamados.
Alaska y Hawái estaban en la lista de los Territorios en Fideicomiso, ninguno
fue anexado de acuerdo con la Carta de la ONU, ahora ley establecida internacionalmente.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES">En esta presentación, hablaré exclusivamente sobre el caso de Alaska. La
Carta de la ONU bajo el Capítulo XI (artículo 73) establece el sagrado deber y
la obligación de promover al máximo: el bienestar de los habitantes; cultura;
ya los pueblos concernidos, su adelanto político, económico, social y
educativo; trato justo; y protección contra los abusos.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES">Hasta la fecha, nada de esto se ha logrado.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES">En 1959, se promovió un votó sobre la integración de Alaska como un estado
de los EEUU. Por ley, los Pueblos Indígenas eran prohibido votar sobre la cuestión.<span> </span>Esa ley requería que para poder votar, el
individuo en cuestión tenía que hablar y escribir en el idioma inglés. Había un
reprensible requisito adicional de que cinco (5) personas blancas tenían que verificaran
mediante documentación que afirmaba que la persona era “competente” para votar </span><span lang="ES" style="color: #4472c4;">[9]</span><span lang="ES">. La afirmación como “Estado”
era lo único que estaba presentado en la boleta electoral. No había opción de
votar por la libre asociación, la independencia o el estado libre asociado;
estas opciones deberían haber estado en la boleta electoral. En ese momento, a
los militares se les permitía, y desafortunadamente aún se les permite, votar
en las elecciones locales en Alaska a pesar de que en su mayoría son residentes
de otros estados o países reclamados </span><span lang="ES" style="color: #4472c4;">[10]</span><span lang="ES">. A lo largo de este período, los EE. UU.
no proporcionaron ningún informe sobre los procesos de descolonización;
simplemente enviaron una comunicación declarando que la conversión del territorio
de Alaska a un “estado” bajo los EE. UU. fue un cumplimiento de los requisitos
establecidos en la Carta de las Naciones Unidas en el Capítulo XI (artículo
73).</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES">Una década después, se aprobó la Ley de Liquidación de Reclamos de Nativos
de Alaska (ANCSA) de 1971. El lenguaje utilizado en el texto de esta
legislación tenía la intención de destruir las verdaderas identidades legales y
políticas de los Pueblos Indígenas de Alaska. Dos ejemplos de las herramientas
para lograr esto fueron la “corporativización” de las comunidades indígenas y
el traslado o traslado forzoso de niños indígenas fuera de dichas comunidades.
Ambas acciones tomadas por el gobierno de los EE. UU. califican como un
"acto genocida" según el artículo II de la Convención para la
Prevención y la Sanción del Delito de Genocidio (adoptada por la Resolución 260
[III] A de la Asamblea General de la ONU el 9 de diciembre de 1948 ) y la Ley
de Implementación de la Convención sobre el Genocidio de los Estados Unidos </span><span lang="ES" style="color: #4472c4;">[11]</span><span lang="ES">.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES">Ahora soy testigo de corporaciones que intentan hacer valer, ejercer y han
reconocido los mismos derechos que los Pueblos Indígenas, excepto sin todas las
responsabilidades que deberían acompañar a esos derechos. Hay un flagrante
desprecio por el sagrado deber que Estados Unidos acordó cumplir en virtud del
Capítulo XI, Artículo 73 de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas; al hacerlo, están
ignorando los derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas. Las leyes de Estados Unidos y
Alaska privan a los Pueblos Indígenas de sus derechos de subsistencia en virtud
del Pacto de Derechos Civiles y Políticos de las Naciones Unidas. Por ejemplo:
en la pesca, los derechos de subsistencia vienen después de la pesca comercial
y deportiva y los derechos de subsistencia deberían estar PRIMERO. La
exploración y el desarrollo de la minería, el petróleo y el gas son la primera
prioridad por encima de la caza, la pesca y la recolección de subsistencia, y
debería ser al revés.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES">Mientras tanto, se siguen saqueando los recursos no renovables, en
detrimento del medio ambiente, los alimentos tradicionales y las aguas. Las
corporaciones extranjeras y las llamadas corporaciones nacionales están extrayendo
estos recursos de las aguas superficiales como arroyos, aguas subterráneas en
acuíferos y otras extracciones de nuestras tierras, cerros, montañas y valles,
contaminando las aguas a su paso y poniendo en peligro las fuentes de agua
potable de las comunidades. Los “expoliadores” están cavando en el útero de la
Madre Tierra.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES">Espero que Alaska sea reinstalada en la lista de descolonización para que
Estados Unidos pueda defender su verdadero y sagrado deber como se pretendía
originalmente en el Capítulo 11, Artículo 73 de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas
y con esta acción pueda cumplir el Artículo 1 del PIDCP. <span> </span>Estados Unidos puede entonces detener el uso
de la doctrina del Poder Plenario para privar a los pueblos indígenas de sus
derechos humanos, responsabilidades y recursos, ya sean sociales, culturales o
físicos (es decir, tierra, agua, aire, peces y otros animales, etc.) .</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES"> </span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-KFEFCDTRJuyKLmtsUdoeiFg_fFe3VDm3Usrs-MVzeiLDektkfvkzBHmYKb-3CUzmV19ipEBmR_WXZZdBwPGepMjy7WlnIkNtQiLZ767_h8mVViP1jxiNfi1hQH5siTc4hhsIwFP07E_53RGEBJxW6FHjvVaZFte3AOTCSXDYrUNmr9aSEvsOIRhn/s300/Gary%20Harrison.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="300" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-KFEFCDTRJuyKLmtsUdoeiFg_fFe3VDm3Usrs-MVzeiLDektkfvkzBHmYKb-3CUzmV19ipEBmR_WXZZdBwPGepMjy7WlnIkNtQiLZ767_h8mVViP1jxiNfi1hQH5siTc4hhsIwFP07E_53RGEBJxW6FHjvVaZFte3AOTCSXDYrUNmr9aSEvsOIRhn/s1600/Gary%20Harrison.jpg" width="300" /></a></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES"><br /></span></span></span><p></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="ES">********************</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="ES"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">[1]<span>
</span></span><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">U.S. Const. art. 6, </span><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">§</span><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">2</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">[2]<span>
</span></span><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">Senate Document No.152, 81<sup>st</sup> Congress 2<sup>nd</sup>
Session 1950, Library of Congress, at page 7 para. 5</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">[3]<span>
</span></span><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">Id., page 8 para.1</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">[4]<span>
</span></span><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">Id., page 8 para.3</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">[5] </span><span lang="ES" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span> </span></span><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">Appendix 3 of Senate
Document No.152, Translation of Russian Memorandum marked A.A. by B.N.
Buynitsky, second to last para.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">[6]</span><span lang="ES" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span> </span></span><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">Treaty of Cession, 1867
(15 Stat.539) Article VI</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">[7]<span> </span></span><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">Basic historical facts,
which may be found in numerous historical and academic texts, and is also
available on Wikipedia, accessed online (09-8-13 at
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska)</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">[8]<span> </span></span><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">See the following link
to the list of Trust Territories, which include Alaska:
http://www.un.org/en/decolonization/nonselfgov.shtml)</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">[9]<span> </span></span><span lang="ES" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">“</span><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">In the early years of the twentieth century, the burgeoning Alaska
Territory passed laws limiting</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">the ability of Alaska Natives to be
citizens, to participate in the political process, and to enter</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">certain public establishments. In
1924, when the U.S. Congress conferred citizenship on “all</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">noncitizen Indians born within the
territorial limits of the United States,” the Territorial</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">Legislature responded by enacting a
literacy law the next year requiring that “voters in territorial</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">elections be able to read and write
the English language.” Alaska’s Constitution, which became</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">operative with the Formal
Declaration of Statehood on January 3, 1959, also included an English</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">literacy requirement as a
qualification for voting which was not repealed until 1970.” SEE: Natalie
Landreth and Moira Smith, “Alaska Voting Rights” (March 2006) accessed online
at: </span><span lang="ES"><a href="http://www.protectcivilrights.org"><span style="color: black;">www.protectcivilrights.org</span></a></span><span lang="ES" style="color: black;"></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">[10]<span>
</span></span><span lang="ES" style="color: black;"><span> </span>R.W. Wade –
Personal oral account of non-native uncle and Ernest Gruening, “The Gruening of
Alaska”, 1974.</span><span lang="ES" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">[11]</span><span lang="ES" style="color: black;"><span> </span>The Proxmire Act is contained in
Chapter 50A of the US Law Code Title 18 (Crimes and Criminal Procedure), Part I
(Crimes). Section 1091 deals specifically with Genocide. The law implements the
<i>United Nations Convention on the
Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide</i> in the United States.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p><style><font size="4">@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073732485 9 0 511 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}p.MsoFootnoteText, li.MsoFootnoteText, div.MsoFootnoteText
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"Footnote Text Char";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:JA;}p.MsoFooter, li.MsoFooter, div.MsoFooter
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"Footer Char";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
tab-stops:center 3.25in right 6.5in;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:#0563C1;
mso-themecolor:hyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:#954F72;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}span.FootnoteTextChar
{mso-style-name:"Footnote Text Char";
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:"Footnote Text";
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-language:JA;}span.FooterChar
{mso-style-name:"Footer Char";
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:Footer;}.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}</font></style><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><br /></p>chantlacahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15255116987351106636noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6069514271337748470.post-68703622964679902092022-09-30T15:37:00.015-07:002022-10-04T10:13:52.458-07:00UNHRC 109th Session 2013: Statement by Chickaloon Village [Alaska]<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">September 8,
2013</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">United
Nations Human Rights Committee Secretariat</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">8-14 Avenue
de la Paix</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">CH 1211
Geneva 10</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Switzerland</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Attention:
Kate Fox/Sindu Thodiyil</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">To: The
Members of the United Nations Human Rights Committee, 109th session </span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Re:<span> </span>Review of the 4th Periodic Report of the
United States</span></b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Statement of Gary Harrison, Traditional
Chief, <a href="https://www.chickaloon-nsn.gov/" target="_blank">Chickaloon Village [Alaska]</a></span></i></span></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></i></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfdR_a4VDI11lNH4bb1-O2TGW0H_2k6vQnWNMzYN-tWNUIwe9CvpJp02d5rEPFGTexMQIHL0DjbSXXtZuJ590rJZlGOs16Hh-kuLnS6aiPYZYW41hKj_2wjydcpTS0haUL12YjhVpa6yYGXinae04xJLN2M3cH4xKL8ignecQXLfcmpEZtUoZoQ_bA/s977/5BD19574-985F-4387-B9BF-71C67F93F44C_1_201_a.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="576" data-original-width="977" height="378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfdR_a4VDI11lNH4bb1-O2TGW0H_2k6vQnWNMzYN-tWNUIwe9CvpJp02d5rEPFGTexMQIHL0DjbSXXtZuJ590rJZlGOs16Hh-kuLnS6aiPYZYW41hKj_2wjydcpTS0haUL12YjhVpa6yYGXinae04xJLN2M3cH4xKL8ignecQXLfcmpEZtUoZoQ_bA/w640-h378/5BD19574-985F-4387-B9BF-71C67F93F44C_1_201_a.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></i></span></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span></i></span></span><p></p><p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1XbCkxEeSCBVhHqX_tO7w50vKwkHynC7L/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">DOWNLOAD PDF </span></b></a><i><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">I am writing
on behalf of the Peoples of the Chickaloon Village of the Athabascan Nation as
their Traditional Chief. <span> </span>My role as an
Indigenous Leader is to ensure the full and complete enjoyment of human rights
for everyone in our community.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><u><span style="color: black;">The Taking of Alaska and Article 1 of the
ICCPR</span></u></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><i><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Questions for the United States from
the Committee:</span></i></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><i><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></i></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><i><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1. Where did the United States get the
Title to Alaska?</span></i></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><i><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></i></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><i><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">2. When are they going to reinstate
Alaska to the decolonization list?</span></i></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">This report is submitted pursuant to Article 1 of the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), further to the
upcoming review of the United States by the Human Rights Committee and the
Fourth Periodic Report of the United States under the ICCPR.<span> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">This report explains why the United States did not
purchase Alaska nor have the right to use plenary power to carry out assumed
and continued domination of Alaska.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">I am also writing this report to request that the
Committee recommend that Alaska be re-instated on the decolonization list so as
to facilitate commencement of the decolonization process in Alaska as
originally intended under Article 73 of the Charter of the United Nations.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">In 1787, the United States Constitution was ratified, and
Article VI (2) states as follows:</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">This Constitution, and the Laws of the
United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof, and <b>all Treaties
made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall
be the supreme Law of the Land</b>; and the Judges in every State shall be
bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the
Contrary notwithstanding. (emphasis added)<span style="color: #3d85c6;"> </span></span><span style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[1]</span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">In September of 1821, the Russian government established
special maritime rules limited navigation in the ocean around the Aleutian
Islands and the Alaskan mainland coastal waters. These rules implied a claim of
sovereignty over Alaska by the Russian government</span><span style="color: black;"> <span style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[2]</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">.</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> The governments of the United States and Great Britain immediately
protested these rules</span><span style="color: black;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">[3]</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">.</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> The
Russian government deliberately refrained from making any claim based on the
Doctrine of Discovery.<span> </span>Russia had not
discovered nor had they conquered Alaska – in fact, the Russian forts were
burned on mainland Alaska, including those in Nulato, Kustatan and Kenai</span><span style="color: black;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">[4]</span></span></span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span><span style="color: black;"> <br /><br /></span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">An important historical document from this time, the Kostlivtzov
Memorandum, stated: “the need for the protection of the Inhabitants of Alaska
because spoliators would take their possessions and depredatory working out of
the riches as well on the surface and as in the womb of the earth. To civilize
the savages offer them material comforts, luxury and religion.”</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">[5]</span></span><br /></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Article VI of the <a href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib//ourdocs/alaska.html" target="_blank">1867 Treaty of Cession</a> stated that
Russia was only selling what interest it had in Alaska. All they had was a
monopoly for trade with the other countries – the Indigenous Peoples did not
sign a treaty or make any similar agreement related to land</span><span style="color: black;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">[6]</span></span></span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">At some point, the US inquired of the Russian Government
as to just what the US had purchased from them in the Treaty of Cession. The
Russian response was that the Kostlivtzov Memorandum was descriptive of what
had been purchased and sold under the Treaty of Cession. It said that Russia
did not own Alaska, but that they owned a fort on Kodiak and a fort at Sitka,
with a few redoubts and various temporary trading posts on the mainland. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">The US became the “spoliators”!</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">The Treaty of Cession was NOT made with the Indigenous
Peoples of this land!</span></span></span></b></p><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></b><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">The Matanuska-Susitna Valley in Alaska is part of the
original homeland of the Ahtna Athabascan Indians.<span> </span>It was first explored by Russians in
1818.<span> </span>In 1935 as a part of the “New
Deal” (a series of US domestic economic programs), 200 families from the US mid-west
travelled to Alaska, comprising the first settlers of the Matanuska Valley
Colony.<span> </span>The City of Palmer, Alaska was
established on the homeland of Athabascan Indians. In 1880 a trading station
was built, and the area was subsequently settled by gold miners in 1913 </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">[7]</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Alaska is, and historically has been, a source of immense
wealth for the United States. Resources such as fur, gold, silver and other
extractives have been the main revenue generators over the decades. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">During World War I, coal was extracted to fuel the
Pacific Fleet. That was when the US Navy came to Alaska.<span> </span>Their arrival brought crime, alcohol,
disease, devastating environmental damage and destruction (including the
decimation of salmon, caribou and sheep) which impacted my Peoples in Chickaloon,
and forever changed our ways of life.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">At the end of World War II in 1945, the United Nations
was established with the United States being amongst the first to ratify the UN
Charter. In fact, the United States took a leading role in the creation,
structure and development of the United Nations. The Charter of the United
Nations established in Chapter XI (Articles 73 and 74) the principles that
continue to guide United Nations decolonization efforts, including respect for
self-determination of all peoples.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">The United Nations Charter also established the
International Trusteeship System in Chapter XII (articles 75-85) and the
Trusteeship Council in Chapter XIII (articles 86-91) to monitor certain
Territories, known as “Trust” Territories</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;"> [8]</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">. As a charter member, the United States was to
decolonize their claimed territories. Alaska and Hawaii were both on the list
of the “Trust” Territories, neither was annexed in accordance with the UN
Charter, now internationally established law.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">In this submission, I will speak to Alaska exclusively.
The UN Charter under Chapter XI (article 73) lays out the sacred trust and the
obligation to promote to the utmost: the well-being of inhabitants; culture;
and to the peoples concerned, their political, economic social and educational
advancement; just treatment; and protection against abuses.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">To date, none of this has been accomplished.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">In 1959, there was a vote taken for Alaska
statehood. The Indigenous Peoples were
prohibited from voting by law. That law required that in order to vote, the
individual concerned had to speak and write in the English language. There was
an additional (reprehensible) requirement that five (5) white people verified
through documentation, that the individual was “competent” to vote </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">[9]</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">. Statehood was the only thing that
was on the ballot.<span> </span>There was no option
to vote for free association, independence, nor commonwealth – these options
should have been on the ballot. The military was at this time, and unfortunately
continues to be, allowed to vote in local elections in Alaska even though they
are mostly residents from other claimed states or countries</span><span style="color: black;"> <span style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[10]</span></span></span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">.<span>
</span>Throughout this period, the US did not provide any reporting on
decolonization processes – they simply sent communication declaring that the
conversion of Alaska to “statehood” under the United States was a fulfillment
of the requirements set out in the UN Charter under Chapter XI (article 73).</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">A decade later, the <b><i>Alaska Native Claims Settlement
Act</i></b> (ANCSA) of 1971 was passed. The language used in the text of this
legislation had the intent of destroying the true legal and political
identities of the Indigenous Peoples of Alaska.<span>
</span>Two examples of the tools to accomplish this was the “corporatization”
of Indigenous communities, and the forcible taking or transfer of Indigenous
children away from such communities. Both of these actions taken by the US
Government qualify as a “genocidal act” under Article II of the <b><i>Convention
on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide</i></b> (adopted by
Resolution 260 [III] A of the UN General Assembly on 9 December 1948) and the
United States <b><i>Genocide Convention Implementation Act</i></b></span><span style="color: black;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">[11]</span></span></span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Now I am witness to corporations attempting to assert,
exercise and have recognized the same rights as Indigenous Peoples, except without
all the responsibilities that ought to accompany those rights.<span> </span><br /><br />There is a blatant disregard of the sacred
trust that the US agreed to abide by under the United Nations Charter Chapter
XI Article 73 – in so doing, they are disregarding the rights of Indigenous
Peoples. US and Alaska laws deprive Indigenous Peoples of their subsistence
rights under the United Nations <b><i>Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</i></b>.
For instance: on fishing, the subsistence rights come after the commercial and
sports fishing and the subsistence rights should be FIRST. Mining, oil and gas
exploration and development are first priority above subsistence hunting,
fishing and gathering and it should be the other way around.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Meanwhile, the non-renewable resources continue to be
plundered, to the detriment of the environment, traditional food and waters.
Foreign and so-called domestic corporations are extracting these resources from
the surface waters like streams, groundwater in aquifers, and other extractions
from our lands, hills, mountains and valleys – defiling waters as they go and
endangering the communities’ source(s) of drinking water. “Spoliators” are
digging into the womb of Mother Earth. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">I look forward to Alaska being re-instated on the
decolonization list so the United States can uphold its true sacred trust as
originally intended under Chapter 11 Article 73 of the Charter of the United
Nations and with this action it can fulfill Article 1 of the ICCPR. The United
States can then stop the use of Plenary power doctrine to deprive the
Indigenous peoples of their Human Rights, responsibilities and resources, be
they social, cultural or physical (i.e., land, water, air, fish and other
animals, etc.).</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRhVEZ_jQsQZQ60E1VbBbuaXhISEj650SXe8tdBblxN2htY_UkitCoLiT-wsx7otuBIeu7JUoCnl1nBUgYs4xGkDuK5Tda4GhT0n5wPPeh-iOYE1UTsnuxkvIAj-8f_NukETVSuxLgPM0TuYPrSFFUtVQAMiC0_JHR-4oM694bp9JxBcUWN5tss7BD/s300/Gary%20Harrison.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="300" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRhVEZ_jQsQZQ60E1VbBbuaXhISEj650SXe8tdBblxN2htY_UkitCoLiT-wsx7otuBIeu7JUoCnl1nBUgYs4xGkDuK5Tda4GhT0n5wPPeh-iOYE1UTsnuxkvIAj-8f_NukETVSuxLgPM0TuYPrSFFUtVQAMiC0_JHR-4oM694bp9JxBcUWN5tss7BD/s1600/Gary%20Harrison.jpg" width="300" /></a></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span></span></span><p></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">****************************</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">[1] <span> </span></span><span style="color: black;">U.S. Const. art. 6, </span><span style="color: black;">§</span><span style="color: black;">2</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">[2] <span> </span><span> </span></span><span style="color: black;">Senate Document No.152, 81<sup>st</sup>
Congress 2<sup>nd</sup> Session 1950, Library of Congress, at page 7 para. 5</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">[3]<span> </span></span><span style="color: black;">Id., page 8 para.1</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">[4] <span> </span></span><span style="color: black;">Id., page 8 para.3</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">[5] </span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black;">Appendix 3 of Senate Document No.152,
Translation of Russian Memorandum marked A.A. by B.N. Buynitsky, second to last
para.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">[6]</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> <span> </span></span><span style="color: black;">Treaty of Cession, 1867 (15 Stat.539) Article
VI</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">[7]<span> </span><span> </span></span><span style="color: black;">Basic historical facts, which may be found in
numerous historical and academic texts, and is also available on Wikipedia,
accessed online (09-8-13 at http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska)</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">[8]<span> </span><span> </span></span><span style="color: black;">See the following link to the list of Trust
Territories, which include Alaska:
<a href="https://www.un.org/dppa/decolonization/en/nsgt">https://www.un.org/dppa/decolonization/en/nsgt</a></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">[9]<span> </span><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">“</span><span style="color: black;">In
the early years of the twentieth century, the burgeoning Alaska Territory
passed laws limiting</span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;"> the ability of Alaska Natives to be citizens, to participate in the
political process, and to enter</span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;"> certain public establishments. In 1924, when the U.S. Congress conferred
citizenship on “all</span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;"> noncitizen Indians born within the territorial limits of the United
States,” the Territorial</span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;"> Legislature responded by enacting a literacy law the next year requiring
that “voters in territorial </span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">elections be able to read and write the English language.” Alaska’s
Constitution, which became</span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;"> operative with the Formal Declaration of Statehood on January 3, 1959,
also included an English</span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;"> literacy requirement as a qualification for voting which was not
repealed until 1970.” SEE: Natalie Landreth and Moira Smith, “Alaska Voting
Rights” (March 2006) accessed online at: </span><a href="http://www.protectcivilrights.org"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><a href="http://www.protectcivilrights.org"><span style="color: black;">www.protectcivilrights.org</span></a></span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></p><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">[10]<span> </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span> </span>R.W. Wade – Personal oral account of
non-native uncle and Ernest Gruening, “The Gruening of Alaska”, 1974.</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;">[11]</span><span style="color: black;"> <span> </span>The Proxmire Act is contained in
Chapter 50A of the US Law Code Title 18 (Crimes and Criminal Procedure), Part I
(Crimes). Section 1091 deals specifically with Genocide. The law implements the
<i>United Nations Convention on the Prevention
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide</i> in the United States.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p><style>@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073732485 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:auto;
mso-font-signature:0 0 0 0 0 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}p.MsoFootnoteText, li.MsoFootnoteText, div.MsoFootnoteText
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"Footnote Text Char";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:JA;}p.MsoFooter, li.MsoFooter, div.MsoFooter
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"Footer Char";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
tab-stops:center 3.25in right 6.5in;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:#0563C1;
mso-themecolor:hyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:#954F72;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}span.FootnoteTextChar
{mso-style-name:"Footnote Text Char";
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:"Footnote Text";
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-language:JA;}span.FooterChar
{mso-style-name:"Footer Char";
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:Footer;}.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}</style></p>chantlacahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15255116987351106636noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6069514271337748470.post-58455524408264500692022-09-28T07:42:00.015-07:002022-09-28T15:27:03.969-07:00 1894 Sioux Nation Treaty Council Statement to the UN Human Rights Council 51st Session (2022) <p> </p><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-6892641285494424564" itemprop="description articleBody"><div><p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span face=""Papyrus",sans-serif">1894 Sioux Nation
Treaty Council</span></b></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Papyrus",sans-serif" style="font-size: large;">Statement of Charmaine White Face</span></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Spokesperson for the 1894 Sioux Nation Treaty Council</span></span></span><b><span face=""Papyrus",sans-serif" style="font-size: 24pt;"><br /></span></b></p><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">United Nations Human Rights Council</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"> 51st Session - Geneva, Switzerland</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="l7ghb35v kjdc1dyq kmwttqpk gh25dzvf jikcssrz n3t5jt4f" style="text-align: center;"><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Panel discussion on the negative impact of the legacies of colonialism on the enjoyment of Human Rights</b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DAK08ew8DiA2D4KT2udWbBpC99P8ado6/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"> <span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">DOWNLOAD PDF</span></span></span></b></a></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuDCa6A-XsWLKV_Qs_kum5I7maSd5HZ-tXnsSfemFo7PTDLZGMeBQApnW9-slCKVI6yBdEe33Tm8PWbmP6aubUo5ruDIu_S-vWNUVBPReDJ_NtHnv72mYcZBDkj8dHyRB29yyp6vZZRpnFKPd7hJyK2b9QCJxtLBGWxcbSZVGtMFohDMDRhmF42_UU/s1975/Image%203-15-20%20at%209.56%20AM.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="890" data-original-width="1975" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuDCa6A-XsWLKV_Qs_kum5I7maSd5HZ-tXnsSfemFo7PTDLZGMeBQApnW9-slCKVI6yBdEe33Tm8PWbmP6aubUo5ruDIu_S-vWNUVBPReDJ_NtHnv72mYcZBDkj8dHyRB29yyp6vZZRpnFKPd7hJyK2b9QCJxtLBGWxcbSZVGtMFohDMDRhmF42_UU/w400-h180/Image%203-15-20%20at%209.56%20AM.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> </span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>YouTube:</span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Wednesday September 28, 2022</span><br /></span></span></span><h1 class="title style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href=" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-k4Qs5LahU" target="_blank">1894 Sioux Nation Treaty Council <br />Statement to UN Human Rights Council</a></span></h1><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> My name is
Charmaine White Face.<span> </span>I am the
Spokesperson for the 1894 Sioux Nation Treaty Council.<span> </span>We are located in the middle of North
America. We are from the Great Sioux Nation and have an International Treaty
with the United States.<span> </span>However, the U.S
placed us in Prisoner-of-war camps which they call American Indian
Reservations, and the US is illegally occupying our Treaty territory without
our consent.</span></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>
</span></span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>
</span></span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> Thank you
for approving Resolution 48/7 regarding the Negative Impacts of
Colonialism.<span> </span>Approving a Resolution
recognizing that there are still dehumanizing effects of colonialism<span> </span>in the world is a first step in healing those
harmful effects for millions of Indigenous Peoples and Nations.</span></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>
</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> To fully
activate Resolution 48/7, this Human Rights Council needs to recommend in your
report to the General Assembly that all Indigenous Nations that have
International treaties or agreements with colonizing governments are
automatically placed on the Decolonization List. Resolution 48/7 was meant to
truly eliminate not enable colonization.</span></span></span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>
</span></span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> <span></span> In
addition, this Council must offer to all Indigenous Nations and Peoples
including those without treaties, or agreements but who suffer oppression by
colonizing governments, the opportunity of participating in the process of
Decolonization.<span> </span>Without that
opportunity, the Human Right to Self Determination of Indigenous Peoples and
Nations is denied and colonialism condoned.<span>
</span></span></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>
</span></span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>
</span></span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> <i>Mitakuye
oyasin</i> (For all my relations),<span> </span>Thank
you.</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirjEb2GOau-ODb42z4lo_LmoOvtblHQoEenQui6ZuI9m81CI7HJ5XKBXD3mkHKNWb628ZQRNaT5uMt7uP87Zbt3FiAGxPHOOMGay4ErgjiBvGD-hVtpHxTgnyM8bEceGgV739dHAITXt22QDTX_G8HZ6lMSweXEjJwUoZUzcjddaB2KLKTjMnwLHRn/s1726/1868%20Treaty%20map%20in%20US.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1726" data-original-width="1382" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirjEb2GOau-ODb42z4lo_LmoOvtblHQoEenQui6ZuI9m81CI7HJ5XKBXD3mkHKNWb628ZQRNaT5uMt7uP87Zbt3FiAGxPHOOMGay4ErgjiBvGD-hVtpHxTgnyM8bEceGgV739dHAITXt22QDTX_G8HZ6lMSweXEjJwUoZUzcjddaB2KLKTjMnwLHRn/w512-h640/1868%20Treaty%20map%20in%20US.JPG" width="512" /></a></span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><br /></span></span></span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> **************</span></span></span></span></b></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><span> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">June 30, 2022</span></span></span></p><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://redabyayala.blogspot.com/2022/08/1894-sioux-nation-treaty-council.html" target="_blank">
1894 Sioux Nation Treaty Council: </a></span></span></h3><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><a href="https://redabyayala.blogspot.com/2022/08/1894-sioux-nation-treaty-council.html" target="_blank">Alternative Report to UN Committee for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination </a></span></span></span></h3><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The Sioux Nation
Treaty Council has been sending representatives to attend various meetings at
the United Nations since 1982 after exhausting all remedies in the American
courts.<span> </span>The main purpose has always been
to find a resolution of this International Treaty which would mean the 1868
Fort Laramie Treaty would be enforced, the land title returned to the Sioux
Nation, and the USA, with rare exceptions, removed from the Treaty
territory.<span> </span>The UN Decolonization process
could be a way to stop the forced assimilation, racism, and bigotry that has
been inflicting drastic harm to the Sioux people for more than 150 years.</span><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span> </span></span></span></span></h3><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;"><span> </span></span></span></span></h3><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black;"><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK7s5vpKmslmiVPDVf5trHmZ_HrGXlxSo-S_6F_FU0sONJoNEWVCysmGhxvv8D4SQWrcS6FhE26v1TSJLlApB3l-t2NdbkM_vlBCJKeGjpSwp4LrjqRZZBmU8GrBseQ91B3yWROhs_WWRybZS_-3Qa9bsZOVol1jlWDhCXxt7k-FnsIjP1sgEbjP7y/s309/hedog.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="309" data-original-width="200" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK7s5vpKmslmiVPDVf5trHmZ_HrGXlxSo-S_6F_FU0sONJoNEWVCysmGhxvv8D4SQWrcS6FhE26v1TSJLlApB3l-t2NdbkM_vlBCJKeGjpSwp4LrjqRZZBmU8GrBseQ91B3yWROhs_WWRybZS_-3Qa9bsZOVol1jlWDhCXxt7k-FnsIjP1sgEbjP7y/w259-h400/hedog.png" width="259" /></a></div><br /></span></span></span></span>
</h3><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>******************</span></span></span></h3><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">
<a href="http://unpfip.blogspot.com/2022/09/blog-post.html">1894 Sioux Nation Treaty Council - Charmaine White Face</a></span>
</h3>
<div class="post-header">
<div class="post-header-line-1"></div>
</div>
<div><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">YouTube:<br /><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EH7s-bM-kg4&t=708s" target="_blank">1894 Sioux Nation Treaty Council </a></span></b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EH7s-bM-kg4&t=708s" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Charmaine White Face</span></b></span></a></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">presentation at
the</span></b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Encounter of Indigenous Peoples of Abya Yala <br />for</span></b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Self Determination –
Decolonization </span></b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">June 7, 2022</span></b></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-size: large;">Continental Commission Abya Yala </span></span><br /></span></b></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></b></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_h08AkQe5E4BJKkjvqBjJXOTnZOca4Cm_SDIBRDsqjXs17l1sWex6zLaDqDJxWYKPLYFSlL36AiWQAuPMzyp4nMaG8mrwJMrxoqT4WHf57dAIusv-Jz8N4Qlj5Kjq0cHVV3JzD95wtU-HKN06v6q_BM-bP2SPulD49BfseJjDFTXcVLxfRK48hry4/s1182/Poster.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1182" data-original-width="880" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_h08AkQe5E4BJKkjvqBjJXOTnZOca4Cm_SDIBRDsqjXs17l1sWex6zLaDqDJxWYKPLYFSlL36AiWQAuPMzyp4nMaG8mrwJMrxoqT4WHf57dAIusv-Jz8N4Qlj5Kjq0cHVV3JzD95wtU-HKN06v6q_BM-bP2SPulD49BfseJjDFTXcVLxfRK48hry4/w476-h640/Poster.jpeg" width="476" /></a></div><br /><b><br /></b></div><b> </b><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">OFFICE OF THE HIGH
COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS</span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>1994/45.<span> </span>Draft United Nations declaration on the
rights of</b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Indigenous Peoples</b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The Sub-Commission on
Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities</span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Article 36</span></span></b></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 20pt;">(Original) <br /></span></span></b></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 20pt;"> </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
<span style="font-size: 20pt;">Indigenous peoples have the right to the
recognition, observance and enforcement of treaties, agreements and other
constructive arrangements concluded with States or their successors, according
to their original spirit and intent, and to have States honour and respect such
treaties, agreements and other constructive arrangements.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Conflicts and disputes which cannot otherwise
be settled should be submitted to competent international bodies agreed to by
all parties concerned.</span>
</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span><br /><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span><br /><div><p></p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2WLf5bgSF0oQcOn7cctrXlgzzGAIqtN0XgnUj6yfANp45W_-U5mmUEpWtHcBI9QDW_RFSr4eYAQt74B8FfQpwnoK3rqGXuHreWXpb-pv8_jE-RivQjaAjSdZJGt2Uh5Qk5QnR_xQ0HDnpw3yv7MrEVJuSiE48Hc2vkJNVXCoyMFxiAGgQTcLmWxEJ/s2048/5E20252B-E0CA-4535-8175-C7EF5342AF0D_1_201_a.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1536" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2WLf5bgSF0oQcOn7cctrXlgzzGAIqtN0XgnUj6yfANp45W_-U5mmUEpWtHcBI9QDW_RFSr4eYAQt74B8FfQpwnoK3rqGXuHreWXpb-pv8_jE-RivQjaAjSdZJGt2Uh5Qk5QnR_xQ0HDnpw3yv7MrEVJuSiE48Hc2vkJNVXCoyMFxiAGgQTcLmWxEJ/w300-h400/5E20252B-E0CA-4535-8175-C7EF5342AF0D_1_201_a.jpeg" width="300" /></a></div><p></p><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="text-align: center;">
</h3><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i>Introduction to the Spanish
translation</i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i>January 2021</i></span></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i> </i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>The narrative and comparative analysis in
this fundamental study of the <a href="https://livingjusticepress.directfrompublisher.com/catalog/book/indigenous-nations-rights-balance" target="_blank"><b>UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous
Peoples</b> </a>by Charmaine White Face, provides critical context for the battle
for self-determination that the <b>Original Nations</b> of <b>Indigenous Peoples</b>
face today in the global arena of shifting geopolitical powers. The original
English language edition of this book was published in 2013.<span> </span>Now, with this Spanish translation being made
available to the leadership of the Indigenous Peoples of the world at a
climactic turning point in the history of world affairs, the <b>Mandate of the Indigenous
Peoples</b> emerges once again in power and purpose with a message for all
humanity.<span> </span><span> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>The final text of the Declaration as adopted
by the UN General Assembly on September 13, 2007, was preceded by two other
versions.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>In 1994 the <b>Sub-Commission on the
Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities</b> approved the <b>Original
Text</b> of the declaration which was the product of many years of deliberation
that allowed for a degree of meaningful and decisive participation of
Indigenous Peoples from around the world.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>In 2006, the <b>UN Human Rights Council</b>
adopted a version of the declaration submitted by an individual official of the
UN system, the Chairman-Rapporteur of the <b>Working Group on the Draft
Declaration</b>, Sr. Luis Enrique Chavez.<span>
</span>After the <b>African Union</b> inserted changes to this version, the <b>UN
General Assembly</b> then included nine additional changes in the final version
of the text which was approved in 2007.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>The presentation of the version as adopted by
the General Assembly was challenged on November 29, 2004 by a five-day prayer
fast/hunger strike by six indigenous delegates to the Working Group on the
Draft Declaration at UN headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland.<span> </span>With support and solidarity of Indigenous
Peoples from around the world, the demand was that the <b>Original Text </b>as
approved by the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and
Protection of Minorities be recognized as the <b>only legitimate version</b> of
the declaration that would be advanced on the floor of the UN General
Assembly.<span> </span>With assurances from
representatives of the <b>UN Commission on Human Rights</b> (also called the
CHR) that if no consensus could be achieved by the end of the 2004 session of
the Working Group, the only version of the declaration that would be submitted
to the full Commission would be the Sub-Commission Text as approved in 1994,
the hunger strike/prayer fast came to an end.</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>This agreement was subsequently violated, and
then betrayed.</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkeSqJIkqVBKpgP_Uqr9QAarV9BHt4SUJ6uThUtv7P57LnxfAIh_bKXkf6vMhUYIsytSXqYHeN0pUxsduwPCxehptCoXGSvEO-b55bZtZ0Y4f_LYXAEMl_VQF-4-vce23qnUMV8Uwu-nDqWnO0xNMCMh9JmZot67rRi58daGRTYffkFqdpMpHamDcJ/s3110/IMG_3505.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3110" data-original-width="2137" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkeSqJIkqVBKpgP_Uqr9QAarV9BHt4SUJ6uThUtv7P57LnxfAIh_bKXkf6vMhUYIsytSXqYHeN0pUxsduwPCxehptCoXGSvEO-b55bZtZ0Y4f_LYXAEMl_VQF-4-vce23qnUMV8Uwu-nDqWnO0xNMCMh9JmZot67rRi58daGRTYffkFqdpMpHamDcJ/w275-h400/IMG_3505.jpeg" width="275" /></a><br /></div><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://unpfip.blogspot.com/2022/08/unhrc-panel-discussion-on-negative.html" target="_blank"><br /><span style="font-size: large;">United Nations Human Rights Council</span></a></h3><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://unpfip.blogspot.com/2022/08/unhrc-panel-discussion-on-negative.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Panel discussion on the negative impact of the legacies of colonialism</span></a></h3><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://unpfip.blogspot.com/2022/08/unhrc-panel-discussion-on-negative.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Wednesday September 28, 2022
</span></a></h3><a href="https://unpfip.blogspot.com/2022/08/unhrc-panel-discussion-on-negative.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></a><div class="post-header">
</div><a href="https://unpfip.blogspot.com/2022/08/unhrc-panel-discussion-on-negative.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></a><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://unpfip.blogspot.com/2022/08/unhrc-panel-discussion-on-negative.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">51st<span> </span>session of the
Human Rights Council</span></span></a></p><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://unpfip.blogspot.com/2022/08/unhrc-panel-discussion-on-negative.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></a></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://unpfip.blogspot.com/2022/08/unhrc-panel-discussion-on-negative.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span><span style="font-family: verdana;">Panel discussion on the negative impact of the legacies of
colonialism</span></span><span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> on the enjoyment of human rights </span></span></b></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://unpfip.blogspot.com/2022/08/unhrc-panel-discussion-on-negative.html" target="_blank"><i><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Concept note (draft as of 29 August 2022)</span></span></i></a></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Date and venue:</span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Wednesday,
28 September 2022, 4 to 6 p.m. (UTC+2)</span></span></b></p><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></b><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Room XX, Palais des Nations, Geneva, and online platform
(Zoom)</span></span></b></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">(will be broadcast live and archived on <a href="https://media.un.org/en/webtv">https://media.un.org/en/webtv</a>)</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Outcome</b>:<span> </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">A summary report on the panel discussion will be prepared by
the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and
submitted, including in an accessible format, to the Council at its
fifty-fourth session (September 2023). The panel discussion will contribute to
renewing and strengthening commitments to effectively address the negative
impact of the legacies of colonialism on the enjoyment of human rights, and
contribute to the implementation of the Fourth International Decade for the
Eradication of Colonialism (2021-2030) designated by the General Assembly. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b> </b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Mandate</b>:</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In its
<a href="https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2FHRC%2FRES%2F48%2F7&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False" target="_blank">resolution 48/7</a> on the negative impact of the legacies of colonialism on the
enjoyment of human rights, the Human Rights Council decided to convene a panel
discussion at its fifty-first session to identify challenges in addressing the
negative impact of the legacies of colonialism on human rights, and to discuss
ways forward.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b> </b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Format</b>:</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The
panel discussion will be limited to two hours. The opening statement and
initial presentations by the panellists will be followed by a two-part
interactive discussion and conclusions from the panellists. A maximum of one
hour will be set aside for the podium, which will cover the opening statements,
panellists’ presentations and their responses to questions and concluding
remarks. The remaining hour will be reserved for two segments of interventions
from the floor, with each segment consisting of interventions from 12 States
and observers, 1 national human rights institution and 2 non-governmental
organizations. Each speaker will have two minutes to raise issues and to ask
panellists questions. Panellists will respond to questions and comments during
the remaining time available.</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The list of speakers for the discussion will be established
through the online inscription system and, as per practice, statements by
high-level dignitaries and groups of States will be moved to the beginning of
the list. Delegates who have not been able to take the floor due to time
constraints will be able to upload their statements on the online system to be
posted on the HRC Extranet. Interpretation will be provided in the six United
Nations official languages (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and
Spanish).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSqF8W0BZROQUzvenzV1f834bIhRGpFqFyKM2IVJqWhMFltrAHg1RKStzziRadNrXTWokg0Vr7RC43PWDargQkXPnGneNyGGhMlGFW66TAlf6sbVw991kEDbe6fCpKVwKb7rnzf6XMPgad5_RwufZMzqqMVHdm8eC8x0g1FML93Vl-6f8XLPHGEpKq/s2048/1TIME%20.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1559" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSqF8W0BZROQUzvenzV1f834bIhRGpFqFyKM2IVJqWhMFltrAHg1RKStzziRadNrXTWokg0Vr7RC43PWDargQkXPnGneNyGGhMlGFW66TAlf6sbVw991kEDbe6fCpKVwKb7rnzf6XMPgad5_RwufZMzqqMVHdm8eC8x0g1FML93Vl-6f8XLPHGEpKq/w488-h640/1TIME%20.jpg" width="488" /></a></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><p style="text-align: center;"></p><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://unpfip.blogspot.com/2022/05/tonatierra-submission-to-un-human.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">NTCP: New Technologies for Corporate Privilege and the</span></span></a></h3><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://unpfip.blogspot.com/2022/05/tonatierra-submission-to-un-human.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Territorial Integrity of Mother Earth</span></span></span></a></h3><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">"In order to fulfil their obligations to
guarantee Indigenous Peoples’ right of self-determination and permanent
sovereignty over our lands, territories, resources, air, ice, oceans and
waters, mountains and forests, we recommend that States, as a matter of
urgency, establish effective mechanisms through agreements reached with the
Indigenous Peoples concerned, to effectively implement the aforementioned
rights consistent with State’s obligations under international law, the UN
Charter, the Declaration and <b>Treaties and agreements concluded with
Indigenous Peoples and Nations</b>;"</span></i></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><b> </b></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><i><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> ALTA OUTCOME DOCUMENT (2013)</span></span></span></i></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">What is in question is not just the inherent
right of Indigenous Peoples to free, prior, and informed consent in a
culturally appropriate manner regarding projects that impact their territories
and human rights. Nor is this issue only limited to the specific treaty
concerns of specific Indigenous treaty nations with specific states.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">What is in question is the need for the
international legal system of the planet</span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> to escape the conceptual constraints and the
ethical void of the colonial legacy which gave origin to the present
international framework, in open violation of the right of self-determination
of the Indigenous Peoples, <b><i>equal to all other peoples</i></b>. Such a
geopolitical trajectory could provide an effective strategic repositioning of
global ecological concerns <i>vis-à-vis</i> the fractured interests of the states and
the corresponding geopolitical blocs of power and competition. A multilateral
world that integrated the recognition of <b>Indigenous Nationhood</b>, where
the rights and responsibilities of the Original Nations of Indigenous Peoples of
Mother Earth are acknowledged and respected could provide a possible
alternative to the self-destructive <i>modus operandi</i> of the present
international regimes of competition, consumption, and finally the fatal
degradation of the biosphere.</span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Conclusion</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br />
</span></b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">In consideration of the preceding, we now submit:</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">On March 20, 2022, a joint <b><a href="https://redabyayala.blogspot.com/2022/03/1894-sioux-nation-treaty-council-press.html" target="_blank">Declaration</a></b> by a
Western Hemisphere Alliance of Original Nations of Indigenous Peoples that
includes the 1894 Sioux Nation Treaty Council, the Western Shoshone Defense
Project, the Consejo de Todas las Tierras Mapuche, and TONATIERRA was submitted
to the United Nations Secretary General, the High Commissioner for Human
Rights, the Human Rights Council, and the Committee on the Elimination of
Racial Discrimination.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">This declaration invoked the principles of <b>UNHRC
Resolution 48/7 Negative impact of the legacies of colonialism </b>and called
upon the UN system to address the institutionalized and systemic legacies of
discrimination and colonialism <b>within</b> the UN system. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">(A/HRC/RES/48/7 Resolution adopted by the Human Rights
Council on 8 October 2021)</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></i><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Stresses the utmost importance of eradicating
colonialism and addressing the negative impact of the legacies of colonialism
on the enjoyment of human rights;</span></i></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></i><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Calls for Member States, relevant United
Nations bodies, agencies and other relevant stakeholders to take concrete steps
to address the negative impact of the legacies of colonialism on the enjoyment
of human rights;</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Without the international recognition,
respect, guarantees to honor and mechanisms of effective enforcement of the <b>Treaties</b>
between the states and the Original Nations of Indigenous Peoples within the
international legal system of the UN member states, the concept of free, prior,
and informed consent for Indigenous Peoples is reduced from an international
standard and principle of law to a political phrase with significance derived
from the domestic interpretations and bureaucratic policies of the individual states.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">In terms of the discussion and debate over
NTCP, all of the strategies and plans to address documented threats to the
human rights of Indigenous Peoples exacerbated by NTCP projects will be devoid
of justice, and instead serve as instrumentalities of even deeper subjugation
and colonization in particular for the Treaty Nations.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Therefore, in order to advance a substantive
discussion on the processes presented by United Nations Human Rights Council
Advisory Committee per UN HRC Resolution 48/14, we respectfully call for the
inclusion of the <a href="http://unpfip.blogspot.com/2021/06/blog-post.html" target="_blank"><b>UN Study on Treaties, Agreements, and Constructive
Arrangements</b> </a>concluded by Special Rapporteur Miguel Alfonso Martinez in
1999 <a href="http://unpfip.blogspot.com/2021/06/blog-post.html" target="_blank">(E/CN.4/Sub.2/1999/20)</a> as fundamental reference to contextualize the
issues being brought forward.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">“We, Original Nations and Indigenous Peoples
of Mother Earth, assert our right to address all forms and manifestations of
colonialism, foreign occupation, including all scourges of racism and racial
discrimination, apartheid, crimes against humanity, and genocide on an equal
basis to all other peoples and nations in accordance with the United Nations
Charter.”</span></i></span></span></b></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br />
</span></i><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Joint Declaration from the following
Indigenous Nations and Peoples to the United Nations Secretary General, High
Commissioner for Human Rights, Human Rights Council, Committee on the Elimination
of Racial Discrimination, and the</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">March 20, 2022</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Signed:</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1894
Sioux Nation Treaty Council</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Consejo
de Todas las Tierras Mapuche</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Western
Shoshone Defense Project</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">TONATIERRA</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="http://www.tonatierra.org"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">www.tonatierra.org</span></a></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">chantlaca@tonatierra.org</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span>
<div style="clear: both;"></div>
</div>
<span class="post-author vcard"></span>chantlacahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15255116987351106636noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6069514271337748470.post-2564230183743555152022-09-08T22:34:00.020-07:002022-09-08T23:42:11.698-07:001894 Sioux Nation Treaty Council - Charmaine White Face<div><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">YouTube:<br /><a href=" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EH7s-bM-kg4&t=708s" target="_blank">1894 Sioux Nation Treaty Council </a></span></b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href=" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EH7s-bM-kg4&t=708s" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Charmaine White Face</span></b></span></a></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">presentation at
the</span></b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Encounter of Indigenous Peoples of Abya Yala <br />for</span></b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Self Determination –
Decolonization </span></b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">June 7, 2022</span></b></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-size: large;">Continental Commission Abya Yala </span></span><br /></span></b></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></b></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_h08AkQe5E4BJKkjvqBjJXOTnZOca4Cm_SDIBRDsqjXs17l1sWex6zLaDqDJxWYKPLYFSlL36AiWQAuPMzyp4nMaG8mrwJMrxoqT4WHf57dAIusv-Jz8N4Qlj5Kjq0cHVV3JzD95wtU-HKN06v6q_BM-bP2SPulD49BfseJjDFTXcVLxfRK48hry4/s1182/Poster.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1182" data-original-width="880" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_h08AkQe5E4BJKkjvqBjJXOTnZOca4Cm_SDIBRDsqjXs17l1sWex6zLaDqDJxWYKPLYFSlL36AiWQAuPMzyp4nMaG8mrwJMrxoqT4WHf57dAIusv-Jz8N4Qlj5Kjq0cHVV3JzD95wtU-HKN06v6q_BM-bP2SPulD49BfseJjDFTXcVLxfRK48hry4/w476-h640/Poster.jpeg" width="476" /></a></div><br /><b><br /></b></div><b> </b><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">OFFICE OF THE HIGH
COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS</span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>1994/45.<span> </span>Draft United Nations declaration on the
rights of</b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Indigenous Peoples</b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The Sub-Commission on
Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities</span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Article 36</span></span></b></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 20pt;">(Original) <br /></span></span></b></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 20pt;"> </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
<span style="font-size: 20pt;">Indigenous peoples have the right to the
recognition, observance and enforcement of treaties, agreements and other
constructive arrangements concluded with States or their successors, according
to their original spirit and intent, and to have States honour and respect such
treaties, agreements and other constructive arrangements.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Conflicts and disputes which cannot otherwise
be settled should be submitted to competent international bodies agreed to by
all parties concerned.</span>
</span><style><span style="font-family: verdana;">@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073732485 9 0 511 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}</span></style><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span><br /><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span><br /><div><p></p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2WLf5bgSF0oQcOn7cctrXlgzzGAIqtN0XgnUj6yfANp45W_-U5mmUEpWtHcBI9QDW_RFSr4eYAQt74B8FfQpwnoK3rqGXuHreWXpb-pv8_jE-RivQjaAjSdZJGt2Uh5Qk5QnR_xQ0HDnpw3yv7MrEVJuSiE48Hc2vkJNVXCoyMFxiAGgQTcLmWxEJ/s2048/5E20252B-E0CA-4535-8175-C7EF5342AF0D_1_201_a.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1536" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2WLf5bgSF0oQcOn7cctrXlgzzGAIqtN0XgnUj6yfANp45W_-U5mmUEpWtHcBI9QDW_RFSr4eYAQt74B8FfQpwnoK3rqGXuHreWXpb-pv8_jE-RivQjaAjSdZJGt2Uh5Qk5QnR_xQ0HDnpw3yv7MrEVJuSiE48Hc2vkJNVXCoyMFxiAGgQTcLmWxEJ/w300-h400/5E20252B-E0CA-4535-8175-C7EF5342AF0D_1_201_a.jpeg" width="300" /></a></div><p></p><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="text-align: center;">
</h3><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i>Introduction to the Spanish
translation</i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i>January 2021</i></span></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i> </i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>The narrative and comparative analysis in
this fundamental study of the <a href="https://livingjusticepress.directfrompublisher.com/catalog/book/indigenous-nations-rights-balance" target="_blank"><b>UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous
Peoples</b> </a>by Charmaine White Face, provides critical context for the battle
for self-determination that the <b>Original Nations</b> of <b>Indigenous Peoples</b>
face today in the global arena of shifting geopolitical powers. The original
English language edition of this book was published in 2013.<span> </span>Now, with this Spanish translation being made
available to the leadership of the Indigenous Peoples of the world at a
climactic turning point in the history of world affairs, the <b>Mandate of the Indigenous
Peoples</b> emerges once again in power and purpose with a message for all
humanity.<span> </span><span> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>The final text of the Declaration as adopted
by the UN General Assembly on September 13, 2007, was preceded by two other
versions.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>In 1994 the <b>Sub-Commission on the
Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities</b> approved the <b>Original
Text</b> of the declaration which was the product of many years of deliberation
that allowed for a degree of meaningful and decisive participation of
Indigenous Peoples from around the world.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>In 2006, the <b>UN Human Rights Council</b>
adopted a version of the declaration submitted by an individual official of the
UN system, the Chairman-Rapporteur of the <b>Working Group on the Draft
Declaration</b>, Sr. Luis Enrique Chavez.<span>
</span>After the <b>African Union</b> inserted changes to this version, the <b>UN
General Assembly</b> then included nine additional changes in the final version
of the text which was approved in 2007.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>The presentation of the version as adopted by
the General Assembly was challenged on November 29, 2004 by a five-day prayer
fast/hunger strike by six indigenous delegates to the Working Group on the
Draft Declaration at UN headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland.<span> </span>With support and solidarity of Indigenous
Peoples from around the world, the demand was that the <b>Original Text </b>as
approved by the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and
Protection of Minorities be recognized as the <b>only legitimate version</b> of
the declaration that would be advanced on the floor of the UN General
Assembly.<span> </span>With assurances from
representatives of the <b>UN Commission on Human Rights</b> (also called the
CHR) that if no consensus could be achieved by the end of the 2004 session of
the Working Group, the only version of the declaration that would be submitted
to the full Commission would be the Sub-Commission Text as approved in 1994,
the hunger strike/prayer fast came to an end.</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>This agreement was subsequently violated, and
then betrayed.</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkeSqJIkqVBKpgP_Uqr9QAarV9BHt4SUJ6uThUtv7P57LnxfAIh_bKXkf6vMhUYIsytSXqYHeN0pUxsduwPCxehptCoXGSvEO-b55bZtZ0Y4f_LYXAEMl_VQF-4-vce23qnUMV8Uwu-nDqWnO0xNMCMh9JmZot67rRi58daGRTYffkFqdpMpHamDcJ/s3110/IMG_3505.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3110" data-original-width="2137" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkeSqJIkqVBKpgP_Uqr9QAarV9BHt4SUJ6uThUtv7P57LnxfAIh_bKXkf6vMhUYIsytSXqYHeN0pUxsduwPCxehptCoXGSvEO-b55bZtZ0Y4f_LYXAEMl_VQF-4-vce23qnUMV8Uwu-nDqWnO0xNMCMh9JmZot67rRi58daGRTYffkFqdpMpHamDcJ/w275-h400/IMG_3505.jpeg" width="275" /></a><br /></div><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://unpfip.blogspot.com/2022/08/unhrc-panel-discussion-on-negative.html" target="_blank"><br /><span style="font-size: large;">United Nations Human Rights Council</span></a></h3><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://unpfip.blogspot.com/2022/08/unhrc-panel-discussion-on-negative.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Panel discussion on the negative impact of the legacies of colonialism</span></a></h3><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://unpfip.blogspot.com/2022/08/unhrc-panel-discussion-on-negative.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Wednesday September 28, 2022
</span></a></h3><a href="https://unpfip.blogspot.com/2022/08/unhrc-panel-discussion-on-negative.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></a><div class="post-header">
</div><a href="https://unpfip.blogspot.com/2022/08/unhrc-panel-discussion-on-negative.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></a><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://unpfip.blogspot.com/2022/08/unhrc-panel-discussion-on-negative.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">51st<span> </span>session of the
Human Rights Council</span></span></a></p><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://unpfip.blogspot.com/2022/08/unhrc-panel-discussion-on-negative.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></a></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://unpfip.blogspot.com/2022/08/unhrc-panel-discussion-on-negative.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span><span style="font-family: verdana;">Panel discussion on the negative impact of the legacies of
colonialism</span></span><span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> on the enjoyment of human rights </span></span></b></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://unpfip.blogspot.com/2022/08/unhrc-panel-discussion-on-negative.html" target="_blank"><i><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Concept note (draft as of 29 August 2022)</span></span></i></a></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Date and venue:</span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Wednesday,
28 September 2022, 4 to 6 p.m. (UTC+2)</span></span></b></p><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></b><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Room XX, Palais des Nations, Geneva, and online platform
(Zoom)</span></span></b></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">(will be broadcast live and archived on <a href="https://media.un.org/en/webtv">https://media.un.org/en/webtv</a>)</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Outcome</b>:<span> </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">A summary report on the panel discussion will be prepared by
the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and
submitted, including in an accessible format, to the Council at its
fifty-fourth session (September 2023). The panel discussion will contribute to
renewing and strengthening commitments to effectively address the negative
impact of the legacies of colonialism on the enjoyment of human rights, and
contribute to the implementation of the Fourth International Decade for the
Eradication of Colonialism (2021-2030) designated by the General Assembly. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b> </b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Mandate</b>:</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In its
<a href="https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2FHRC%2FRES%2F48%2F7&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False" target="_blank">resolution 48/7</a> on the negative impact of the legacies of colonialism on the
enjoyment of human rights, the Human Rights Council decided to convene a panel
discussion at its fifty-first session to identify challenges in addressing the
negative impact of the legacies of colonialism on human rights, and to discuss
ways forward.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b> </b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Format</b>:</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The
panel discussion will be limited to two hours. The opening statement and
initial presentations by the panellists will be followed by a two-part
interactive discussion and conclusions from the panellists. A maximum of one
hour will be set aside for the podium, which will cover the opening statements,
panellists’ presentations and their responses to questions and concluding
remarks. The remaining hour will be reserved for two segments of interventions
from the floor, with each segment consisting of interventions from 12 States
and observers, 1 national human rights institution and 2 non-governmental
organizations. Each speaker will have two minutes to raise issues and to ask
panellists questions. Panellists will respond to questions and comments during
the remaining time available.</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The list of speakers for the discussion will be established
through the online inscription system and, as per practice, statements by
high-level dignitaries and groups of States will be moved to the beginning of
the list. Delegates who have not been able to take the floor due to time
constraints will be able to upload their statements on the online system to be
posted on the HRC Extranet. Interpretation will be provided in the six United
Nations official languages (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and
Spanish).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSqF8W0BZROQUzvenzV1f834bIhRGpFqFyKM2IVJqWhMFltrAHg1RKStzziRadNrXTWokg0Vr7RC43PWDargQkXPnGneNyGGhMlGFW66TAlf6sbVw991kEDbe6fCpKVwKb7rnzf6XMPgad5_RwufZMzqqMVHdm8eC8x0g1FML93Vl-6f8XLPHGEpKq/s2048/1TIME%20.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1559" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSqF8W0BZROQUzvenzV1f834bIhRGpFqFyKM2IVJqWhMFltrAHg1RKStzziRadNrXTWokg0Vr7RC43PWDargQkXPnGneNyGGhMlGFW66TAlf6sbVw991kEDbe6fCpKVwKb7rnzf6XMPgad5_RwufZMzqqMVHdm8eC8x0g1FML93Vl-6f8XLPHGEpKq/w488-h640/1TIME%20.jpg" width="488" /></a></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><p style="text-align: center;"></p><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://unpfip.blogspot.com/2022/05/tonatierra-submission-to-un-human.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">NTCP: New Technologies for Corporate Privilege and the</span></span></a></h3><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://unpfip.blogspot.com/2022/05/tonatierra-submission-to-un-human.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Territorial Integrity of Mother Earth</span></span></span></a></h3><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">"In order to fulfil their obligations to
guarantee Indigenous Peoples’ right of self-determination and permanent
sovereignty over our lands, territories, resources, air, ice, oceans and
waters, mountains and forests, we recommend that States, as a matter of
urgency, establish effective mechanisms through agreements reached with the
Indigenous Peoples concerned, to effectively implement the aforementioned
rights consistent with State’s obligations under international law, the UN
Charter, the Declaration and <b>Treaties and agreements concluded with
Indigenous Peoples and Nations</b>;"</span></i></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><b> </b></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><i><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> ALTA OUTCOME DOCUMENT (2013)</span></span></span></i></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">What is in question is not just the inherent
right of Indigenous Peoples to free, prior, and informed consent in a
culturally appropriate manner regarding projects that impact their territories
and human rights. Nor is this issue only limited to the specific treaty
concerns of specific Indigenous treaty nations with specific states.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">What is in question is the need for the
international legal system of the planet</span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> to escape the conceptual constraints and the
ethical void of the colonial legacy which gave origin to the present
international framework, in open violation of the right of self-determination
of the Indigenous Peoples, <b><i>equal to all other peoples</i></b>. Such a
geopolitical trajectory could provide an effective strategic repositioning of
global ecological concerns <i>vis-à-vis</i> the fractured interests of the states and
the corresponding geopolitical blocs of power and competition. A multilateral
world that integrated the recognition of <b>Indigenous Nationhood</b>, where
the rights and responsibilities of the Original Nations of Indigenous Peoples of
Mother Earth are acknowledged and respected could provide a possible
alternative to the self-destructive <i>modus operandi</i> of the present
international regimes of competition, consumption, and finally the fatal
degradation of the biosphere.</span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Conclusion</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br />
</span></b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">In consideration of the preceding, we now submit:</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">On March 20, 2022, a joint <b><a href="https://redabyayala.blogspot.com/2022/03/1894-sioux-nation-treaty-council-press.html" target="_blank">Declaration</a></b> by a
Western Hemisphere Alliance of Original Nations of Indigenous Peoples that
includes the 1894 Sioux Nation Treaty Council, the Western Shoshone Defense
Project, the Consejo de Todas las Tierras Mapuche, and TONATIERRA was submitted
to the United Nations Secretary General, the High Commissioner for Human
Rights, the Human Rights Council, and the Committee on the Elimination of
Racial Discrimination.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">This declaration invoked the principles of <b>UNHRC
Resolution 48/7 Negative impact of the legacies of colonialism </b>and called
upon the UN system to address the institutionalized and systemic legacies of
discrimination and colonialism <b>within</b> the UN system. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">(A/HRC/RES/48/7 Resolution adopted by the Human Rights
Council on 8 October 2021)</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></i><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Stresses the utmost importance of eradicating
colonialism and addressing the negative impact of the legacies of colonialism
on the enjoyment of human rights;</span></i></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></i><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Calls for Member States, relevant United
Nations bodies, agencies and other relevant stakeholders to take concrete steps
to address the negative impact of the legacies of colonialism on the enjoyment
of human rights;</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Without the international recognition,
respect, guarantees to honor and mechanisms of effective enforcement of the <b>Treaties</b>
between the states and the Original Nations of Indigenous Peoples within the
international legal system of the UN member states, the concept of free, prior,
and informed consent for Indigenous Peoples is reduced from an international
standard and principle of law to a political phrase with significance derived
from the domestic interpretations and bureaucratic policies of the individual states.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">In terms of the discussion and debate over
NTCP, all of the strategies and plans to address documented threats to the
human rights of Indigenous Peoples exacerbated by NTCP projects will be devoid
of justice, and instead serve as instrumentalities of even deeper subjugation
and colonization in particular for the Treaty Nations.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Therefore, in order to advance a substantive
discussion on the processes presented by United Nations Human Rights Council
Advisory Committee per UN HRC Resolution 48/14, we respectfully call for the
inclusion of the <a href="http://unpfip.blogspot.com/2021/06/blog-post.html" target="_blank"><b>UN Study on Treaties, Agreements, and Constructive
Arrangements</b> </a>concluded by Special Rapporteur Miguel Alfonso Martinez in
1999 <a href="http://unpfip.blogspot.com/2021/06/blog-post.html" target="_blank">(E/CN.4/Sub.2/1999/20)</a> as fundamental reference to contextualize the
issues being brought forward.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">“We, Original Nations and Indigenous Peoples
of Mother Earth, assert our right to address all forms and manifestations of
colonialism, foreign occupation, including all scourges of racism and racial
discrimination, apartheid, crimes against humanity, and genocide on an equal
basis to all other peoples and nations in accordance with the United Nations
Charter.”</span></i></span></span></b></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br />
</span></i><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Joint Declaration from the following
Indigenous Nations and Peoples to the United Nations Secretary General, High
Commissioner for Human Rights, Human Rights Council, Committee on the Elimination
of Racial Discrimination, and the</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">March 20, 2022</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Signed:</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1894
Sioux Nation Treaty Council</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Consejo
de Todas las Tierras Mapuche</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Western
Shoshone Defense Project</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">TONATIERRA</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="http://www.tonatierra.org"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">www.tonatierra.org</span></a></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">chantlaca@tonatierra.org</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><p></p>chantlacahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15255116987351106636noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6069514271337748470.post-58337322312920422622022-08-31T21:27:00.036-07:002022-09-08T22:32:12.576-07:00UNHRC Panel discussion on the negative impact of the legacies of colonialism - Wednesday September 28, 2022<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">51st<span> </span>session of the
Human Rights Council</span></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Panel discussion on the negative impact of the legacies of
colonialism</span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> on the enjoyment of human rights </span></span></b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Concept note (draft as of 29 August 2022)</span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Date and venue:</span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></b></p><blockquote><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Wednesday,
28 September 2022, 4 to 6 p.m. (UTC+2)</span></span></b></p><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></b><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Room XX, Palais des Nations, Geneva, and online platform
(Zoom)</span></span></b></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">(will be broadcast live and archived on <a href="https://media.un.org/en/webtv">https://media.un.org/en/webtv</a>)</span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Objectives:</b> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The
panel discussion aims to:</span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Identify the
challenges, concrete steps and measures to address the negative impact of the
legacies of colonialism on human rights; </span></span></p></blockquote></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Examine the
various manifestations of the negative impact of the legacies of colonialism on
the enjoyment of human rights; </span></span></p></blockquote></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Consider
what role the Council, Member States, relevant United Nations bodies and
agencies, international organizations, UN human rights mechanisms, national
human rights institutions, non-governmental organizations and other relevant
stakeholders can play.</span></span></p></blockquote></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></b></p><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></b><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Chair:</b> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• H.E. Mr. Federico Villegas, President
of the Human Rights Council</span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b> </b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Opening statements:</b> <span></span><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Senior OHCHR representative (TBD)</span></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">•<b> Ms. Verene
Shepherd</b>, Chair of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination</span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Moderator</b> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">•<b> Ms. E. Tendayi Achiume</b>, Special
Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination and related
intolerance (video message)</span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Panellists:</b> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></p><blockquote><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">•<b> Mr. José Francisco Calí Tzay</b>, Special
Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples <br /></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">•<b> Mr. Mihir
Kanade</b>, Chair of the Expert Mechanism on the Right to Development (video
message)<span> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• <b>Mr. Fabian
Salvioli</b>, Special Rapporteur on the promotion of truth, justice, reparation and
guarantees of non-recurrence (video message)</span></span></p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Outcome</b>:<span> </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">A summary report on the panel discussion will be prepared by
the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and
submitted, including in an accessible format, to the Council at its
fifty-fourth session (September 2023). The panel discussion will contribute to
renewing and strengthening commitments to effectively address the negative
impact of the legacies of colonialism on the enjoyment of human rights, and
contribute to the implementation of the Fourth International Decade for the
Eradication of Colonialism (2021-2030) designated by the General Assembly. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Mandate</b>:</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In its
<a href="https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2FHRC%2FRES%2F48%2F7&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False" target="_blank">resolution 48/7</a> on the negative impact of the legacies of colonialism on the
enjoyment of human rights, the Human Rights Council decided to convene a panel
discussion at its fifty-first session to identify challenges in addressing the
negative impact of the legacies of colonialism on human rights, and to discuss
ways forward.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Format</b>:</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The
panel discussion will be limited to two hours. The opening statement and
initial presentations by the panellists will be followed by a two-part
interactive discussion and conclusions from the panellists. A maximum of one
hour will be set aside for the podium, which will cover the opening statements,
panellists’ presentations and their responses to questions and concluding
remarks. The remaining hour will be reserved for two segments of interventions
from the floor, with each segment consisting of interventions from 12 States
and observers, 1 national human rights institution and 2 non-governmental
organizations. Each speaker will have two minutes to raise issues and to ask
panellists questions. Panellists will respond to questions and comments during
the remaining time available.</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The list of speakers for the discussion will be established
through the online inscription system and, as per practice, statements by
high-level dignitaries and groups of States will be moved to the beginning of
the list. Delegates who have not been able to take the floor due to time
constraints will be able to upload their statements on the online system to be
posted on the HRC Extranet. Interpretation will be provided in the six United
Nations official languages (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and
Spanish).</span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Accessibility</b>:</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In an
effort to render the Human Rights Council more accessible to persons with
disabilities and to promote their full participation in the work of the Council
on an equal basis with others, this panel discussion will be made accessible.
International sign interpretation and real-time captioning will be provided and
webcast during the debate. During the event itself, participants can access
live English captioning on the StreamText web page (<a href="https://www.streamtext.net/player?event=CFI-UNOG">https://www.streamtext.net/player?event=CFI-UNOG</a>). Hearing loops are available
for collection from the Secretariat desk. Oral statements may be embossed in
Braille from any of the six official languages of the United Nations, upon
request and following the procedure described in The accessibility guide to the
Human Rights Council for persons with disabilities
(<a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/accessibility">https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/accessibility</a>).</span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Background</b>:<br /><br />In its
resolution 48/7, the Council stressed the utmost importance of eradicating
colonialism and addressing the negative impact of the legacies of colonialism
on the enjoyment of human rights. It recognized with concern that the legacies
of colonialism, in all their manifestations, such as economic exploitation,
inequality within and among States, systemic racism, violations of indigenous
peoples’ rights, contemporary form of slavery and damage to cultural heritage,
have a negative impact on the effective enjoyment of all human rights. The
Council recognized that colonialism has led to racism, racial discrimination,
xenophobia and related intolerance, and that Africans and people of African
descent, Asians and people of Asian descent and indigenous peoples were victims
of colonialism and continue to be victims of its consequences. It further
expressed deep concern at the violations of human rights of indigenous peoples
committed in colonial contexts, and stressed the need for States to take all
measures necessary to protect rights and ensure the safety of indigenous
peoples, especially indigenous women and children, to restore truth and justice
and to hold perpetrators accountable.</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action, Member
States recognized that colonialism has led to racism, racial discrimination,
xenophobia and related intolerance and that Africans and people of African
descent, Asians and people of Asian descent and indigenous peoples were victims
of colonialism and continue to be victims of its consequences. The
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination condemns colonialism and all practices of segregation and
discrimination associated therewith, in whatever form and wherever they exist. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In her 2021 report on racial justice and equality
(A/HRC/47/53 and A/HRC/47/CRP.1), the High Commissioner pointed out the urgency
of dismantling systemic racism against Africans and people of African descent
and acknowledged that systemic racism is frequently rooted in histories and
legacies of enslavement, the transatlantic trade in enslaved Africans and
colonialism. Recognizing the imperative for action, in her “Four-point Agenda
towards Transformative Change for Racial Justice and Equality” the High
Commissioner highlighted the urgency of confronting past legacies of
enslavement, the transatlantic trade in enslaved Africans and colonialism and
delivering reparatory justice. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism,
racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance provided guidance on
reparations for racial discrimination rooted in slavery and colonialism in her
2019 report to the General Assembly <a href="https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2F74%2F321&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False">(A/74/321)</a>. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In his 2021 report (A/76/180), the Special Rapporteur on the
promotion of truth, justice, reparation and guarantees of non-recurrence
emphasized that transitional justice offers valuable tools to properly address
human rights violations committed during the colonial period; the international
community must support national efforts to address the legacy of rights
violations committed in colonial contexts, through mechanisms of truth justice,
reparation and memory and guarantees of non-recurrence. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In her 2019 report on global extractivism and racial
equality (A/HRC/41/54), the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism,
racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance noted that despite
the vision of a new international economic order based on sovereign equality
the international economic order that underlies and structures the extractivism
economy retains colonial inequalities. According to the Expert Mechanism on the
Right to Development the elimination of historical and systemic obstacles that
have impeded development in many regions of the world is key
(A/HRC/EMRTD/3/CRP.2). </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In resolution 48/7, the Council recalled the Declaration on
the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples and acknowledged
that the period 2021-2030 is the Fourth International Decade for the
Eradication of Colonialism designated by the General Assembly. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b> </b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Background documents</b>:</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• <a href="https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2FHRC%2FRES%2F48%2F7&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False" target="_blank">Human Rights Council resolution 48/7</a>
of 8 October 2021 on the negative impact of the legacies of colonialism on the
enjoyment of human rights<span> </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• <a href="https://waps.ohchr.org/en/publications/reference-publications/durban-declaration-and-programme-action" target="_blank">Durban Declaration and Programme of Action (2001)</a></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• <a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/publications/reference-publications/durban-review-conference-outcome-document" target="_blank">Outcome Document of the Durban Review Conference (2009) </a></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• <a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-convention-elimination-all-forms-racial" target="_blank"> International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965)</a></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• <a href="https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/152/88/PDF/NR015288.pdf?OpenElement" target="_blank">Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (1960) – General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV)</a></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• <a href="https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2FRES%2F75%2F123&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False" target="_blank">FourthInternational Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism (2020) - General Assembly resolution 75/123 of 10 December 2020</a></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Report of the
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the promotion and
protection of the human rights and fundamental freedoms of Africans and people
of African descent against excessive use of force and other human rights
violations by law enforcement officers (annex entitled “Four-point Agenda
towards Transformative Change for Racial Justice and Equality”), and its
accompanying conference room paper (2021) -<a href="https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2FHRC%2F47%2F53&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False" target="_blank">A/HRC/47/53</a>; <a href="https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Racism/A_HRC_47_CRP_1.pdf" target="_blank">A/HRC/47/CRP.1</a></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Special
Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia
and related intolerance, Report on the human rights obligations of Member
States in relation to reparations for racial discrimination rooted in slavery
and colonialism (2019) - <a href="https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2F74%2F321&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False" target="_blank">A/74/321</a></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Special
Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia
and related intolerance, Report on global extractivism and racial equality
(2019) -<a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/sr-racism/annual-thematic-reports" target="_blank"> A/HRC/41/54</a></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Special
Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia
and related intolerance, Report on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,
the Sustainable Development Goals and the fight against racial discrimination
(2022) - <a href="https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2FHRC%2F50%2F60&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False" target="_blank">A/HRC/50/60 </a></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Special
Rapporteur on the promotion of truth, justice, reparation and guarantees of
non-recurrence, Report on transitional justice measures and addressing the
legacy of gross violations of human rights and international humanitarian law
committed in colonial contexts (2021) - <a href="https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2F76%2F180&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False" target="_blank">A/76/180</a></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Expert
Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Report on efforts to implement
the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples:
recognition, reparation and reconciliation (2019) - <a href="https://www.undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=a%2Fhrc%2Femrip%2F2019%2F3%2Frev.1&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False" target="_blank">A/HRC/EMRIP/2019/3/Rev.1</a></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Expert
Mechanism on the Right to Development, Synopsis of the ongoing study of the
Expert Mechanism on the Right to Development on racism, racial discrimination
and the right to development (2021) - <a href="https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Development/EMD/Session3/A_HRC_EMRTD_3_CRP.2.pdf" target="_blank">A/HRC/EMRTD/3/CRP.2<span> </span></a></span></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"> </p>
<p><style>@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073732485 9 0 511 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}</style></p>chantlacahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15255116987351106636noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6069514271337748470.post-61251506709836831292022-05-29T19:41:00.013-07:002022-08-21T22:32:04.255-07:00NTCP: New Technologies for Corporate Privilege and the Territorial Integrity of Mother Earth <p>
</p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/2022-05/20220528-tonatierra-ntcp-and-hr.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1;">Submission to the United Nations Human Rights Council Advisory Committee in response to request for input on new climate technologies and human rights per UN HRC Resolution 48/14</span></span></a></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: large; mso-themecolor: text1;">from</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">TONATIERRA</span></b></span></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></b></span></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 16pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 16pt;">“We are on a fast
track to climate disaster.”</span></b>
</span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">António Guterres</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">Secretary-General of the United
Nations</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">April 4, 2022</span></span><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVop7fM8B_2TAt3pzWyu8e_ikvl2kEMR0vnUhdqsYuf9xxzffGTBSXyZ-QujzvEQ0So_Z08OTL8aiBG4x8YzRUiz3vd_TKTbMgMxh7EsnHNITF5KjGViMVG2MtNyxX9WkUVLjtbhnfGGGyTdBjebhZXmmxFm-Z_vrGGhL9KH3HyNX2TLx5SvY2wBIu/s2237/IMG_4489.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2237" data-original-width="1394" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVop7fM8B_2TAt3pzWyu8e_ikvl2kEMR0vnUhdqsYuf9xxzffGTBSXyZ-QujzvEQ0So_Z08OTL8aiBG4x8YzRUiz3vd_TKTbMgMxh7EsnHNITF5KjGViMVG2MtNyxX9WkUVLjtbhnfGGGyTdBjebhZXmmxFm-Z_vrGGhL9KH3HyNX2TLx5SvY2wBIu/w249-h400/IMG_4489.JPG" width="249" /></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 16pt;">New Technologies for
Corporate Privilege</span></b></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; letter-spacing: 2pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";">NTCP</span></b></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">and the</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-large;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">Territorial Integrity
of Mother Earth</span></b></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-large;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/19fzn2r7B-LawNFHdhFYKdmMH8nKLXblv/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: small;">DOWNLOAD PDF</span></span></a></span></b></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-large;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><br /></span></b></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">“The
urgency of the climate crisis demands a rapid reorientation of our societies
and economies away from fossil fuels, the key driver of global warming.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is no time or justification for policy
scenarios that fail to center an immediate halt to oil, gas, and coal expansion
an</span><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">d the managed phaseout of all fossil fuels. Planning for overshoot on the
premise that geoengineering techno-fixes and carbon trading can reverse
temperature rise or mitigate its effects is indefensible.”</span></span></div><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://indiancountrytoday.com/the-press-pool/340-organizations-call-on-governments-and-the-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-to-foreground-rapid-phaseout-of-fossil-fuels" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt;">Open Letter to Intergovernmental
Panel P Climate Change Working Group III</span></i></span></a></p><a href="https://indiancountrytoday.com/the-press-pool/340-organizations-call-on-governments-and-the-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-to-foreground-rapid-phaseout-of-fossil-fuels" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></a><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://indiancountrytoday.com/the-press-pool/340-organizations-call-on-governments-and-the-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-to-foreground-rapid-phaseout-of-fossil-fuels" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt;">Signed by 340+
organizations</span></i></span></a></p><a href="https://indiancountrytoday.com/the-press-pool/340-organizations-call-on-governments-and-the-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-to-foreground-rapid-phaseout-of-fossil-fuels" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></a><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="https://indiancountrytoday.com/the-press-pool/340-organizations-call-on-governments-and-the-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-to-foreground-rapid-phaseout-of-fossil-fuels" target="_blank">March 28, 2022<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</a><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></i></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: red;">*************************</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXkGCf5a6zwmZkx6hkMd02N5XVb81L07W572n4oNu_do12uL7yVpiIaNLpYn0rm1ALhZAF7pSQVercJZmXNIG6Ec_RlsOADWI-WlvTQGr_moyFTyMyf7ugk3suQ9AJtI3G9hE6xnLAgjonwUfEDeQJywSkq7XF3SuFJvG-cDrhJaUqJDKQKRW-rKQc/s4041/IMG_4495.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2812" data-original-width="4041" height="279" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXkGCf5a6zwmZkx6hkMd02N5XVb81L07W572n4oNu_do12uL7yVpiIaNLpYn0rm1ALhZAF7pSQVercJZmXNIG6Ec_RlsOADWI-WlvTQGr_moyFTyMyf7ugk3suQ9AJtI3G9hE6xnLAgjonwUfEDeQJywSkq7XF3SuFJvG-cDrhJaUqJDKQKRW-rKQc/w400-h279/IMG_4495.JPG" width="400" /></a></span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></span></b>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Context:</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">On April 8, 2022, the Human Rights Council
Advisory Committee conducted an informal consultation to enable representatives
from Indigenous Peoples organizations to discuss their experience, expertise,
and perspectives on the human rights impacts of new climate technologies with
experts of the Human Rights Council's Advisory Committee.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By invitation, TONATIERRA participated in
this virtual consultation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During this
session, a point of discussion was the exclusion and marginalization of the
Indigenous Peoples of the world in the conceptualization, design,
implementation, and evaluation of the “new” climate technologies being
identified for the purposes of review by the Human Rights Council.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Specifically, a discussion was initiated
regarding the exclusion of the Indigenous Peoples of the world in the 27<sup>th</sup>
Session of the UN Human Rights Council Advisory Committee on February 21, 2022,
where the NTCP theme was presented under agenda Item 3.(d) “Impact of new
technologies for climate protection.”</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Regarding this point, the clarification
brought forward by TONATIERRA was that this pattern of exclusion and
marginalization was not a case of innocent “omission” as stated by the Advisory
Committee, but instead another example of the <b>systemic discrimination</b> of
the entire UN system itself regarding the inherent human rights of Indigenous
Peoples. It is a conceptual and structural malignancy based on a cultural
paradigm of patriarchal domination that characterizes the entire Westphalian
architecture of state systems globally. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">In social terms, the origin of the climate
crisis for which the NTCP are being rushed to the front of the line in
reactionary panic, is the breakdown of the cultural climate of respect and
appreciation for Mother Earth as a living entity, the indomitability of the
Natural World, and the homeostasis of human cultures in equilibrium with each
other and the rest of the biosphere.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
the realm of information science, this is an example of a complex adaptive
system not being able to process appropriately the necessary input from its
environment in order to adapt and flourish in tandem with the environment.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">This pattern of systemic discrimination
continues and is evidenced once again now in the fact that there is no specific
mention of Indigenous Peoples in the framework of questions being circulated by
the Advisory Committee for comment on the NTCP issue.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Instead, on the first page footnote of the
questionnaire circulated by the Human Rights Advisory Committee to which this
submission is a response, there is this notation:</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;">The term new technologies for climate protection for the purpose of this
questionnaire broadly refers to techniques of deliberate intervention in the
Earth’s natural system in order to prevent further climate change or reverse
it. The two main kinds are (1) Solar Radiation Management SRM (i.e.
stratospheric aerosols) and (2) Carbon Dioxide Removal CDR. CDR solutions can
be nature-based (forestation, soil carbon sequestration, biochar, etc.) or
technological (enhanced weathering, bioenergy with carbon capture and storage,
direct air capture and storage, etc.).</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">The branding of not only untested, but
untestable corporate geoengineering NTCP projects is now given a charter of
legitimacy by the UN Advisory Committee to advance within a global marketing plan
a new and improved version of “climate protection”.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Where, when, and how will the UN Human Rights
Council, the Special Rapporteur, and the Advisory Committee begin to integrate
the <b>Ancient Technologies of Climate Regeneration</b> (<b>ATCR</b>) of the <b>Original Nations</b>
of <b>Indigenous Peoples</b> of Mother Earth in order to address the present climate
disaster named by UN Secretary-General António Guterres?</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://unpfip.blogspot.com/2011/11/hopi-message-at-house-of-mica-december.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">This is not the first time this question has been posed to the UN.</span></span></span></a></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Preface to Commentary</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">We respectfully submit that this submission
be received in response to the following question from the Advisory Committee
questionnaire:</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">As
opposed to focusing on selected few technologies, do you think a holistic and
inclusive approach will help reduce any gaps in the existing system for
addressing human rights challenges from NTCP?</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">What we are addressing is not just gaps, but
a void. The void in systems of human cognition that are artificially
constructed to align with the short-term interests of the global consortia of
corporate elites that direct and benefit from the machinations of exploitation
and expropriation of the fossil fuel industry: AKA Empire of Petropolis.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Background: Human Rights of the Future Generations<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Before human rights can be enjoyed, they must
be first recognized, respected, and effective provisions and international
mechanisms for the violations of these must be in place. Even so, without the
political will to being these mechanisms to bear without discrimination, the
human rights of Indigenous Peoples are a dead letter in the longer narrative of
the death warrant for the Original Nations of Indigenous Peoples of Mother
Earth. The end game is not only genocide, but Terracide.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">TERRACIDE<br />
</span></b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">The willful and premeditated Crime against Humanity and
the Territorial Integrity of Mother Earth that results in the destruction of
the capacity of EARTH to be a Mother to the <br />
Future Generations. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">*************</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Geoengineering and Indigenous Peoples Human Rights: A
systemic pattern of violations of the right Free, Prior, and Informed Consent</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">At its forty-eighth session (13 September-11
October 2021), the United Nations Human Rights Council adopted resolution
48/14, in which it requested the Advisory Committee to conduct a study and to
prepare a report, in close cooperation with the Special Rapporteur on the
promotion and protection of human rights in the context of climate change, on
the impact <b>of new technologies for climate protection</b> on the enjoyment of
human rights, and to submit the report to the Council at its fifty-fourth
session (September 2023).</span></span></span></p><p><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Subsequently this issue was addressed during
the 27<sup>th</sup> Session of the UN Human Rights Council Advisory Committee
on February 21, 2022. Regarding the lack of inclusion of <b>Indigenous Peoples</b>
in the proceedings, the <b>ETC Group</b> stated: </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">This
involvement is crucial, particularly given that experiments on solar
geoengineering and carbon dioxide removal have already taken place in violation
of the rights of Indigenous peoples and peasants. Several geoengineering
projects are planned to be carried out in the territories of Indigenous Peoples
in violation of their right to free prior and informed consent.</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">We
are very concerned that the panel invited by the HRC Advisory Committee to make
presentations on the issue is only composed of researchers from the Global
North. It is a matter of public record that each of them has taken positions in
favour of the advancement of geoengineering technologies.</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">This point was also emphasized in the </span><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">statement by the </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Heinrich Böll Foundation</span></b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"> as follows:<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Leading legal experts have pointed at the risks that geoengineering
poses to a range of rights including the right to life, the right to health, an
adequate standard of living, the right to food and the right to a livelihood.</span></i><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-themecolor: text1;"> In proposed projects,</span></i><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"> the full range of relevant rights, including the principle of <b>free
prior and informed consent (FPIC)</b> needs to be considered - which is a
challenge when considering technological interventions that aim to have
transboundary and even global impact!</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br />
Public participation in geoengineering decision-making must be meaningful,
global and transparent to ensure the severity and scale of potential impacts of
geoengineering are fully recognised and taken into account. Those who are
already most affected by the climate crisis and those who would suffer most
from the adverse impacts of geoengineering must be given an active and leading
voice in geoengineering governance and decision-making. This would include,
among others, Indigenous Peoples, local communities, small-scale farmers and
fisherfolk, women and youth. </span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">We are surprised to see that today’s panel of experts consists of only
Northern/Western academic experts with a track record of support for specific
geoengineering approaches and would like to encourage the Advisory Committee to
seek further consultation with and advice from indigenous peoples and
potentially affected rights-holders from around the world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">On March 2, 2022, contesting the denomination of NTCP by the experts of
the HRC Advisory Committee an intervention by the <b>Indigenous Environmental
Network</b> (IEN) stated: </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br />
<i>In light of this information, it is concerning that the HRC mandated the HRC
Advisory Committee to evaluate geoengineering technologies that were wrongly
subsumed under the title of "climate protection technologies.”</i></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Regarding the pervasive violations of the right of <b>Free, Prior, and
Informed Consent</b> in terms of geoengineering projects, the IEN also stated:</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">The <b>Arctic Ice Project</b> has not been transparent about opposition
or concerns that have been raised. The National Congress of American Indians
passed a resolution against Solar Radiation Management in June 2021, yet these
experiments continue. </span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tribal members all across the coasts of the Arctic who rely on the
Arctic ice are not fully informed about the project including its scope or the
intention behind it. They have not been included in discussions on a broad
scale, and there has been no formal consent of all Indigenous nations who live
where this is being tested and where there is intended deployment. </span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br />
Introducing a substance that does not normally reside on the Earth’s surface is
risky at best, and could be very detrimental, especially since not all coastal
tribes have been consulted. Their knowledge of the lands, ocean, and ice have
not been formally and fully considered. Tokenizing a few Alaska Natives by
uplifting the voices of those who agree with the project and simply ignoring those
who raise concerns is not consent.</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br />
<b>The Saami Peoples</b></span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">In early 2021, Saami Council was contacted about a planned test by the
project called SCoPEx (Stratospheric Controlled Perturbation Experiment) based
at Harvard University. The SCoPEx project is a scientific experiment meant to
advance understanding of stratospheric aerosols that could be relevant to solar
geoengineering, also known as SRM - Solar Radiation Management. </span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br />
The Saami Council was informed that after several unsuccessful plans to conduct
field tests over U.S territory, the SCoPEx research team moved their first part
of the experiment to Sápmi. Apart from the possible negative consequences of
the technology itself, Indigenous Peoples in the U.S underlined that the
testing would violate the sacred relationship between Mother Earth and Father
Sky and stopped SCoPEx from proceeding. Following this, the research team
turned towards the Swedish Space Corporation in Giron, the Swedish part of
Sápmi.</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br />
In late February 2021, the Saami Council together with environmental
organizations in Sweden sent an open letter to the SCoPEx advisory committee
and underlined that there are no acceptable reasons for allowing the SCoPEx
project to be conducted in Sweden or elsewhere. The Saami Council has also
addressed the Swedish government through a letter to the three ministries
responsible for environment, research and enterprise. </span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">The struggle of the Indigenous Peoples against colonialism and genocide
on this continent of the <b>Great Turtle Island Abya Yala</b> [Americas] is
marked from the beginning of World War I and the arrival of the initial
invasion forces from Christendom on October 12, 1492. In 2018, the plan for the
Stratospheric Controlled Perturbation Experiment (SCoPEx) in Tucson, Arizona to
advance the marketing of geoengineering known as Solar Radiation Management
(SRM) was brought to the attention of our organization of Indigenous Peoples,
TONATIERRA.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">TONATERRA operates as secretariat of the Continental Commission Abya
Yala, and is based at the Nahuacalli, Embassy of Indigenous Peoples located in
the territories of the O’otham Nations [Phoenix, Arizona].</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Upon learning of the SCoPEx project in Tucson, we communicated with our
networks of kinship and traditional cultural alliances as Indigenous Peoples of
the territory to inquire what they knew of the project.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There was a complete lack of information. We
then communicated with the traditional ancestral leadership of the O’otham
Nations upon whose land the city of Tucson is situated and asked for a
consultation. We accompanied the Nukutham (Traditional O’otham guardians of the
Sacred Sites) to visit the compound where the project was to be launched.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Afterwards, the Nukutham stated that not only
were they not informed of the nature and scope of the experiment, but they
could not consent to such a project on any O’otham lands.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">From an Indigenous Peoples perspective, the industrial geoengineering
projects we see today are a historical extension of the massacre on the great
plains of the buffalo in the 1800’s and the invasion of Mexico by GMO corn
products under NAFTA in 1994. These precursors of the geoengineering projects
we see today, were also promoted by the same consortia of government,
financial, and industrial interests that resulted in the ecological
devastation, genocide, and territorial dispossession of our Original Nations. </span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br />
With today’s geoengineering flagship projects such as SCoPEx in Tucson, we see
the sails on the horizon of yet another flotilla of invasions just like the
Niña, the Pinta, the Santa Maria – and the Mayflower. This time it is the sky
itself that is being commodified and marketed. We stand in solidarity and
commitment to the Cochabamba Protocols, in defense of the Territorial Integrity
of Mother Earth and say NO to Geoengineering!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Hands Off Mother Earth!</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">TONATIERRA statement from the Hands Off Mother Earth Manifesto 2018</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">**********************</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mandate of the Indigenous Peoples</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br />
The </span><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Resolution adopted by the Human Rights Council on 8
October 2021, 48/14 “Mandate of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and
protection of human rights in the context of climate change” states in the
introductory paragraph:</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">The Human Rights Council,</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Guided
by the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, <br />
<br />
Reaffirming that States have the obligation and the primary responsibility to
respect, protect and fulfil human rights and fundamental freedoms, in
accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and all
relevant international human rights instruments,</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br />
The concluding paragraph affirms that: <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">“Emphasizes that, while taking steps to
respond to climate change, States must ensure that they meet their human rights
obligations;”</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Prior to the convening of the General
Assembly High Level Plenary Meeting in 2014, a global UN Indigenous Preparatory
Meeting was held in Alta, Norway from June 10-12, 2013. The following
intervention from the floor of the Alta Conference was presented by one of the
indigenous delegates:</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">“We
call for the restitution of the primary source materials and testimony that was
lent to the United Nations system as fundamental to the evidence in document
form of the systemic (system to system) nature of the legal relationships
between the Nations of Indigenous Peoples and the member states of the UN system
for the purpose of the Treaty Study conducted by Dr. Miguel Alfonso Martinez of
Cuba.</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Such
delivery should be initial act of good faith in terms of the continuing process
of systemic documentation among the Nations of Indigenous Peoples and the UN system
prior to and as a necessary act of condition to allow for the full and
effective participation of the Indigenous Peoples in the High-Level Plenary
Meeting on an equal basis and without systemic discrimination in the process of
producing the Final Outcome Document of the High-Level Plenary Meeting of the
General Assembly 2014.</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">This intervention was never recorded in the
official reports from Alta, much less integrated into the Alta Outcome
document, nor considered by the UN member states at their 2014 High Level
Plenary Meeting, fraudulently called the World Conference on Indigenous
Peoples.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br />
<b>ALTA OUTCOME DOCUMENT (2013)</b></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.3in;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Preamble</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">We
further affirm that nothing in this process or its outcomes may be interpreted
as diminishing or eliminating any of the rights of Indigenous Peoples contained
in the Declaration, or any of the other international standards which protect, defend,
and uphold the inherent economic, social, cultural, civil, political,
educational and spiritual rights of Indigenous Peoples.</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">We
reaffirm the peremptory norms of international law, including on equality and
non-discrimination, and assert that the realization of the rights of Indigenous
Peoples, including those affirmed in the Declaration, must be upheld by States,
individually and collectively, free from all forms of discrimination including
discrimination based on race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, age,
and disability. </span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">We
affirm that the inherent and inalienable right of self-determination is
preeminent and is a prerequisite for the realization of all rights. We
Indigenous Peoples, have the right of self-determination and permanent
sovereignty over our lands, territories, resources, air, ice, oceans and
waters, mountains and forests.</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Theme
1: Indigenous Peoples’ lands, territories, resources, oceans, and waters </span></i></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.55in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></i><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">In order to fulfil their obligations to
guarantee Indigenous Peoples’ right of self-determination and permanent
sovereignty over our lands, territories, resources, air, ice, oceans and
waters, mountains and forests, we recommend that States, as a matter of
urgency, establish effective mechanisms through agreements reached with the
Indigenous Peoples concerned, to effectively implement the aforementioned
rights consistent with State’s obligations under international law, the UN
Charter, the Declaration and <b>Treaties and agreements concluded with
Indigenous Peoples and Nations</b>;</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">What is in question is not just the inherent
right of Indigenous Peoples to free, prior, and informed consent in a
culturally appropriate manner regarding projects that impact their territories
and human rights. Nor is this issue only limited to the specific treaty
concerns of specific Indigenous treaty nations with specific states.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">What is in question is the need for the
international legal system of the planet</span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> to escape the conceptual constraints and the
ethical void of the colonial legacy which gave origin to the present
international framework, in open violation of the right of self-determination
of the Indigenous Peoples, <b><i>equal to all other peoples</i></b>. Such a
geopolitical trajectory could provide an effective strategic repositioning of
global ecological concerns <i>vis-à-vis</i> the fractured interests of the states and
the corresponding geopolitical blocs of power and competition. A multilateral
world that integrated the recognition of <b>Indigenous Nationhood</b>, where
the rights and responsibilities of the Original Nations of Indigenous Peoples of
Mother Earth are acknowledged and respected could provide a possible
alternative to the self-destructive <i>modus operandi</i> of the present
international regimes of competition, consumption, and finally the fatal
degradation of the biosphere.</span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Conclusion</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br />
</span></b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">In consideration of the preceding, we now submit:</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">On March 20, 2022, a joint <b><a href="https://redabyayala.blogspot.com/2022/03/1894-sioux-nation-treaty-council-press.html" target="_blank">Declaration</a></b> by a
Western Hemisphere Alliance of Original Nations of Indigenous Peoples that
includes the 1894 Sioux Nation Treaty Council, the Western Shoshone Defense
Project, the Consejo de Todas las Tierras Mapuche, and TONATIERRA was submitted
to the United Nations Secretary General, the High Commissioner for Human
Rights, the Human Rights Council, and the Committee on the Elimination of
Racial Discrimination.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">This declaration invoked the principles of <b>UNHRC
Resolution 48/7 Negative impact of the legacies of colonialism </b>and called
upon the UN system to address the institutionalized and systemic legacies of
discrimination and colonialism <b>within</b> the UN system. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">(A/HRC/RES/48/7 Resolution adopted by the Human Rights
Council on 8 October 2021)</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></i><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Stresses the utmost importance of eradicating
colonialism and addressing the negative impact of the legacies of colonialism
on the enjoyment of human rights;</span></i></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></i><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Calls for Member States, relevant United
Nations bodies, agencies and other relevant stakeholders to take concrete steps
to address the negative impact of the legacies of colonialism on the enjoyment
of human rights;</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Without the international recognition,
respect, guarantees to honor and mechanisms of effective enforcement of the <b>Treaties</b>
between the states and the Original Nations of Indigenous Peoples within the
international legal system of the UN member states, the concept of free, prior,
and informed consent for Indigenous Peoples is reduced from an international
standard and principle of law to a political phrase with significance derived
from the domestic interpretations and bureaucratic policies of the individual states.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">In terms of the discussion and debate over
NTCP, all of the strategies and plans to address documented threats to the
human rights of Indigenous Peoples exacerbated by NTCP projects will be devoid
of justice, and instead serve as instrumentalities of even deeper subjugation
and colonization in particular for the Treaty Nations.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Therefore, in order to advance a substantive
discussion on the processes presented by United Nations Human Rights Council
Advisory Committee per UN HRC Resolution 48/14, we respectfully call for the
inclusion of the <b>UN Study on Treaties, Agreements, and Constructive
Arrangements</b> concluded by Special Rapporteur Miguel Alfonso Martinez in
1999 (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1999/20) as fundamental reference to contextualize the
issues being brought forward.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">“We, Original Nations and Indigenous Peoples
of Mother Earth, assert our right to address all forms and manifestations of
colonialism, foreign occupation, including all scourges of racism and racial
discrimination, apartheid, crimes against humanity, and genocide on an equal
basis to all other peoples and nations in accordance with the United Nations
Charter.”</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br />
</span></i><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Joint Declaration from the following
Indigenous Nations and Peoples to the United Nations Secretary General, High
Commissioner for Human Rights, Human Rights Council, Committee on the Elimination
of Racial Discrimination, and the</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">March 20, 2022</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Signed:</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1894
Sioux Nation Treaty Council</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Consejo
de Todas las Tierras Mapuche</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Western
Shoshone Defense Project</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">TONATIERRA</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="http://www.tonatierra.org"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">www.tonatierra.org</span></a></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">chantlaca@tonatierra.org</span></span></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: -1895824384;"><span style="height: 144px; left: 142px; position: absolute; top: -1283px; width: 168px;"><img height="144" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image002.png" width="168" /></span></span></p>
<p><style>@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073732485 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Verdana;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1593833729 1073750107 16 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman";
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:auto;
mso-font-signature:0 0 0 0 0 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}p.MsoFootnoteText, li.MsoFootnoteText, div.MsoFootnoteText
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"Footnote Text Char";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;}p.MsoFooter, li.MsoFooter, div.MsoFooter
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"Footer Char";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
tab-stops:center 3.25in right 6.5in;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:#0563C1;
mso-themecolor:hyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:#954F72;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}p.MsoListParagraph, li.MsoListParagraph, div.MsoListParagraph
{mso-style-priority:34;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.5in;
mso-add-space:auto;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}p.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst
{mso-style-priority:34;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.5in;
mso-add-space:auto;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}p.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle
{mso-style-priority:34;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.5in;
mso-add-space:auto;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}p.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast
{mso-style-priority:34;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.5in;
mso-add-space:auto;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}span.FootnoteTextChar
{mso-style-name:"Footnote Text Char";
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:"Footnote Text";
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;}span.FooterChar
{mso-style-name:"Footer Char";
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:Footer;}.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}ol
{margin-bottom:0in;}ul
{margin-bottom:0in;}</style></p>chantlacahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15255116987351106636noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6069514271337748470.post-50485865543682580652022-05-16T09:20:00.040-07:002022-05-16T15:36:11.202-07:001894 Sioux Nation Treaty Council: Submission to UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD)<div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><u><span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><style>@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073732485 9 0 511 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}</style>Summary for a Theme
on Decolonization for Indigenous Nations <br />
per Human Rights Council Resolution 48/7. <br /><span style="font-size: large;">adopted on 8 October 2021</span></span></span></u></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></p><p></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuV-TCaerTBgLvvolc8pKk4OuYc4hnXqwP2og3Tu373IW9b6wVC-vGUs1TyFTpwSkxzhn9vdX4gGQCekcR4v4_dDnpsRDYuZvnBy9Ax6_j78LSA0UpreZiOPqg-_5S1O1KttyeB5OfHSfogGYGqQ9xsyu-3KcqSBwgc1Zvstdp07M9KY3nJt8MSD8i/s309/hedog.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="309" data-original-width="200" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuV-TCaerTBgLvvolc8pKk4OuYc4hnXqwP2og3Tu373IW9b6wVC-vGUs1TyFTpwSkxzhn9vdX4gGQCekcR4v4_dDnpsRDYuZvnBy9Ax6_j78LSA0UpreZiOPqg-_5S1O1KttyeB5OfHSfogGYGqQ9xsyu-3KcqSBwgc1Zvstdp07M9KY3nJt8MSD8i/w414-h640/hedog.png" width="414" /></a></span></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.siouxnationtreatycouncil.org/" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Submitted by the 1894 Sioux Nation Treaty Council, <br />
Charmaine White Face, Spokesperson,</span></span></a></p><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.siouxnationtreatycouncil.org/" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></a></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.siouxnationtreatycouncil.org/" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Zumila Wobaga, ltancan</span></span></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PEf0OKanCUtHp55xKYvaYpqX_kxnb5TO/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank"><b> DOWNLOAD PDF</b></a></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">*******</span></span><br /></b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b> </b></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Summary Page</span></span></b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br /></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">A recommendation is given to the UN Committee on the
Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) for a "Theme" for the
dialogue with the United States of America (USA) at the meeting in August 2022.
In October, 2021, the UN Human Rights Council's (HRC) passage of <a href="https://unpfip.blogspot.com/2022/03/unhrc-resolution-487-negative-impact-of.html" target="_blank">Resolution
48/7 entitled "Negative impact of the legacies of colonialism on the
enjoyment of human rights" </a>requires that Indigenous nations be allowed the
processes of decolonization in order for the full practice of their human
rights which includes the right to self-determination.</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The <a href="http://unpfip.blogspot.com/2021/06/blog-post.html" target="_blank">"UN Study on Treaties, Agreements and Constructive
Arrangements with States and Indigenous populations"</a> by Special Rapporteur
Miguel Alfonso Martinez that was presented in 1999, proves that such treaties
and agreements are <u>International</u> in nature made between two nations.
(E/CN.4/Sub.2/1999/20 22 June 1999) Consequently, there is no such thing as a
"domestic" treaty in international law.</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The requirement to end the eras of Colonization of
Indigenous nations could be accomplished easily by automatically recommending
such Indigenous nations with treaties or agreements with the USA or other
colonizing governments to the UN Decolonization Committee and its procedures.</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Article 15 of the <a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-convention-elimination-all-forms-racial" target="_blank">Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination</a> with its reference to the <a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/declaration-granting-independence-colonial-countries-and-peoples" target="_blank">General Assembly (GA) Resolution 1514 (XV) </a>requires that CERD comply with both of these Resolutions: UN HRC
Resolution 48/7. and GA Resolution 1514 (XV).</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Therefore, the CERD needs to recommend to the General
Assembly the inclusion of Indigenous nations with treaties, agreements, and
other constructive arrangements with colonizing governments to the
Decolonization Committee and its processes. This will also open the door to
decolonization for other Indigenous peoples and nations without treaties,
agreements, or other constructive arrangements, including Alaska and Hawaii,
and n<u>ecessitates a decolonization process</u> be established at the UN for such
Indigenous peoples and nations.</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">May 10, 2022</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> ********************</span></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></span></b></p><b><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhZFhCdBXjUkhBsiYI_goKpwmTYTB8tGMqTzoHxk9dh36dge6ct04isCl5BovNQW10PkSYbq8Qu1pD8KZha53_uTaAlGPsmjUsPm7J6hOlVVtx8FdnSe7CYOhVlEYbau1NDl3nlJb1iIOVhYTDXrHumY_uJO9hTJ4g_pmv9ngtxN4gDXBvY5ZgD5nN/s1975/Image%203-15-20%20at%209.56%20AM.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="890" data-original-width="1975" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhZFhCdBXjUkhBsiYI_goKpwmTYTB8tGMqTzoHxk9dh36dge6ct04isCl5BovNQW10PkSYbq8Qu1pD8KZha53_uTaAlGPsmjUsPm7J6hOlVVtx8FdnSe7CYOhVlEYbau1NDl3nlJb1iIOVhYTDXrHumY_uJO9hTJ4g_pmv9ngtxN4gDXBvY5ZgD5nN/w640-h288/Image%203-15-20%20at%209.56%20AM.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /></span></span></span></b>
<p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">1894 Sioux Nation
Treaty Council</span></span></b></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">PO Box 2003, Rapid
City, SD 57709</span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">May 10, 2022</span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">CERD Secretariat <br />
UNOG-OHCHR</span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">8-14<span> </span>Avenue de la
Paix <br />
CH-1211 Geneva 10 Switzerland</span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Dear Members of the Committee,</span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">This information is being sent to you for inclusion in the
list of themes in your Review of the USA. With the passage of Human Rights
Council Resolution 48/7 on Oct. 8, 2021, titled <u>Negative impact of the
legacies of colonialism on the enjoyment of human rights</u> and particularly
the paragraphs which state:</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></p><blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">...<i>Expressing deep concern</i> at the violations of human rights
of indigenous peoples committed in colonial contexts, and stressing the need
for States to take all measures necessary to protect rights and ensure the
safety of indigenous peoples, especially indigenous women and children, to
restore truth and justice and to hold perpetrators accountable,</span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"></span></span></span></span></span></p></blockquote><p> <br /></p><blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span></span>1) <i>Stresses</i>
the utmost importance of eradicating colonialism and addressing the negative
impact of the legacies of colonialism on the enjoyment of human rights;</span></span><br /></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><span>2. </span></span><i>Calls for</i> Member States, relevant United Nations
bodies, agencies, and other relevant stakeholders to take concrete steps to
address the negative impact of the legacies of colonialism on the enjoyment of human
rights;...</span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Also as stated in the General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV)1. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">"The subjection of peoples to alien subjugation,
domination and exploitation constitutes a denial of fundamental human rights,
is contrary to the <i>Charter of the United Nations</i> and is an impediment to
the promotion of world peace and cooperation.<br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">As stated in General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) <u>Declaration
on the Granting of lndependence to Colonial Countries and Peoples</u>, it is
now time to for the Sioux Nation "<b>to have an inalienable right to
complete freedom, the exercise of (our) sovereignty, and the integrity of (our)
national territory."</b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The Sioux Nation, also known as the Lakota, Nakota, and
Dakota, but known in our own language as the Oceti Sakowin (Seven Nations),
reside in the middle of North America, primarily in the American state of South
Dakota. Prior to the invasion by the Europeans, the Sioux Nation once covered
an area as large as twenty-four American states and four Canadian provinces.<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span><span>(1)</span></span></span> </span></span>We, surviving members, are the last remaining descendants
of that great nation. We are the last Indigenous nation with the most recent
white contact in the United States (USA). Despite attempts at forced
assimilation, we still have our language, culture, spiritual practices and form
of government. Our lifeways are very different from European and American
practices.</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The United States made treaties with our nation, the last
being the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 <span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>(2</span>) </span></span>which was a treaty
for peace called for by the USA because they could not gain access to a certain
geographic area as our nation would stop them. However, as the USA was not
honorable, they continued their acts of war following the 1868 Treaty and
destroyed our economy and peoples through the use of the destruction of the
large bison herds which provided our food, clothing, shelter and fuel, through
further starvation, and diseases for which we had no immunity. The last
remnants of our nation were placed in Prisoner of War camps, similar to the
concentration camps of Adolf Hitler in the 20th Century. These POW camps are
now called American Indian Reservations. All of this information was documented
and given to your Committee in 2008.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In 1894, despite being prohibited by American law, one of
our leaders named He Dog, with many others, established the Sioux Nation Treaty
Council to keep alive the information about the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868.<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(3) </span></span>That information has been handed down quietly through the
generations to today. Our leaders are not elected but are appointed based on
their abilities. The current spokesperson, a woman, and we are a matriarchy,
was appointed in 1994 to continue the position then filled by Antoine Black Feather.
Upon the death of the spokesperson, the next appointed person would fill that
role. The author of this information is the current spokesperson.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The primary Article of the International Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination that the United States
consistently and intentionally violates while the same time violating Article
VI of their own Constitution, is Article 15 which states:</span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i></i></span></span></p><blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i>Article 15</i></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i>1. Pending the achievement of the objectives of the
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples,
contained in General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV) of 14 December 1960, the
provisions of this Convention shall in no way limit the right of petition
granted to these peoples by other international instruments or by the United
Nations and its specialized agencies.</i></span></span></p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">As a signatory to the Convention, the United States is bound
by international law to enforce treaties they made with Indigenous nations.<span style="color: #2f5597;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #990000;">(4)</span></span> </span>However, they refuse to do so.<span> </span>Our most recent approach was in a letter to
now President Joe Biden and Secretary of State Antony Blinken on May 7, 2021
and is attached. As usual, our efforts were completely ignored.</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">We are not going to list all of the American racist actions,
policies, laws, etc. that occur in the Sioux Nation Treaty Territory. Those can
be found in a report entitled <a href="https://www.usccr.gov/files/pubs/sac/sd0300/main.htm" target="_blank">"Native Americans in South Dakota: An
Erosion of Confidence in the Justice System, South Dakota Advisory Committee to
the United States Commission on Civil Rights, March 2000</a>.(<a href="https://www.usccr.gov/files/pubs/sac/sd0300/main.htm" target="_blank">https://www.usccr.gov/files/pubs/sac/sd0300/main.htm</a>). The complaints would be the
same today only with larger numbers.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Our strong recommendation to correct all of these racist
actions is for the lawful and legal enforcement of the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty
and the reinstatement of the Title and land area to the Sioux Nation and other
signatories to the 1868 Treaty with the assistance of the UN Decolonization
Committee. We also recommend that other Indigenous nations with treaties,
agreements, and other constructive arrangements with the United States also be
referred to the Decolonization Committee. This opens the door for
decolonization for other Indigenous peoples throughout the world without
treaties, agreements, or other constructive arrangements, and necessitates a
process be established within the UN Decolonization system for such Indigenous
peoples. These all can be nonviolently accomplished with human rights for all.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Therefore, we are requesting the CERD to follow Article 15
of the Convention and report our recommendations to the UN General Assembly in
your report with a strong recommendation for the inclusion of the Sioux Nation,
based on the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty, in the Decolonization procedures which
have recently been opened to us with UN Human Rights Council Resolution No.
48/7.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Thank you for your work to insure human rights for all
peoples and nations.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Sincerely,</span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Charmaine White Face, Spokesperson</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Zumila Wobaga <br /></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjDWYJtJTHPOzlzr0NAMqHe_Qyi11iRkz_NM77S8TO3yvnYc_0vh71C6gYYdu8UpD-s9lCHxxQ3hhP1FTyTTBcp6x_dIjkaCvj7E1F-XecIqd89ScMJljSMCv4vBINi2gQ7-FjbVRGvTjl6jQPB6_GkpNTQ70ErNpULbC6WH1TUAUPAO78cfBcT3Lk/s1112/White-Face-charmaine.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1112" data-original-width="905" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjDWYJtJTHPOzlzr0NAMqHe_Qyi11iRkz_NM77S8TO3yvnYc_0vh71C6gYYdu8UpD-s9lCHxxQ3hhP1FTyTTBcp6x_dIjkaCvj7E1F-XecIqd89ScMJljSMCv4vBINi2gQ7-FjbVRGvTjl6jQPB6_GkpNTQ70ErNpULbC6WH1TUAUPAO78cfBcT3Lk/w325-h400/White-Face-charmaine.jpg" width="325" /></a></span></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></span><p></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="color: #990000;"></span></i></span></span></span></p><blockquote><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><span><i><span style="color: #990000;">NOTES:<br /><br /></span></i></span></span></span></span>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #990000;">(1)</span>Traditional Lands of the Oceti Sakowin , Leo J. Omani, Ph.
D., Indigenous Nations Rights in the Balance, Living Justice Press, St. Paul,
MN, USA, p. 127</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #990000;">(2)</span> Treaty of Fort Laramie of April 29, 1868, 15 Stat. 635, 636</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #990000;"> </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #990000;">(3)</span> William J. Bielecki, Sr., Memorandum Opinion, Tribal
Inherent Powers, Oct. 5, 2008, P. 7 & 8, found at www.siouxnationtreatycouncil.org states: <br /></span></span></p></blockquote><blockquote style="margin-left: 80px;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><i><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">"Various historians has
determined that the "Sioux Nation Treaty Council" formally formed in
1894, shortly after the Wounded Knee massacre. The Sioux Nation Treaty Council
represents all of the Sioux Tribes (Approx 49 Tribes), and all other Sioux
Treaty Councils would be subordinate to it, regardless of the Treaty Council's
name."</span></span></i></p></blockquote><blockquote><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #660000;">(4)</span> UN Study on Treaties, Agreements and Constructive
Arrangements, Special Rapporteur Miguel Alfonso Martinez, 1999, p. 44, Para.
279
</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><style><font size="4"><span style="font-family: verdana;">@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073732485 9 0 511 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}</span></font></style></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><span> </span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Attachments:</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Letter to US President Biden, May 27, 2021 <br />
Summary Page</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEMI2adVwAnOV0BCwDZzAbBTOiynNWOP3LsHGNP9A-q2F_yakdGDnoLaRQ-zTAbNh8Bp8J1rlXZeLGq7waWaZXRv5PugNTazVKDUxCDpY_w4Ijr07uqKfodQC6TCpmpOXGYxVTLK1U4d6uyGpoDzMsTi40TFlMcdqp37AtI-OEnZ7BUrRsjhXuPqzo/s810/Image%205-16-22%20at%201.29%20PM.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="627" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEMI2adVwAnOV0BCwDZzAbBTOiynNWOP3LsHGNP9A-q2F_yakdGDnoLaRQ-zTAbNh8Bp8J1rlXZeLGq7waWaZXRv5PugNTazVKDUxCDpY_w4Ijr07uqKfodQC6TCpmpOXGYxVTLK1U4d6uyGpoDzMsTi40TFlMcdqp37AtI-OEnZ7BUrRsjhXuPqzo/w496-h640/Image%205-16-22%20at%201.29%20PM.jpeg" width="496" /></a></span></span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpheMWWEJbXRrUuT6ns__CCDhK0J8tgTNqvkOFpWqS-_wlHZFKrVzOxkUJ-_y49QtjFZRD0DJpXrqN3S-GgbJ-Y2-ivd_Fa0j-Q3Glq_DLmp_K10s_sbIpCLBVcMkgqFzH6VuwCiDa_ZoqWGYuGd7qoVMogmjizDqmQsTM2RbYzmTT5RcK15hQRmjw/s800/Image%205-16-22%20at%201.30%20PM.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="614" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpheMWWEJbXRrUuT6ns__CCDhK0J8tgTNqvkOFpWqS-_wlHZFKrVzOxkUJ-_y49QtjFZRD0DJpXrqN3S-GgbJ-Y2-ivd_Fa0j-Q3Glq_DLmp_K10s_sbIpCLBVcMkgqFzH6VuwCiDa_ZoqWGYuGd7qoVMogmjizDqmQsTM2RbYzmTT5RcK15hQRmjw/w492-h640/Image%205-16-22%20at%201.30%20PM.jpeg" width="492" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><p></p> <br /><p></p>
<p><style>@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073732485 9 0 511 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}</style></p></div>chantlacahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15255116987351106636noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6069514271337748470.post-42758225889090563002022-04-11T15:52:00.007-07:002022-04-11T16:03:26.089-07:00UN Human Rights Council Advisory Committee: Questionaire on NTCP and Human Rights<p style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" height="101" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="557" /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Subject</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">:
Request for inputs on the impact of new technologies for climate protection on
the enjoyment of human rights</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
Secretariat of the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee, on behalf of the
Advisory Committee, has the honour to refer to resolution 48/14 of the Human
Rights Council entitled “Mandate of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and
protection of human rights in the context of climate change”. The resolution is
attached for ease of reference.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">In paragraph 6 of the resolution, the Human
Rights Council requests the Advisory Committee “to conduct a study and to
prepare a report, in close cooperation with the Special Rapporteur, on the
impact of new technologies for climate protection on the enjoyment of human
rights, and to submit the report to the Council at its fifty-fourth session”.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
this regard, the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee invites inputs from
relevant stakeholders, including Member States, international and regional
organizations, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human
Rights, the special procedures of the Council, United Nations Environment
Programme, United Nations Regional Economic Commissions and other relevant
United Nations agencies, funds and programmes within their respective mandates,
national human rights institutions, civil society, the private sector, the
technical community and academic institutions, in order to integrate the
information in the study thereof. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To
facilitate the submission of inputs, the Advisory Committee is circulating the
attached questionnaire on the topic. Any response to the
questionnaire or inputs on the topic should be sent to the Secretariat of the
Advisory Committee by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">29 April 2022</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>,</u> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">either </span>by email to </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="mailto:OHCHR-hrcadvisorycommittee@un.org"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">OHCHR-hrcadvisorycommittee@un.org</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> (indicating in the heading
"Submission to the call for contributions on new technologies for climate
protection”) or by regular mail to the following address: </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Secretariat of the Human
Rights Council Advisory Committee</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>OHCHR
- United Nations Office at Geneva</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">CH-1211 Geneva 10,
Switzerland</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Fax: +41 22 917 9011</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Submissions
will be posted on the Advisory Committee’s webpage, except for those including
a clear request not to be publicly disclosed.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
Secretariat of the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee avails itself of
this opportunity to renew the assurances of its highest consideration.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">16 March 2022</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Z_XFUyHxNhFTZzyzB_mJnHd538LOeuMy/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">DOWNLOAD QUESTIONNAIRE</span></b> </a></span></span></p><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p><style>@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}p.MsoHeader, li.MsoHeader, div.MsoHeader
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-link:"Header Char";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
tab-stops:center 207.65pt right 415.3pt;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN-AU;
layout-grid-mode:line;}p.MsoFooter, li.MsoFooter, div.MsoFooter
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-link:"Footer Char";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
tab-stops:center 207.65pt right 415.3pt;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-parent:"";
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:#954F72;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}span.HeaderChar
{mso-style-name:"Header Char";
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:Header;
mso-ansi-language:EN-AU;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
layout-grid-mode:both;}span.FooterChar
{mso-style-name:"Footer Char";
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:Footer;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:10.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;
mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;}div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}</style></p>chantlacahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15255116987351106636noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6069514271337748470.post-18142017399113308122022-04-11T08:52:00.015-07:002022-05-26T21:07:38.553-07:00NTCP: New Technologies for Corporate Privilege and the Territorial Integrity of Mother Earth <p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 16pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 16pt;">“We are on a fast
track to climate disaster.”</span></b>
</span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">António Guterres</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">Secretary-General of the United
Nations</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">April 4, 2022</span></span><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVop7fM8B_2TAt3pzWyu8e_ikvl2kEMR0vnUhdqsYuf9xxzffGTBSXyZ-QujzvEQ0So_Z08OTL8aiBG4x8YzRUiz3vd_TKTbMgMxh7EsnHNITF5KjGViMVG2MtNyxX9WkUVLjtbhnfGGGyTdBjebhZXmmxFm-Z_vrGGhL9KH3HyNX2TLx5SvY2wBIu/s2237/IMG_4489.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2237" data-original-width="1394" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVop7fM8B_2TAt3pzWyu8e_ikvl2kEMR0vnUhdqsYuf9xxzffGTBSXyZ-QujzvEQ0So_Z08OTL8aiBG4x8YzRUiz3vd_TKTbMgMxh7EsnHNITF5KjGViMVG2MtNyxX9WkUVLjtbhnfGGGyTdBjebhZXmmxFm-Z_vrGGhL9KH3HyNX2TLx5SvY2wBIu/w249-h400/IMG_4489.JPG" width="249" /></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 16pt;">New Technologies for
Corporate Privilege</span></b></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; letter-spacing: 2pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";">NTCP</span></b></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">and the</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-large;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">Territorial Integrity
of Mother Earth<br /><br /></span></b></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">“The
urgency of the climate crisis demands a rapid reorientation of our societies
and economies away from fossil fuels, the key driver of global warming.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is no time or justification for policy
scenarios that fail to center an immediate halt to oil, gas, and coal expansion
an</span><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">d the managed phaseout of all fossil fuels. Planning for overshoot on the
premise that geoengineering techno-fixes and carbon trading can reverse
temperature rise or mitigate its effects is indefensible.”</span></span></div><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://indiancountrytoday.com/the-press-pool/340-organizations-call-on-governments-and-the-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-to-foreground-rapid-phaseout-of-fossil-fuels" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt;">Open Letter to Intergovernmental
Panel P Climate Change Working Group III</span></i></span></a></p><a href="https://indiancountrytoday.com/the-press-pool/340-organizations-call-on-governments-and-the-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-to-foreground-rapid-phaseout-of-fossil-fuels" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></a><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://indiancountrytoday.com/the-press-pool/340-organizations-call-on-governments-and-the-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-to-foreground-rapid-phaseout-of-fossil-fuels" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt;">Signed by 340+
organizations</span></i></span></a></p><a href="https://indiancountrytoday.com/the-press-pool/340-organizations-call-on-governments-and-the-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-to-foreground-rapid-phaseout-of-fossil-fuels" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></a><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="https://indiancountrytoday.com/the-press-pool/340-organizations-call-on-governments-and-the-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-to-foreground-rapid-phaseout-of-fossil-fuels" target="_blank">March 28, 2022<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</a><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></i></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: red;">*************************</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXkGCf5a6zwmZkx6hkMd02N5XVb81L07W572n4oNu_do12uL7yVpiIaNLpYn0rm1ALhZAF7pSQVercJZmXNIG6Ec_RlsOADWI-WlvTQGr_moyFTyMyf7ugk3suQ9AJtI3G9hE6xnLAgjonwUfEDeQJywSkq7XF3SuFJvG-cDrhJaUqJDKQKRW-rKQc/s4041/IMG_4495.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2812" data-original-width="4041" height="279" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXkGCf5a6zwmZkx6hkMd02N5XVb81L07W572n4oNu_do12uL7yVpiIaNLpYn0rm1ALhZAF7pSQVercJZmXNIG6Ec_RlsOADWI-WlvTQGr_moyFTyMyf7ugk3suQ9AJtI3G9hE6xnLAgjonwUfEDeQJywSkq7XF3SuFJvG-cDrhJaUqJDKQKRW-rKQc/w400-h279/IMG_4495.JPG" width="400" /></a></span></div><p></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b> </b></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b> </b></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br /></p><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br />
</span></span></span></b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Background</span></span></b></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">At its forty-eighth session (13
September-11 October 2021), the United Nations Human Rights Council adopted
resolution 48/14, in which it requested the Advisory Committee to conduct a
study and to prepare a report, in close cooperation with the <b>Special Rapporteur
on the promotion and protection of human rights in the context of climate
change</b>, on the impact of <b>new technologies for climate protection</b> on the
enjoyment of human rights, and to submit the report to the Council at its
fifty-fourth session (September 2023).</span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Subsequently this issue was addressed
during the 27<sup>th</sup> Session of the UN Human Rights Council Advisory
Committee on February 21, 2022. Regarding the lack of inclusion of Indigenous
Peoples in the proceedings, the ETC Group stated: </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">This involvement is crucial,
particularly given that experiments on solar geoengineering and carbon dioxide
removal have already taken place in violation of the rights of Indigenous
peoples and peasants. Several geoengineering projects are planned to be carried
out in the territories of Indigenous Peoples in violation of their right to
free prior and informed consent.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in;"><br /></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">We are very concerned that the
panel invited by the HRC Advisory Committee to make presentations on the issue
is only composed of researchers from the Global North. It is a matter of public
record that each of them has taken positions in favour of the advancement of
geoengineering technologies.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">This point was also emphasized during the session in the <span lang="EN-GB">statement by the Heinrich Böll Foundation as
follows:<br />
<br />
</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB">Leading legal experts have pointed at the risks that
geoengineering poses to a range of rights including the right to life, the
right to health, an adequate standard of living, the right to food and the
right to a livelihood.</span><span lang="EN-GB">
In proposed projects,</span><span lang="EN-GB"> the full range of
relevant rights, including the principle of <b>free, prior and informed consent
(FPIC)</b> needs to be considered - which is a challenge when considering
technological interventions that aim to have transboundary and even global
impact!</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB">Public participation in geoengineering decision-making must be meaningful,
global and transparent to ensure the severity and scale of potential impacts of
geoengineering are fully recognised and taken into account. Those who are
already most affected by the climate crisis and those who would suffer most
from the adverse impacts of geoengineering must be given an active and leading
voice in geoengineering governance and decision-making. This would include,
among others, Indigenous Peoples, local communities, small-scale farmers and fisherfolk,
women and youth. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB">We are surprised to see that today’s panel of experts
consists of only Northern/Western academic experts with a track record of
support for specific geoengineering approaches and would like to encourage the
Advisory Committee to seek further consultation with and advice from indigenous
peoples and potentially affected rights-holders from around the world.<span> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB">On March 2, 2022, contesting the denomination of NTCP by the experts of
the HRC Advisory Committee an intervention by the <b>Indigenous Environmental
Network (IEN)</b> stated: </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB"><br />
In light of this information, it is concerning that the HRC mandated the HRC
Advisory Committee to evaluate geoengineering technologies that were wrongly
subsumed under the title of "climate protection technologies.”</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB">Regarding the pervasive violations of the right of Free, Prior, and
Informed Consent in terms of geoengineering projects, the IEN also stated:</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB">The <b>Arctic Ice Project</b> has not been transparent about
opposition or concerns that have been raised. The National Congress of American
Indians passed a resolution against Solar Radiation Management in June 2021,
yet these experiments continue. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB">Tribal members all across the coasts of the Arctic who
rely on the Arctic ice are not fully informed about the project including its
scope or the intention behind it. They have not been included in discussions on
a broad scale, and there has been no formal consent of all Indigenous nations
who live where this is being tested and where there is intended deployment. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB"><br />
Introducing a substance that does not normally reside on the Earth’s surface is
risky at best, and could be very detrimental, especially since not all coastal
tribes have been consulted. Their knowledge of the lands, ocean, and ice have
not been formally and fully considered. Tokenizing a few Alaska Natives by
uplifting the voices of those who agree with the project and simply ignoring
those who raise concerns is not consent.</span></span></span></p><b><br /></b><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB">
The Saami Peoples</span></span></span></b></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB">In early 2021, Saami Council was contacted about a
planned test by the project called <b>SCoPEx </b>(Stratospheric Controlled
Perturbation Experiment) based at Harvard University. The SCoPEx project is a
scientific experiment meant to advance understanding of stratospheric aerosols
that could be relevant to solar geoengineering, also known as SRM - Solar
Radiation Management. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB"><br />
The Saami Council was informed that after several unsuccessful plans to conduct
field tests over U.S territory, the SCoPEx research team moved their first part
of the experiment to Sápmi. Apart from the possible negative consequences of
the technology itself, Indigenous Peoples in the U.S underlined that the
testing would violate the sacred relationship between Mother Earth and Father
Sky and stopped SCoPEx from proceeding. Following this, the research team
turned towards the Swedish Space Corporation in Giron, the Swedish part of
Sápmi.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB"><br />
In late February 2021, the Saami Council together with environmental
organizations in Sweden sent an open letter to the SCoPEx advisory committee
and underlined that there are no acceptable reasons for allowing the SCoPEx
project to be conducted in Sweden or elsewhere. The Saami Council has also
addressed the Swedish government through a letter to the three ministries
responsible for environment, research and enterprise. </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB">The </span>Resolution
adopted by the Human Rights Council on 8 October 2021 48/14 “Mandate of the
Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights in the
context of climate change” states in the introductory paragraph:</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><i><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></i><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></i></p><blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Human Rights Council,</span></span></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">Guided by the purposes and
principles of the Charter of the United Nations,</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />Reaffirming that States have the
obligation and the primary responsibility to respect, protect and fulfil human rights
and fundamental freedoms, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations,
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights and all relevant international human rights instruments,</span></span></p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
The concluding paragraph affirms that: <br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><span><br /></span></span>
</span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></p><blockquote style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>“Emphasizes that, while taking steps to respond to climate
change, States must ensure that they meet their human rights obligations;”</span></span></span></blockquote><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><span> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><style>@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073732485 9 0 511 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}</style>
</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><style>@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073732485 9 0 511 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}</style> <br /></b></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b> </b></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>ALTA OUTCOME
DOCUMENT</b></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">10 – 12 June 2013</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">We further affirm that nothing in
this process or its outcomes may be interpreted as diminishing or eliminating
any of the rights of Indigenous Peoples contained in the Declaration, or any of
the other international standards which protect, defend and uphold the inherent
economic, social, cultural, civil, political, educational and spiritual rights
of Indigenous Peoples.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">We reaffirm the peremptory norms
of international law, including on equality and non- discrimination, and assert
that the realization of the rights of Indigenous Peoples, including those
affirmed in the Declaration, must be upheld by States, individually and
collectively, free from all forms of discrimination including discrimination
based on race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, age and
disability. We also reaffirm that the Declaration must be regarded as the
normative framework and basis for the Outcome Document and its full
realization.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">We affirm that the inherent and
inalienable right of self-determination is preeminent and is a prerequisite for
the realization of all rights. We Indigenous Peoples, have the right of self-determination
and permanent sovereignty over our lands, territories, resources, air, ice,
oceans and waters, mountains and forests.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Theme 1: Indigenous Peoples’
lands, territories, resources, oceans and waters</b></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">1. In order to fulfil their
obligations to guarantee Indigenous Peoples’ right of self-determination and
permanent sovereignty over our lands, territories, resources, air, ice, oceans
and waters, mountains and forests, we recommend that States, as a matter of
urgency, establish effective mechanisms through agreements reached with the
Indigenous Peoples concerned, to effectively implement the aforementioned
rights consistent with State’s obligations under international law, the UN
Charter, the Declaration and Treaties and agreements concluded with Indigenous
Peoples and Nations;</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: red;">***************</span><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /></span>
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /></span>
<span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Indigenous
Nationhood and Self Determination</b></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The Legacies of
Colonialism and the 1999 Treaty Study by Miguel Alfonso Martinez</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">January 31, 2022</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Original Nations of
Indigenous Peoples of Mother Earth</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">As Original Nations of Indigenous
Peoples of Mother Earth, as Nican Tlacah Cemanahuac – we hereby affirm our
inherent Human Responsibility and corresponding Human Right of self-
determination beyond the conceptual and procedural constraints of the
geopolitical architecture of the member states UN system, and call upon our
allies and Traditional Confederacies of Indigenous Nations to engage in a
multilateral commitment with each other towards the dual goals of World
Peace-Peace with Mother Earth as the foundation for our priority work in the
international arena. </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Today we reemerge from our
ancestral territories in the age of planetary climate crisis and invoke the
Mandate of the Indigenous Peoples, calling upon all nations large and small to
recognize, respect, and honor the Territorial Integrity of Mother Earth.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b> </b></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Conclusion<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</b></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Prior to the convening of the
General Assembly High Level Plenary Meeting in 2014, a UN Indigenous
Preparatory Meeting was held in Alta, Norway from June 10-12, 2013. The
following intervention from the floor of the Alta Conference was presented by
one of the indigenous delegates:</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">“We call for the restitution of
the primary source materials and testimony that was lent to the United Nations
system as fundamental to the evidence in document form of the systemic (system
to system) nature of the legal relationships between the Nations of Indigenous
Peoples and the member states of the UN system for the purpose of the Treaty
Study conducted by Dr. Miguel Alfonso Martinez of Cuba.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Such delivery should be initial
act of good faith in terms of the continuing process of systemic documentation
among the Nations of Indigenous Peoples and the UN system prior to and as a
necessary act of condition to allow for the full and effective participation of
the Indigenous Peoples in the High-Level Plenary Meeting on an equal basis and
without systemic</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> discrimination in the process of
producing the Final Outcome Document of the High-Level Plenary Meeting of the
General Assembly 2014.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">This intervention was never
recorded in the official reports from Alta, much less integrated into the Alta
Outcome document, nor considered by the UN member states at their 2014 High
Level Plenary Meeting, fraudulently called the World Conference on Indigenous
Peoples.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Acknowledging the period
2021–2030 as the Fourth International Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism
designated by the General Assembly, we now resubmit the 1999 Miguel Alfonso
Martinez Study to the UN Human Rights Commission, in light of the principle that
the prohibition against discrimination is a preemptive norm in international
law, and that as Indigenous Peoples we are equal in right to all other peoples,
including in the right of Self Determination and a clean, healthy, and
sustainable environment for the future generations.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">We call for the UN Human Rights
Commission to review and revamp the UN website platforms to allow for the 1999
Martinez Treaty Study to be readily accessible to all, as well as the precursor
Cobo Study of 1982.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">We commit to continue our
international Working Group of Indigenous Peoples, and just as when Special
Rapporteur Miguel Alfonso Martinez visited our territories for the purposes of
his Treaty Study, we shall not be deterred in our efforts to continue the
development of international standards that recognize, respect, and protect our
right of self-determination as Original Nations of Indigenous Peoples of Mother
Earth. In terms of international standards, in a contemporary plural and
multilateral context, we will not be limited to the compromised version of the
2007 UNDRIP, under which EMRIP is bound via the constraints established by the
System Wide Action Plan which was dictated and then subscribed by the 2014 High
Level Plenary Meeting and their minions.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The original principles of the UN
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples have been subverted from the
trajectory of delivering an International Convention on the Rights of
Indigenous Peoples to a global reduction schema, a geopolitical scam that would
attempt to domesticate our inherent collective rights as Indigenous Peoples
under the state defined systems of jurisprudence and jurisdiction, country by
country.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">With the intent to ensure
accountability and effectiveness in the global struggle to eradicate colonialism,
we commit now to the realization of the recommendation made by Special
Rapporteur Martinez in his final report to establish a Treaty Registry that
would reconstitute the original materials compiled by the Special Rapporteur,
and integrate the indigenous geopolitical systems of jurisgenesis,
jurisprudence, jurisdiction and judgment.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br />
TONATIERRA</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">tonal@tonatierra.org <br />
WWW.TONATIERRA.ORG</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p><style>@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073732485 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Verdana;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1593833729 1073750107 16 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:auto;
mso-font-signature:0 0 0 0 0 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}</style></p>chantlacahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15255116987351106636noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6069514271337748470.post-46992705666097634002022-04-08T14:23:00.004-07:002022-04-08T14:25:13.721-07:00NTCP: New Technologies for Corporate Privilege and the Territorial Integrity of Mother Earth
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 16pt;"> </span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 16pt;">“We are on a fast
track to climate disaster.”</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">António Guterres</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">Secretary-General of the United
Nations</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">April 4, 2022</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: red;">****************</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 16pt;">New Technologies for
Corporate Privilege</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; letter-spacing: 2pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";">NTCP</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">and the</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 16pt;">Territorial Integrity
of Mother Earth</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">“The
urgency of the climate crisis demands a rapid reorientation of our societies
and economies away from fossil fuels, the key driver of global warming.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is no time or justification for policy
scenarios that fail to center an immediate halt to oil, gas, and coal expansion
and the managed phaseout of all fossil fuels. Planning for overshoot on the
premise that geoengineering techno-fixes and carbon trading can reverse
temperature rise or mitigate its effects is indefensible.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt;">Open Letter to Intergovernmental
Panel P Climate Change Working Group III</span></i></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt;">Signed by 340+
organizations</span></i></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt;">March 28, 2022<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></i><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"></span></i></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;">*************************</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> </p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>ALTA OUTCOME
DOCUMENT</b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">10 – 12 June 2013</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">We further affirm that nothing in
this process or its outcomes may be interpreted as diminishing or eliminating
any of the rights of Indigenous Peoples contained in the Declaration, or any of
the other international standards which protect, defend and uphold the inherent
economic, social, cultural, civil, political, educational and spiritual rights
of Indigenous Peoples.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">We reaffirm the peremptory norms
of international law, including on equality and non- discrimination, and assert
that the realization of the rights of Indigenous Peoples, including those
affirmed in the Declaration, must be upheld by States, individually and
collectively, free from all forms of discrimination including discrimination
based on race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, age and
disability. We also reaffirm that the Declaration must be regarded as the
normative framework and basis for the Outcome Document and its full
realization.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">We affirm that the inherent and
inalienable right of self-determination is preeminent and is a prerequisite for
the realization of all rights. We Indigenous Peoples, have the right of self-determination
and permanent sovereignty over our lands, territories, resources, air, ice,
oceans and waters, mountains and forests.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Theme 1: Indigenous Peoples’
lands, territories, resources, oceans and waters</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">1. In order to fulfil their
obligations to guarantee Indigenous Peoples’ right of self-determination and
permanent sovereignty over our lands, territories, resources, air, ice, oceans
and waters, mountains and forests, we recommend that States, as a matter of
urgency, establish effective mechanisms through agreements reached with the
Indigenous Peoples concerned, to effectively implement the aforementioned
rights consistent with State’s obligations under international law, the UN
Charter, the Declaration and Treaties and agreements concluded with Indigenous
Peoples and Nations;</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;">***************</span><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>Indigenous
Nationhood and Self Determination</b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">The Legacies of
Colonialism and the 1999 Treaty Study by Miguel Alfonso Martinez</p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">January 31, 2022</p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> </p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Original Nations of
Indigenous Peoples of Mother Earth</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">As Original Nations of Indigenous
Peoples of Mother Earth, as Nican Tlacah Cemanahuac – we hereby affirm our
inherent Human Responsibility and corresponding Human Right of self-
determination beyond the conceptual and procedural constraints of the
geopolitical architecture of the member states UN system, and call upon our
allies and Traditional Confederacies of Indigenous Nations to engage in a
multilateral commitment with each other towards the dual goals of World
Peace-Peace with Mother Earth as the foundation for our priority work in the
international arena. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Today we reemerge from our
ancestral territories in the age of planetary climate crisis and invoke the
Mandate of the Indigenous Peoples, calling upon all nations large and small to
recognize, respect, and honor the Territorial Integrity of Mother Earth.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b> </b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Conclusion<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Prior to the convening of the
General Assembly High Level Plenary Meeting in 2014, a UN Indigenous
Preparatory Meeting was held in Alta, Norway from June 10-12, 2013. The
following intervention from the floor of the Alta Conference was presented by
one of the indigenous delegates:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">“We call for the restitution of
the primary source materials and testimony that was lent to the United Nations
system as fundamental to the evidence in document form of the systemic (system
to system) nature of the legal relationships between the Nations of Indigenous
Peoples and the member states of the UN system for the purpose of the Treaty
Study conducted by Dr. Miguel Alfonso Martinez of Cuba.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Such delivery should be initial
act of good faith in terms of the continuing process of systemic documentation
among the Nations of Indigenous Peoples and the UN system prior to and as a
necessary act of condition to allow for the full and effective participation of
the Indigenous Peoples in the High-Level Plenary Meeting on an equal basis and
without systemic</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">discrimination in the process of
producing the Final Outcome Document of the High-Level Plenary Meeting of the
General Assembly 2014.”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">This intervention was never
recorded in the official reports from Alta, much less integrated into the Alta
Outcome document, nor considered by the UN member states at their 2014 High
Level Plenary Meeting, fraudulently called the World Conference on Indigenous
Peoples.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Acknowledging the period
2021–2030 as the Fourth International Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism
designated by the General Assembly, we now resubmit the 1999 Miguel Alfonso
Martinez Study to the UN Human Rights Commission, in light of the principle that
the prohibition against discrimination is a preemptive norm in international
law, and that as Indigenous Peoples we are equal in right to all other peoples,
including in the right of Self Determination and a clean, healthy, and
sustainable environment for the future generations.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">We call for the UN Human Rights
Commission to review and revamp the UN website platforms to allow for the 1999
Martinez Treaty Study to be readily accessible to all, as well as the precursor
Cobo Study of 1982.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">We commit to continue our
international Working Group of Indigenous Peoples, and just as when Special
Rapporteur Miguel Alfonso Martinez visited our territories for the purposes of
his Treaty Study, we shall not be deterred in our efforts to continue the
development of international standards that recognize, respect, and protect our
right of self-determination as Original Nations of Indigenous Peoples of Mother
Earth. In terms of international standards, in a contemporary plural and
multilateral context, we will not be limited to the compromised version of the
2007 UNDRIP, under which EMRIP is bound via the constraints established by the
System Wide Action Plan which was dictated and then subscribed by the 2014 High
Level Plenary Meeting and their minions.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">The original principles of the UN
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples have been subverted from the
trajectory of delivering an International Convention on the Rights of
Indigenous Peoples to a global reduction schema, a geopolitical scam that would
attempt to domesticate our inherent collective rights as Indigenous Peoples
under the state defined systems of jurisprudence and jurisdiction, country by
country.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">With the intent to ensure
accountability and effectiveness in the global struggle to eradicate colonialism,
we commit now to the realization of the recommendation made by Special
Rapporteur Martinez in his final report to establish a Treaty Registry that
would reconstitute the original materials compiled by the Special Rapporteur,
and integrate the indigenous geopolitical systems of jurisgenesis,
jurisprudence, jurisdiction and judgment.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
TONATIERRA</p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">tonal@tonatierra.org <br />
WWW.TONATIERRA.ORG</p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://unpfip.blogspot.com/2022/03/unhrc-resolution-487-negative-impact-of.html" target="_blank">https://unpfip.blogspot.com/2022/03/unhrc-resolution-487-negative-impact-of.html </a><br /></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> </p>
<style>@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073732485 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Verdana;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1593833729 1073750107 16 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";
panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:auto;
mso-font-signature:0 0 0 0 0 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}</style>chantlacahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15255116987351106636noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6069514271337748470.post-68149589425471459482022-03-02T17:50:00.002-08:002022-03-02T17:50:37.626-08:00<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEicnmdOX9QzQaVl6fudFHHIXLqBwUbM372moWE-NHkPmvVZ-G4-XepNXMzRGvGmcuS-ezPEbjs6t30pI-OvsiAZD_v8DAofRq8brQ5B6ET4hpw0W6pb1QWu87dH2wzt1fupDH2S0wsDKrNif1PoHu49hU_68xay5Mj1v5xrVFGuvDfIRg8MtBJQJSFV=s261" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="261" data-original-width="220" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEicnmdOX9QzQaVl6fudFHHIXLqBwUbM372moWE-NHkPmvVZ-G4-XepNXMzRGvGmcuS-ezPEbjs6t30pI-OvsiAZD_v8DAofRq8brQ5B6ET4hpw0W6pb1QWu87dH2wzt1fupDH2S0wsDKrNif1PoHu49hU_68xay5Mj1v5xrVFGuvDfIRg8MtBJQJSFV=w337-h400" width="337" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
UNHRC Resolution 48/7 Negative impact of the legacies of colonialism
</h3>
<div class="post-header">
</div>
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-7227293599364825165" itemprop="description articleBody">
<p> <span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: x-large;">United Nations </span></span></b></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> A</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: large;">/HRC/RES/48/7</span></p><p><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: large;">_______________________________________________________ </span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-GB">General Assembly</span></b></span> Distr.: General</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> 14 October 2021</span></p><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> Original: English</span></p><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-GB"><br />__________________________________________________________________</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Human Rights Council</b></span><br /><b>Forty-eighth session</b></span></span></p><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB">13 September–11 October
2021</span></span></p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB">Agenda item 3</span></span></p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-GB">Promotion
and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social
and cultural rights, including the right to development</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wT-yZns4KYMHVzn3U3C6wliggutRpYKw/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank"> <b><span style="font-family: verdana;">DOWNLOAD PDF</span></b></a><br /></span></span></p><p class="HChG"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span> <span><b> </b></span></span><span><b>Resolution
adopted by the Human Rights Council</b></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-GB"> on 8 October 2021</span></span></b></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after: avoid; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 56.75pt; margin-right: 56.7pt; margin-top: .25in; margin: 0.25in 56.7pt 12pt 56.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after: avoid; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">48/7.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Negative
impact of the legacies of colonialism on the enjoyment of human rights</span></b></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 56.7pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 56.7pt 6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Human Rights Council</i>,</span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span lang="EN-GB">Guided</span></i><span lang="EN-GB"> by the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United
Nations,</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span lang="EN-GB">Recalling</span></i><span lang="EN-GB"> the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which states that all
human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights,</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span lang="EN-GB">Recalling</span></i><span lang="EN-GB"> <i>also</i> all relevant international human rights treaties,
including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights,</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span lang="EN-GB">Recalling
further </span></i><span lang="EN-GB">the Declaration on the Granting of Independence
to Colonial Countries and Peoples and the Durban Declaration and Programme of
Action,</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span lang="EN-GB">Acknowledging</span></i><span lang="EN-GB"> the crucial role of the General Assembly and its Special Committee
on the Situation with regard to the implementation of the Declaration on the
Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples on the matters of
decolonization,</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span lang="EN-GB">Reaffirming</span></i><span lang="EN-GB"> that the existence of colonialism in any form or manifestation,
including economic exploitation, is incompatible with the Charter, the
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">regretting</span> that measures to eliminate colonialism by 2020, as
called for by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/119 of 10 December
2010, have not been successful,</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span lang="EN-GB">Acknowledging
</span></i><span lang="EN-GB">that the period 2021–2030 is the Fourth
International Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism designated by the
General Assembly,</span><a href="https://unpfip.blogspot.com/2022/01/unhrc-resolution-487-negative-impact-of.html?fbclid=IwAR1xg5KZQelJiiyNS4S_xfwx4oa81WgnCD67o4LCqx0b_7ROfSgV3QjWDLM#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> and that all Member States, the specialized agencies and other
organizations of the United Nations system, and other governmental and
non-governmental organizations are invited to actively support and participate
in the implementation of the plan of action for the Decade,</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span lang="EN-GB">Stressing</span></i><span lang="EN-GB"> the role of the Human Rights Council in promoting universal respect
for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction of any
kind and in a fair and equal manner, on the same footing and with the same
emphasis,</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span lang="EN-GB">Recognizing
with concern</span></i><span lang="EN-GB"> that the legacies of colonialism, in
all their manifestations, such as economic exploitation, inequality within and
among States, systemic racism, violations of indigenous peoples’ rights,
contemporary form of slavery and damage to cultural heritage, have a negative
impact on the effective enjoyment of all human rights,</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Recognizing</span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></i><span lang="EN-GB">that colonialism has led to racism, racial discrimination,</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB">xenophobia
and related intolerance, and that Africans and people of African descent, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Asians </span><span lang="EN-GB">and
people</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB">of Asian descent and indigenous peoples were victims of colonialism
and continue to be victims</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB">of its consequences</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">, </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Expressing deep concern</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> at the </span><span lang="EN-GB">violations
of human rights </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">of
indigenous peoples </span><span lang="EN-GB">committed in colonial contexts</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">, and <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">stressing<i> </i></span>the need for States to take all measures
necessary to protect rights and ensure the safety of indigenous peoples,
especially indigenous women and children, to restore truth and justice and to hold
perpetrators accountable,</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium;">1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>Stresses</i> the utmost importance of
eradicating colonialism and addressing the negative impact of the legacies of
colonialism on the enjoyment of human rights;</span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">2<i>.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Calls
for</i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium;"> Member States, relevant United Nations bodies,
agencies and other relevant stakeholders to take concrete steps to address the
negative impact of the legacies of colonialism on the enjoyment of human
rights;</span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium;">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Reaffirms</i>
that persecution of members of any identifiable group, collective or community
on racial, national, ethnic or other grounds that are universally recognized as
impermissible under international law, and the crime of apartheid, constitute
serious violations of human rights and, in some cases, qualify as crimes
against humanity;</span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium;">4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Urges</i>
States to refrain from the forced assimilation of persons belonging to
minorities, including indigenous populations, and to work to ensure that
educational curricula and other materials do not stereotype minorities and
indigenous populations on the basis of their ethnicity;</span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium;">5.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Invites</i>
United Nations human rights mechanisms and procedures, in fulfilling their
mandates, to continue to pay attention to the negative impact of the legacies
of colonialism on the enjoyment of human rights;</span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">6.<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Decides</i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium;"> to convene a panel discussion at its fifty-first session and to
make the discussion fully accessible to persons with disabilities, and <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">invites<i> </i></span>Member States,
relevant United Nations bodies and agencies, international organizations,
national human rights institutions, non-governmental organizations and other
stakeholders to participate in the panel discussion, to identify challenges in
addressing the negative impact of the legacies of colonialism on human rights,
and to discuss ways forward, and <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">requests</span>
the Office of United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to prepare a
summary report on the panel discussion, including in an accessible format, and
to submit it to the Human Rights Council at its fifty-fourth session;</span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">7.<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Requests</i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium;"> the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to provide
all resources necessary for the services and facilities for the above-mentioned
panel discussion;</span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium none; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 56.7pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 56.7pt 6pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium;">8.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>Decides</i>
to remain seized of the matter.</span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p align="right" class="SingleTxtG" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span lang="EN-GB">42nd
meeting<br />
8 October 2021</span></i></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium;">[Adopted by a recorded vote of 27 to 0,
with 20 abstentions. The voting was as follows: </span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.05pt; margin-right: 56.7pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 56.7pt 0in 85.05pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span lang="EN-GB">In favour</span></i><span lang="EN-GB">: <br /></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="margin-left: 113.4pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium;">Argentina,
Armenia, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Burkina
Faso, Cameroon, China, Côte d’Ivoire, Cuba, Eritrea, Fiji, Gabon, India,
Indonesia, Malawi, Mexico, Namibia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Russian
Federation, Somalia, Sudan, Uruguay and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)</span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.05pt; margin-right: 56.7pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 56.7pt 0in 85.05pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span lang="EN-GB">Abstaining</span></i><span lang="EN-GB">: </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="margin-left: 113.4pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium;">Austria, Bahrain,
Bulgaria, Czechia, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Libya, Marshall
Islands, Mauritania, Netherlands, Poland, Republic of Korea, Senegal, Togo,
Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Uzbekistan]</span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p align="center" class="SingleTxtG" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 56.7pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 56.7pt 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span></span></u></i></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br clear="all" />
</span><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: right 49.65pt;"><span style="font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>General
Assembly resolution 75/123.</span></p><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: right 49.65pt;"><span style="font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></p><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: right 49.65pt;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiVobtaF1gykiTPJPQWj05-OR6qnG9SyjyAKIsVo8R3UTwTeeq7kCVAXbX7l-fR_CFPThu4wooGf1I7WPntnq9BkeKnzV8O2IK46r7OS26H-Vd3lQ7GmuGVxQTDdGi6l2j5yxYSLumItXIT4w3nHJp-UC6JHbX_t2S8bKC_RYE0WES_92-gj6fz7KOh=s4272" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4272" data-original-width="2848" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiVobtaF1gykiTPJPQWj05-OR6qnG9SyjyAKIsVo8R3UTwTeeq7kCVAXbX7l-fR_CFPThu4wooGf1I7WPntnq9BkeKnzV8O2IK46r7OS26H-Vd3lQ7GmuGVxQTDdGi6l2j5yxYSLumItXIT4w3nHJp-UC6JHbX_t2S8bKC_RYE0WES_92-gj6fz7KOh=w426-h640" width="426" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /> </span><p></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<span class="post-author vcard"></span>chantlacahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15255116987351106636noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6069514271337748470.post-72272935993648251652022-01-25T10:17:00.005-08:002022-01-25T10:20:48.480-08:00UNHRC Resolution 48/7 Negative impact of the legacies of colonialism <p> <span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: x-large;">United Nations </span></span></b></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> A</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: large;">/HRC/RES/48/7</span></p><p><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: large;">_______________________________________________________ </span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-GB">General Assembly</span></b></span> Distr.: General</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> 14 October 2021</span></p><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> Original: English</span></p><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-GB"><br />__________________________________________________________________</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Human Rights Council</b></span><br /><b>Forty-eighth session</b></span></span></p><span style="font-family: georgia;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB">13 September–11 October
2021</span></span></p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB">Agenda item 3</span></span></p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-GB">Promotion
and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social
and cultural rights, including the right to development</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wT-yZns4KYMHVzn3U3C6wliggutRpYKw/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank"> <b><span style="font-family: verdana;">DOWNLOAD PDF</span></b></a><br /></span></span></p><p class="HChG"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span> <span><b> </b></span></span><span><b>Resolution
adopted by the Human Rights Council</b></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-GB"> on 8 October 2021</span></span></b></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after: avoid; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 56.75pt; margin-right: 56.7pt; margin-top: .25in; margin: 0.25in 56.7pt 12pt 56.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after: avoid; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">48/7.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Negative
impact of the legacies of colonialism on the enjoyment of human rights</span></b></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 56.7pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 56.7pt 6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Human Rights Council</i>,</span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span lang="EN-GB">Guided</span></i><span lang="EN-GB"> by the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United
Nations,</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span lang="EN-GB">Recalling</span></i><span lang="EN-GB"> the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which states that all
human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights,</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span lang="EN-GB">Recalling</span></i><span lang="EN-GB"> <i>also</i> all relevant international human rights treaties,
including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights,</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span lang="EN-GB">Recalling
further </span></i><span lang="EN-GB">the Declaration on the Granting of Independence
to Colonial Countries and Peoples and the Durban Declaration and Programme of
Action,</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span lang="EN-GB">Acknowledging</span></i><span lang="EN-GB"> the crucial role of the General Assembly and its Special Committee
on the Situation with regard to the implementation of the Declaration on the
Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples on the matters of
decolonization,</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span lang="EN-GB">Reaffirming</span></i><span lang="EN-GB"> that the existence of colonialism in any form or manifestation,
including economic exploitation, is incompatible with the Charter, the
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">regretting</span> that measures to eliminate colonialism by 2020, as
called for by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/119 of 10 December
2010, have not been successful,</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span lang="EN-GB">Acknowledging
</span></i><span lang="EN-GB">that the period 2021–2030 is the Fourth
International Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism designated by the
General Assembly,</span><a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> and that all Member States, the specialized agencies and other
organizations of the United Nations system, and other governmental and
non-governmental organizations are invited to actively support and participate
in the implementation of the plan of action for the Decade,</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span lang="EN-GB">Stressing</span></i><span lang="EN-GB"> the role of the Human Rights Council in promoting universal respect
for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction of any
kind and in a fair and equal manner, on the same footing and with the same
emphasis,</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span lang="EN-GB">Recognizing
with concern</span></i><span lang="EN-GB"> that the legacies of colonialism, in
all their manifestations, such as economic exploitation, inequality within and
among States, systemic racism, violations of indigenous peoples’ rights,
contemporary form of slavery and damage to cultural heritage, have a negative
impact on the effective enjoyment of all human rights,</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Recognizing</span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></i><span lang="EN-GB">that colonialism has led to racism, racial discrimination,</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB">xenophobia
and related intolerance, and that Africans and people of African descent, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Asians </span><span lang="EN-GB">and
people</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB">of Asian descent and indigenous peoples were victims of colonialism
and continue to be victims</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB">of its consequences</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">, </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Expressing deep concern</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> at the </span><span lang="EN-GB">violations
of human rights </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">of
indigenous peoples </span><span lang="EN-GB">committed in colonial contexts</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">, and <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">stressing<i> </i></span>the need for States to take all measures
necessary to protect rights and ensure the safety of indigenous peoples,
especially indigenous women and children, to restore truth and justice and to hold
perpetrators accountable,</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium;">1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>Stresses</i> the utmost importance of
eradicating colonialism and addressing the negative impact of the legacies of
colonialism on the enjoyment of human rights;</span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">2<i>.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Calls
for</i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium;"> Member States, relevant United Nations bodies,
agencies and other relevant stakeholders to take concrete steps to address the
negative impact of the legacies of colonialism on the enjoyment of human
rights;</span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium;">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Reaffirms</i>
that persecution of members of any identifiable group, collective or community
on racial, national, ethnic or other grounds that are universally recognized as
impermissible under international law, and the crime of apartheid, constitute
serious violations of human rights and, in some cases, qualify as crimes
against humanity;</span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium;">4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Urges</i>
States to refrain from the forced assimilation of persons belonging to
minorities, including indigenous populations, and to work to ensure that
educational curricula and other materials do not stereotype minorities and
indigenous populations on the basis of their ethnicity;</span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium;">5.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Invites</i>
United Nations human rights mechanisms and procedures, in fulfilling their
mandates, to continue to pay attention to the negative impact of the legacies
of colonialism on the enjoyment of human rights;</span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">6.<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Decides</i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium;"> to convene a panel discussion at its fifty-first session and to
make the discussion fully accessible to persons with disabilities, and <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">invites<i> </i></span>Member States,
relevant United Nations bodies and agencies, international organizations,
national human rights institutions, non-governmental organizations and other
stakeholders to participate in the panel discussion, to identify challenges in
addressing the negative impact of the legacies of colonialism on human rights,
and to discuss ways forward, and <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">requests</span>
the Office of United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to prepare a
summary report on the panel discussion, including in an accessible format, and
to submit it to the Human Rights Council at its fifty-fourth session;</span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">7.<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Requests</i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium;"> the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to provide
all resources necessary for the services and facilities for the above-mentioned
panel discussion;</span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium none; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 56.7pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 56.7pt 6pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium;">8.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>Decides</i>
to remain seized of the matter.</span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p align="right" class="SingleTxtG" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span lang="EN-GB">42nd
meeting<br />
8 October 2021</span></i></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium;">[Adopted by a recorded vote of 27 to 0,
with 20 abstentions. The voting was as follows: </span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.05pt; margin-right: 56.7pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 56.7pt 0in 85.05pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span lang="EN-GB">In favour</span></i><span lang="EN-GB">: </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="margin-left: 113.4pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium;">Argentina,
Armenia, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Burkina
Faso, Cameroon, China, Côte d’Ivoire, Cuba, Eritrea, Fiji, Gabon, India,
Indonesia, Malawi, Mexico, Namibia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Russian
Federation, Somalia, Sudan, Uruguay and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)</span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.05pt; margin-right: 56.7pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 56.7pt 0in 85.05pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span lang="EN-GB">Abstaining</span></i><span lang="EN-GB">: </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="SingleTxtG" style="margin-left: 113.4pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium;">Austria, Bahrain,
Bulgaria, Czechia, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Libya, Marshall
Islands, Mauritania, Netherlands, Poland, Republic of Korea, Senegal, Togo,
Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Uzbekistan]</span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p align="center" class="SingleTxtG" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 56.7pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 56.7pt 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span></span></u></i></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br clear="all" />
</span><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: right 49.65pt;"><span style="font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>General
Assembly resolution 75/123.</span></p>
</div>
</div>chantlacahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15255116987351106636noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6069514271337748470.post-88510096648569803812021-06-20T04:55:00.004-07:002021-06-20T04:59:45.379-07:00 Reporte Final: Estudio sobre los tratados entre los Estados y Los Pueblos Indigenas 1999<p>
</p><div class="WordSection1">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Courier New";"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/129K-sOTdT32VNOF_0yQhCxOynDrn6KfX/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank"> </a><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/129K-sOTdT32VNOF_0yQhCxOynDrn6KfX/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank"><span style="color: #990000;">DESCARGAR PDF</span></a></b></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span><br /></b></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghWkZdU8WBqk3wbrZFLriC6_waNOIdGXql2DH83Pai2gXe4JU3P6HFRoxFG9qBM1YncmCUzD0gwTd6HIRhFT6c2Sn-6ECg6FnAZVJwGgJfJxvdT1AxseTS78FnUDfycXoT_S6B9oVCR2M/s761/F3973EA1-B7E4-47F1-9E0C-7129BD05047F.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="672" data-original-width="761" height="354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghWkZdU8WBqk3wbrZFLriC6_waNOIdGXql2DH83Pai2gXe4JU3P6HFRoxFG9qBM1YncmCUzD0gwTd6HIRhFT6c2Sn-6ECg6FnAZVJwGgJfJxvdT1AxseTS78FnUDfycXoT_S6B9oVCR2M/w400-h354/F3973EA1-B7E4-47F1-9E0C-7129BD05047F.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 85%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.45pt; margin-right: 412.1pt; margin-top: 6.4pt; margin: 6.4pt 412.1pt 0in 5.45pt;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251661312;"><span style="height: 44px; left: 533px; position: absolute; top: -10px; width: 28px;">
</span></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody><tr>
<td height="44" style="vertical-align: top;" width="28"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251661312;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody><tr>
<td>
<div class="shape" style="padding: 0pt;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 40.2pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 36pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Courier New";">E<br /></span></b></p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span> </td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 85%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 95%; mso-hansi-font-family: "Courier New";">NACIONES </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 85%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Courier New";">UNIDAS</span></b>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;">
</span></p><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody><tr>
<td height="0" width="33"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br /></td>
<td><img height="1" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.jpg" width="524" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 7pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Courier New";"></span></b>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Courier New";"> </span></b></p>
</div>
<span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Courier New";"><br clear="all" style="break-before: auto; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection2">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 11.4pt; margin: 11.4pt 0in 0in 92.6pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 15.5pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Consejo Económico y Social</span></b></p>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-column-break-before: always; mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Courier New";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 108%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.6pt; margin-right: 88.9pt; margin-top: 9.45pt; margin: 9.45pt 88.9pt 0in 92.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Distr. GENERAL</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 92.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1999/20</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.25pt; margin: 1.25pt 0in 0in 92.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">22
de junio de 1999</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in 92.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">ESPAÑOL</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.0pt; margin: 1pt 0in 0in 92.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Original:
INGLÉS</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: auto; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection3">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.55pt;"><span style="font-size: 5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 3.2pt; margin-left: 3.85pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-size: 3pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span><span style="font-size: 3pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 3.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.3pt; margin: 5.3pt 0in 0in 5.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">COMISIÓN
DE DERECHOS HUMANOS</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.45pt; margin-right: 260.2pt; margin-top: 1.0pt; margin: 1pt 260.2pt 0in 17.45pt; text-indent: -12.05pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Subcomisión de Prevención de
Discriminaciones y Protección de las Minorías</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.4pt; margin-left: 5.45pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">51º período de sesiones</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.25pt; margin: 1.25pt 0in 0in 5.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Tema
7 del programa provisional</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.6pt; margin-right: 71.0pt; margin-top: 9.5pt; margin: 9.5pt 71pt 0in 56.6pt; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS DE LAS POBLACIONES INDÍGENAS</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.6pt; margin-right: 71.2pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 71.2pt 0in 56.6pt; text-align: center;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Estudio sobre los
tratados, convenios y otros acuerdos constructivos</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"> <u>entre los Estados y las poblaciones indígenas</u></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 212.6pt; margin-right: 58.0pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 58pt 0in 212.6pt; text-indent: -132pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Informe final presentado por el Sr.
Miguel Alfonso Martínez,</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"> <u>Relator
Especial</u></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 14.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.3pt; margin: 5.3pt 0in 0in 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">GE.99-13776</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection4">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.55pt; margin-right: 71.2pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 71.2pt 0in 56.55pt; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">INDICE</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 34.3pt; margin-top: 5.3pt; margin: 5.3pt 34.3pt 0in 0in; tab-stops: 65.95pt; text-align: right;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Párrafos</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><u>Página</u></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 13.65pt; margin: 13.65pt 0in 0in 19.6pt; tab-stops: 103.6pt 405.55pt 435.55pt right 495.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">INTRODUCCIÓN<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>.
.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1 -<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>33<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 53.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 13.0pt; margin: 13pt 0in 0in 53.7pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt 399.55pt 435.55pt right 495.45pt; text-indent: -22.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">ALGUNOS
PUNTOS DE PARTIDA FUNDAMENTALES . . . . . .<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>34<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>92<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>9</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 53.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 13.0pt; margin: 13pt 0in 0in 53.7pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt 211.6pt 399.55pt right 495.55pt; text-indent: -28.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">RESUMEN
DE<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>LOS<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>HALLAZGOS<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>. . . . . . .
. . . . . .<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>. .<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>93 - 167<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>19</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 87.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 13.0pt; margin: 13pt 0in 0in 87.8pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: 87.75pt 87.8pt; text-indent: -34.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Tratados/acuerdos entre poblaciones<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>indígenas</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 87.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.0pt; margin: 1pt 0in 0in 87.75pt; tab-stops: right 495.8pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">y Estados . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
108<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>-<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>127<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>21</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 87.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 13.0pt; margin: 13pt 0in 0in 87.8pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: 87.75pt 87.8pt 271.6pt right 495.8pt; text-indent: -34.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Otros<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>acuerdos<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">
</span>constructivos<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>. . . . . . . . . .
128<span style="letter-spacing: -3.85pt;"> </span>- 146<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>25</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 87.75pt; margin-right: 160.05pt; margin-top: 13.0pt; margin: 13pt 160.05pt 0in 87.75pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: 87.75pt 87.8pt; text-indent: -34.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Situaciones carentes de
instrumentos jurídicos bilaterales específicos que rijan las<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>relaciones</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.4pt; margin-left: 87.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: right 495.8pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">entre
poblaciones indígenas y Estados . . . . . . 147<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>-<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>167<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>28</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 53.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 13.0pt; margin: 13pt 0in 0in 53.7pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: -34.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">SITUACIÓN
ACTUAL: ORIGEN, EVOLUCIÓN Y<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>CONSECUENCIAS</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 53.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.2pt; margin: 1.2pt 0in 0in 53.7pt; tab-stops: 235.6pt right 495.55pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">DEL PROCESO<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>DE<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>DOMESTICACIÓN<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>. . . . . . . . . . . . . 168<span style="letter-spacing: -4.05pt;">
</span>- 244<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>31</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 53.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 13.0pt; margin: 13pt 0in 0in 53.7pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: -28.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">IV.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">MIRANDO
HACIA EL PORVENIR:<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>CONCLUSIONES</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 53.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.0pt; margin: 1pt 0in 0in 53.7pt; tab-stops: right 495.55pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Y RECOMENDACIONES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 245<span style="letter-spacing: 3.3pt;"> </span>- 322<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>44</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection5">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.55pt; margin-right: 71.2pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 71.2pt 0in 56.55pt; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">INTRODUCCIÓN</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 36.2pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 36.2pt 0in 19.6pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En el volumen V (Conclusiones,
propuestas y recomendaciones) de su monumental <u>Estudio del problema de la
discriminación contra las poblaciones indígenas</u>, el Sr. Martínez Cobo <u>1</u>/
destacó la importancia vital que para ciertos pueblos y naciones indígenas de
diversos países y regiones del mundo tenían los tratados que estas naciones y pueblos
habían celebrado con los Estados-naciones hoy existentes o con los países que
en la época ejercían poderes de administradores coloniales.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Llegó a la conclusión de que debía
realizarse un estudio profundo y cuidadoso acerca de diversos aspectos referentes
a las disposiciones que figuraban en esos tratados y convenios, a la vigencia
formal de las mismas en la actualidad, a la observancia o falta de observancia
efectiva de esas mismas disposiciones y a las consecuencias que todo esto
podría tener para los pueblos y naciones indígenas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>pertinentes.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Observó además que, al preparar
dicho estudio, deberían tenerse en cuenta los puntos de vista de todas las
partes directamente interesadas en estos tratados, tarea que requeriría el
examen de un gran volumen de documentación. Por razones evidentes, este trabajo
no podía realizarse adecuadamente dentro del marco de su propio<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>estudio.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Por lo tanto, recomendó que se
dedicara exclusivamente a esta materia un estudio riguroso que tuviera en
cuenta los principios y normas vigentes en esta materia y los datos que habrían
de suministrar las diversas fuentes interesadas, principalmente los gobiernos y
las naciones y pueblos indígenas que habían firmado y ratificado esos tratados
o convenios. Opinaba que sólo mediante este tipo de estudio se podría
determinar con la precisión necesaria cuál es la condición actual de acuerdos
internacionales que implican a poblaciones indígenas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><u>2</u>/.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En correspondencia con una
iniciativa de su Grupo de Trabajo sobre Poblaciones Indígenas <u>3</u>/, en su
39º período de sesiones la Subcomisión de Prevención de Discriminaciones y
Protección a las minorías tomó medidas con respecto a la recomendación del Sr.
Martínez Cobo aprobando la resolución 1987/17, de 2 de septiembre de 1987,
titulada "Estudio sobre los tratados celebrados entre los pueblos
indígenas y los Estados". Al adoptar dichas medidas, la Subcomisión siguió
las pautas establecidas en su resolución 1984/35/A, de 30 de agosto de 1984, en
la que había decidido examinar las conclusiones, propuestas y recomendaciones
del Sr. Martínez Cobo como fuente apropiada para su labor futura sobre la
cuestión de la discriminación contra las poblaciones indígenas y para los
trabajos de su Grupo de Trabajo sobre las Poblaciones Indígenas en esta<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>materia.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 54.15pt; margin-top: 5.45pt; margin: 5.45pt 54.15pt 0in 19.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt; text-indent: 30pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">1</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1986/7/Add.4
(existe también como publicación de las Naciones Unidas, Nº de venta:<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>E.86.XIV.3).</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.55pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 49.6pt; tab-stops: 87.75pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">2</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><u>Ibid.</u>, párrs.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>388-392.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 58.0pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 58pt 0in 19.6pt; tab-stops: 87.75pt; text-indent: 30pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">3</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1987/22,
anexo I (Recomendaciones a la Subcomisión), Recomendación<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>3.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 97%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection6">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En su resolución 1987/17, la
Subcomisión pidió al Sr. Miguel Alfonso Martínez que preparase, sobre la base
de las opiniones y datos del informe del Sr. Martínez Cobo y las opiniones
expresadas sobre esta materia en el Grupo de Trabajo y en la Subcomisión, un
documento en el que se analice el plan general de un estudio de esa índole y
las fuentes de información jurídica, bibliográfica y de otra índole en que debe
basarse ese estudio, y que presente el documento a la Subcomisión para su
examen en su 40º período de<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>sesiones.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">La Subcomisión recomendó también
que la Comisión de Derechos Humanos recomendase, a su vez, que el Consejo
Económico y Social autorizara a la Subcomisión a designar al Sr. Alfonso
Martínez Relator Especial, con el mandato de preparar dicho estudio, y que
pidiese al Relator Especial que presentara un informe preliminar a la
Subcomisión en su 41º período de sesiones (1989). Las recomendaciones que
figuran en la resolución 1987/17 fueron presentadas para su examen a la
Comisión de Derechos Humanos en su 44º período de sesiones<span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"> </span>(1988).</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 50.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En su 44º período de sesiones, la
Comisión adoptó la resolución 1988/56, en la que se fijan varias directrices
relativas a este asunto. Estas determinarán el mandato del Relator Especial en
relación con el presente estudio.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Conviene advertir que al aprobar
la resolución 1988/56, la Comisión amplió, en medida considerable, el alcance
del estudio originalmente previsto por la Subcomisión sobre esta cuestión en su
resolución 1987/17, al recomendar que el Consejo Económico y Social autorice al
Sr. Alfonso Martínez como Relator Especial de la Subcomisión, con el mandato de
preparar "un <u>esbozo</u> de los<u> posibles propósitos</u>, el alcance y
las fuentes de un estudio que se prepararía sobre la utilidad potencial de los
tratados, <u>convenios y otros acuerdos constructivos</u> entre las poblaciones
indígenas y los gobiernos con objeto de garantizar la promoción y protección de
los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales de las poblaciones
indígenas" (<u>énfasis del<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>autor</u>).</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Sin embargo, en la resolución
1988/56 la Comisión sólo autorizaba al Relator Especial a preparar y presentar
al Grupo de Trabajo un esbozo de un posible estudio, pero no a emprender el
estudio propiamente dicho, como había recomendado la Subcomisión. De hecho ésta
aplazó su autorización al menos hasta 1989 con el fin de poder adoptar una
decisión acerca de si convenía encargar tal estudio al Relator<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>Especial.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 62.2pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 62.2pt 0in 19.6pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">El 27 de mayo de 1988, en su
decisión 1988/134, el Consejo Económico y Social aprobó la resolución 1988/56
de la<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>Comisión.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.25pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En meses ulteriores de 1988, el
Relator Especial presentó al Grupo de Trabajo y a la Subcomisión el esbozo que
se le había solicitado <u>4</u>/. Ambos órganos aprobaron el documento. Además,
en su resolución 1988/20 del 1º de septiembre de 1988, la Subcomisión pedía a
la Comisión y al Consejo Económico y Social que dén su autorización final para
que el Relator Especial emprenda el estudio mencionado en la resolución 1988/56
de la<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>Comisión.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.55pt;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="font-size: 6pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.3pt; margin: 5.3pt 0in 0in 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">4</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>4/Sub.2/1988/24/Add.1.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection7">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 44.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En su 45º período de sesiones, la
Comisión aprobó, sin debate o votación, la resolución 1989/41, de 6 de marzo de
1989, por la que hacía suyas todas las recomendaciones presentadas al respecto
por la Subcomisión en su resolución 1988/20. Así, fueron presentadas al Consejo
Económico y Social para su aprobación en su período de sesiones de<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>primavera.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 56.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Por último, en su resolución
1989/77, de 24 de mayo de 1989, el Consejo confirmó el nombramiento del Sr.
Alfonso Martínez como Relator Especial y le autorizó a realizar el<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>estudio.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 48.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">15.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Desde entonces el Relator Especial
ha presentado al Grupo de Trabajo y a la Subcomisión un informe preliminar <u>5</u>/
y tres informes sobre la marcha de los trabajos<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><u>6</u>/.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 53.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 53.7pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: -34.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">16.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En su 49º
período de sesiones, la Subcomisión, en su decisión 1997/110,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>de</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 36.15pt; margin-top: 1.25pt; margin: 1.25pt 36.15pt 0in 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">22 de agosto de 1997, instó al Relator Especial a
que presentara ese informe en su debido momento -preferiblemente antes del
final de 1997- para que pudiera ser examinado por el Grupo de Trabajo en su 16º
período de sesiones y por la Subcomisión en su 50º período de sesiones, en
1998. De conformidad con la mencionada decisión de la Subcomisión, se somete a
la consideración de ambos órganos el presente informe final.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 54.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">17.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En cuanto al contenido del informe
final, debe recordarse, primero, que desde el comienzo de su mandato el Relator
Especial propuso que el estudio se realizara como un todo con una estructura en
tres<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>partes.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 87.8pt; margin-right: 46.0pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 46pt 0in 87.8pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: 87.75pt 87.8pt; text-indent: -34.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En la primera parte se procedería
a un examen de los orígenes de la práctica de concertar tratados, convenios y
otros acuerdos constructivos entre las poblaciones indígenas y los Estados, es
decir cuál es el papel de los tratados en la historia de la expansión europea a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>ultramar.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 87.8pt; margin-right: 40.0pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 40pt 0in 87.8pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: 87.75pt 87.8pt; text-indent: -34.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">La segunda parte se dedicaría a
evaluar la importancia contemporánea de esos instrumentos, incluidas cuestiones
relativas a la sucesión de los Estados, al reconocimiento nacional de los
tratados y a las opiniones de las poblaciones indígenas sobre esta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>cuestión.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 87.8pt; margin-right: 40.0pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 40pt 0in 87.8pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: 87.75pt 87.8pt; text-indent: -34.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">La tercera parte estaría dedicada
al estudio del valor potencial de todos esos instrumentos como base para la
gobernación de las relaciones futuras entre las poblaciones indígenas y los
Estados. En la última fase del estudio se examinarían tanto la forma como el
contenido de esos instrumentos, así como los posibles mecanismos que podrían
establecerse en el futuro para lograr su aplicación<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span><u>7</u>/.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 54.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">18.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Evidentemente esta última parte se
desarrollará a la luz de las situaciones en las que en la realidad las
poblaciones indígenas coexisten actualmente unas con otras y con los segmentos
no indígenas de la sociedad<span style="letter-spacing: -1.7pt;"> </span>en</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;">
</span></p><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody><tr>
<td height="0" width="47"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br /></td>
<td><img height="1" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image002.jpg" width="144" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.3pt; margin: 5.3pt 0in 0in 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">5</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">6</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32, E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27
y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/23.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">7</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1988/24, Add.1, párrs.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>21-23.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection8">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 36.15pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 36.15pt 0in 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">muchos Estados. Es el carácter precario que en casi
todas partes tiene esta existencia el que inquieta cada vez más a la comunidad
internacional, al igual que sucedió cuando se encargó y realizó el estudio de
Martínez Cobo.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 44.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">19.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Las investigaciones y análisis del
Relator Especial van siguiendo en gran parte su plan inicial al menos en lo que
se refiere a las dos primeras partes del<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>estudio.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">20.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En la fase final del estudio del
Relator Especial, se prestará particular atención al valor potencial de todas
las posibilidades de establecer una nueva relación entre los sectores indígenas
y no indígenas de las sociedades multinacionales valiéndose de los adecuados
mecanismos innovadores y de amplias miras que puedan facilitar las
posibilidades de resolución de conflictos que sean<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>necesarias.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 38.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">21.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">El hecho de que el Relator
Especial haya estado trabajando en este estudio durante nueve años y para que
su presente informe final pueda reunir las condiciones adecuadas para su
publicación por las Naciones Unidas obliga a introducir ciertas inclusiones. En
consecuencia, el Relator Especial ha hecho una breve recapitulación de las más
importantes conclusiones provisionales que figuraban en sus anteriores informes
sobre la marcha de los trabajos, así como en el razonamiento inicial (o
modificado) que las indujo. Ha hecho asimismo referencia a casos fundamentales
o a ciertas situaciones generales que se revisan a fondo en esos informes. Sin
estos antecedentes sería muy difícil apreciar en toda su plenitud el sentido y
las posibles ventajas de las conclusiones y recomendaciones que se<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>presentan.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">22.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Por consiguiente, el capítulo I se
ocupa de cuatro temas principales: el proceso de selección (o de eliminación)
de casos pertinentes para este estudio; conceptos sobre tratados y concertación
de tratados; la importancia que tiene el comprender a fondo cómo evolucionan
las relaciones entre indígenas y no indígenas y su situación actual, y
definiciones y diferenciación entre las categorías de "poblaciones
indígenas" y "minorías". En el capítulo II el Relator Especial
presenta sus ideas sobre las tres situaciones jurídicas seleccionadas por sus
relaciones con las metas de este estudio, centrándose en casos/situaciones
concretos seleccionados para su estudio habida cuenta de sus circunstancias
jurídicas/institucionales. El capítulo III describe el proceso general de
domesticación de las cuestiones indígenas en sus diversas manifestaciones
durante las diferentes fases, así como sus vínculos con la situación actual de
las sociedades indígenas. Por último, en el capítulo IV, el Relator Especial
expone el conjunto de los elementos que figuran en los capítulos anteriores,
para presentar sus conclusiones y recomendaciones con miras a lo que él
considera que podría ser una futura estrategia<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;">
</span>constructiva.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 38.1pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 38.1pt 0in 19.6pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">23.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Una última observación sobre el
contenido del presente informe. El Relator Especial se da perfecta cuenta de
que él, y sólo él, es en último término responsable del contenido de las
conclusiones y recomendaciones del presente estudio. Pero se da cuenta asimismo
de que toda empresa humana puede presentar defectos e insuficiencias y, por
consiguiente, no podrá por menos de beneficiarse de críticas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>constructivas.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">24.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En este contexto nunca se
insistirá bastante en que en muchos de los aspectos y casos examinados, el
resultado final de estos muchos años de<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>trabajo,</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection9">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 42.15pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 42.15pt 0in 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">tal como se refleja en el presente documento, se
basa en investigaciones (incluidos trabajos en el terreno), en experiencias
personales y profesionales y, en particular, en las opiniones de las fuentes
disponibles, todo ello elaborado por dos personas solamente: el Relator
Especial y su consultora, la Dra. Isabel Schulte-Tenckhoff, a la cual una vez
más desea expresar toda su gratitud por su valiosísima colaboración.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">25.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Por consiguiente, el Relator
Especial recibirá con mucho gusto todas las opiniones críticas que le envíen no
sólo sus colegas sino también, y en particular, las poblaciones indígenas y los
gobiernos que no respondieron a su cuestionario y que se puedan expresar en el
curso de los debates que se celebren acerca de este informe final en los
próximos períodos de sesiones de 1999 del Grupo de Trabajo y de la Subcomisión.
Estas contribuciones se tendrán debidamente en cuenta para su posible
utilización como elementos de juicio adicionales que se incorporen al informe
antes de que éste pase a ser una publicación oficial de las Naciones<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>Unidas.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">26.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En este informe final el Relator
Especial desea expresar su gratitud a todos los gobiernos que han respondido al
cuestionario que se les envió en 1991 y 1992. En particular, a los de Australia
y Canadá por el rigor con que lo han hecho y por la valiosa documentación
facilitada tanto por su propia iniciativa como a solicitud. Deseamos asimismo
dar las gracias a los Gobiernos de Canadá, Chile, España, Estados Unidos de
América, Fiji, Guatemala y Nueva Zelandia por las facilidades que nos han dado
para las investigaciones en el terreno o por su participación en actividades
relacionadas con cuestiones indígenas en sus correspondientes<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>países.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">27.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Especial reconocimiento merece el
interés y la eficacia con que las autoridades de Nueva Zelandia prepararon y
coordinaron el programa de actividades del Relator Especial durante su visita
oficial al país, en mayo de 1997, así como el hecho de que algunas de sus
máximas autoridades (por ejemplo, los Ministros de Asuntos Exteriores y de
Justicia) tuvieron la amabilidad de dedicar una parte de su tiempo a recibirnos
personalmente y discutir con nosotros cuestiones relativas al pueblo<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>maorí.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">28.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Este estudio nunca se hubiera
podido concluir sin la cooperación de numerosas poblaciones, organizaciones y
autoridades indígenas que han ofrecido al Relator Especial no sólo su
valiosísima contribución (en forma de testimonios orales y escritos, de
documentos y de imprescindible logística de los más variados tipos), sino
también de un estímulo constante para este<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>trabajo.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">29.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Aun corriendo el riesgo de
posibles y lamentables omisiones, debo mencionar el apoyo recibido de las
siguientes organizaciones indígenas y órganos institucionales: American Indian
Law Alliance, Four Nations of Hobbema, Fund of the Four Directions, Grand
Council of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, Consejo de Todas las Tierras de la
Nación Mapuche, Gran Consejo de los Crees (de Quebec), Fundación Rigoberta
Menchú, Consejo Internacional de Tratados Indios, Assembly of First Nations
(Canadá), Western Shoshone National Council (Estados Unidos), Maaori Legal
Services, Teton Sioux Treaty Council, Ka’laui Hawaii, Organización
Internacional de Desarrollo de los Recursos Locales, OXFAM y Centro de
Documentación, de Investigación y de Información de las poblaciones indígenas
(DOCIP)<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>(Ginebra).</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection10">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">30.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">El Relator Especial desea asimismo
expresar su gratitud a las autoridades (ancianos, <u>lonkos</u>, grandes jefes
y jefes, dirigentes, consejeros y asesores) de diversas naciones/poblaciones
indígenas o a sus organizaciones, entre ellas la Rigoberta Menchú Tum (Nación
Maya), los antiguos Leones Oren (Nación Onondaga), Matthew Coon Come y Ted
Moses (Crees [de Quebec]), Tony Blackfeather (Nación Teton Sioux/Lakota), J.
Wilton Littlechild (Four Nations of Hobbema/Canadá), Domingo Cayuquo, Manuel
Antilao, Jorge Pichinual, Juana Santander y Aucan Huilcamán (Nación Mapuche),
Ovide Mercredi (Asamblea de Primeras Naciones/Canadá), Cherrilene Steinhauer y
Carl Queen (Primera Nación del Lago Saddle/Canadá), Wallace Fox (Primera Nación
del Lago Onion/Canadá), Daniel Sansfrere, Michael Nadli, Felix Lockhart, Pat
Martel, Jonas Sangri, Rene Lamothe, Gerald Antoine y Francois Paulette (Nación
Dene/Canadá), Sharon Venne (Nación Lubikon Cree-Primera Nación Joseph
Bighead-Tratado de las Seis Naciones/Canadá), Juan León (Nación Maya), la
fallecida Ingrid Washinawatok (Fondo de las Cuatro Direcciones), Ken Deer
(Nación Mohawk), Lázaro Pari (Nación Aymará), Bill Means, Antonio González,
Jimbo Simmons y Andrea Carmen (IITC), Mililali Trask (Hawaii), Al Lameman
(Administración Tribal del Lago Beaver), Kent Lebsock (Alianza Americana de
Derecho Indio), R. Condori (CISA), Pauline Tiangora, Naniko, Aroha Pareake
Meade, Moana Jackson, Dra. Margaret Mutu, Sir Tipene O’Regan, Sir R. T. Mahuta,
Moana Erickson y Shane Solomon (Aotearoa/Nueva Zelandia), así como a Leif
Dunfield (Nación Sami). Todos ellos han facilitado al Relator Especial informes
y conceptos valiosísimos sobre sus correspondientes poblaciones/naciones y<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>organizaciones.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">31.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">El Relator Especial no puede por
menos de expresar su gratitud hacia otras personas indígenas y no indígenas con
reconocida autoridad en los diversos aspectos de los problemas indígenas y que,
en general, actúan en los círculos de las Naciones Unidas, todas las cuales han
contribuido a la labor del Relator Especial brindándole sus conocimientos,
experiencia práctica y/o críticas incisivas y<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">
</span>constructivas.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">32.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Gudmundur Alfredsson (tanto
mientras desempeñaba sus funciones en el Centro de Derechos Humanos como a
título de universitario especializado en esta cuestión), Augusto Willemsen
Díaz, el juez E. Durie (del Tribunal de Waitangi), Mario Ibarra, Jacqueline
Duroure, el fallecido Andrew Gray, Paul Coe, Renate Dominick, Robert Epstein,
Florencia Roulet, Sir Paul Reeves, Anthony Simpson, Alberto Saldamando y los
profesores Vine Deloria, Héctor Díaz Polanco, Michael Jackson, Gaston Lyon,
Glenn Morris, C. M. Eya Nchama, Douglas Sanders, Mason Durie, Jim Anaya, José
Bengoa (su colega en la Subcomisión) y el fallecido Howard Berman merecen mi
especial agradecimiento por sus valiosas contribuciones académicas.
Naturalmente a ninguno de ellos le corresponde responsabilidad ninguna de
cualquier posible carencia que se halle en los diversos informes sobre la
marcha de los trabajos o en este informe final del<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>estudio.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">33.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Por último, y no lo menos
importante, el Relator Especial desea expresar toda su gratitud por la
asistencia especializada, la paciencia y la cooperación logística que le han
concedido todos los que han servido en el minúsculo grupo especial de tareas al
que el Centro de Derechos Humanos o la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las
Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos han asignado la responsabilidad de
los asuntos indígenas. La diligencia y el gran profesionalismo con el que tan
exitosamente han desempeñado sus funciones en relación con este estudio (a
veces en condiciones extremadamente difíciles) han sido simplemente ejemplares.
A este respecto, el Sr. Julian Burger, su<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>director,</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection11">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 36.15pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 36.15pt 0in 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">y su eficacísima colega, la Sra. Miriam Zapata, se
han ganado a lo largo de los años el más profundo respeto del Relator Especial.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"> </p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 155.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in 155.7pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 155.7pt 155.75pt; text-indent: -24.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">ALGUNOS
PUNTOS DE PARTIDA<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>FUNDAMENTALES</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">34.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Dado el enorme ámbito geográfico,
temporal y jurídico del estudio <u>8</u>/, el Relator Especial decidió desde el
principio limitarse a un análisis detallado de un número reducido y
representativo de estudios de casos organizados en función de cinco situaciones
jurídicas distintas: i) tratados celebrados entre Estados y pueblos indígenas;
ii) acuerdos concertados entre Estados u otras entidades y pueblos indígenas;
iii) otros acuerdos constructivos concertados con la participación de los
pueblos indígenas interesados; iv) tratados concluidos entre Estados que
contienen disposiciones que afectan a los pueblos indígenas como terceros; v)
situaciones que afectan a pueblos indígenas que no son partes en ninguno de los
mencionados instrumentos ni objeto de ellos<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span><u>9</u>/.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">35.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Debe advertirse que desde el punto
de vista geográfico, el Relator Especial ha considerado su mandato como
universal, relativo a cualquier parte del mundo en que la existencia histórica
o contemporánea de tratados, convenios y otros acuerdos constructivos esté
confirmada o donde puedan existir en el futuro gracias a un proceso de
negociación y cooperación<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span><u>10</u>/.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">36.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Por consiguiente se examinó una
amplia serie de casos procedentes de todos los lugares del mundo y relativos a
las cinco situaciones jurídicas antes mencionadas; había entre ellos casos
procedentes de los Estados Unidos y Canadá (haudenosaunee, mikmaq, las llamadas
cinco tribus civilizadas, shoshone, lakota, los firmantes indígenas del Tratado
Nº Seis, los cree de la Bahía James [de Quebec], las naciones indígenas de la
Columbia Británica y California, y los cree del Lubikon), el Pacífico (Maorí,
Hawai, Polinesia Francesa), América Latina (kuna yala, mapuche, yanomami,
maya), aborígenes e insulares de Australia, el Gobierno Autónomo de
Groenlandia, y algunos casos africanos y asiáticos (Birmania/Myanmar, el papel
de las compañías concesionarias europeas en Asia meridional y Africa
occidental, los san de Botswana, los ainu de Japón y las poblaciones indígenas
de<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>Siberia).</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 38.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">37.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Debe recordarse a este respecto
que el Relator Especial hubo de proceder a cierta selección en lo que respecta
a las directrices adoptadas para la investigación en su conjunto <u>11</u>/.
Esas directrices las ha tenido debidamente en cuenta a todo lo largo de su<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>trabajo.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.3pt; margin: 5.3pt 0in 0in 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">8</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33, párrs. 92-93,
106-107, y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>110-114.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">9</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32, párr.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>169.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.65pt; margin-left: 49.6pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">10</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1988/24/Add.
1, párr. 12;<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33,</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.65pt; margin-left: 19.6pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">párr. 92.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 42.15pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 42.15pt 0in 19.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt; text-indent: 30pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">11</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33,
párrs. 95-100; para la ejecución, véase E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, párrs. 48-129.
Debe advertirse que a causa de la barrera del lenguaje, el Relator Especial no
pudo examinar la escasa información que se le facilitó en el caso de las poblaciones
indígenas de<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>Siberia.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 97%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection12">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 48.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">38.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En el curso de su trabajo y a la
luz de los numerosos casos/situaciones examinados, el Relator Especial se ha
inclinado a reconsiderar la pertinencia para el informe final de las cinco
categorías jurídicas enumeradas al comienzo de este<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>capítulo.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">39.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Dos de esas categorías jurídicas,
es decir los acuerdos, en la medida en que puedan ser fundamentalmente
distintos de los tratados, y los tratados entre poderes no indígenas que
afectan a poblaciones indígenas como partes terceras, van a tener un impacto
limitado en las conclusiones y recomendaciones que se formularán en el presente
informe<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>final.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 48.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">40.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En primer lugar, en lo que
respecta a la cuestión de los acuerdos, el Relator Especial ya encareció la
necesidad de un enfoque casuista, ya que "la decisión de las partes en un
instrumento legal de designarlo como ‘acuerdo’ no significa necesariamente que
el carácter jurídico de dicho instrumento difiera en modo alguno de los
denominados oficialmente ‘tratados’" <u>12</u>/. Este razonamiento está en
pleno acuerdo con la tradición jurídica codificada en el derecho internacional
contemporáneo mediante la Convención de Viena sobre el Derecho de los Tratados<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><u>13</u>/.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">41.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Por consiguiente, el Relator
Especial procedió a seleccionar ciertos factores que han de tenerse en cuenta
para determinar cuáles de los instrumentos analizados deben ser considerados
como "tratados" y cuáles se han de considerar como
"acuerdos". Estos factores son los siguientes: quiénes son las partes
en el instrumento, cuáles son las circunstancias de su firma y cuál es el tema
del documento<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><u>14</u>/.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 36.2pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 36.2pt 0in 19.6pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">42.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Esos factores se aplicaron en el
análisis de dos instrumentos concretos, el Acuerdo de Panglong, de 12 de
febrero de 1947 (Birmania/Myanmar), al que después renunció el Estado parte <u>15</u>/;
y el acuerdo concertado el 22 de agosto de 1788 entre el Capitán Taylor, en
nombre de la Corona Británica, y los jefes de Sierra Leona, que no constituye
instrumento alguno de derecho internacional atinente a su estudio<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><u>16</u>/.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 56.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">43.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En el capítulo III del presente
informe se examinarán algunos elementos relativos a otros casos o situaciones
actuales que se han denominados "acuerdos", en particular en el
contexto<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>canadiense.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 44.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">44.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En segundo lugar, y en lo que
respecta a la pertinencia para este estudio de los tratados bilaterales y
multilaterales concertados entre potencias no indígenas pero que afectan a
pueblos indígenas como terceros, debe advertirse que por falta de tiempo y de
recursos, el Relator Especial no ha<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>podido</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.3pt; margin: 5.3pt 0in 0in 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">12</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32, párr.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>326.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.65pt; margin-left: 49.6pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">13</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1155
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1155, Nº 331, artículo<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>2,</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.65pt; margin-left: 19.6pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">1, a).</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">14</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32, párr.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>332.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">15</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, párrs. 288,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>293.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">16</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, párr.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>314.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection13">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 54.15pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 54.15pt 0in 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">comprobar <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">in
situ </i>la importancia práctica que puedan tener estos instrumentos para las
poblaciones indígenas, ni examinar más a fondo la documentación existente sobre
estos instrumentos.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">45.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Ello no obstante, al menos un
instrumento ya examinado en el primer informe sobre la marcha de los trabajos <u>17</u>/,
sigue siendo interesante a este respecto, el llamado Codicilo Lapp al tratado
de límites de 1751 entre Suecia/Finlandia y Noruega/Dinamarca. Este Codicilo
nunca ha sido abrogado y sigue siendo objeto de una interpretación legal en lo
respecta a los derechos de los sami dentro del contexto de las negociaciones
bilaterales<span style="letter-spacing: -1.7pt;"> </span>(Suecia/Noruega).</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">46.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">A este respecto merece destacarse
el papel del Parlamento sami tanto en Noruega como en Suecia, pero sobre todo
en Noruega donde parece ejercer mayor influencia que en Suecia, así como su
contribución potencial a la interpretación del<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">
</span>Codicilo.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 48.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">47.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Por otra parte, en lo que se
refiere concretamente al Convenio de la OIT sobre pueblos indígenas y tribales
de países independientes, 1989 (núm. 169), aún queda por ver en qué medida las
poblaciones indígenas tienen algún tipo de acceso directo, o la posibilidad de contribuir
con eficacia, al proceso que conduce a la ratificación de este Convenio por los
Estados en los que viven. Merece señalarse que hasta la fecha sólo han
ratificado este instrumento un limitadísimo número de Estados<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>interesados.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">48.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Aunque diversas organizaciones
indígenas han expresado su apoyo al convenio (por ejemplo, la Conferencia Inuit
Circunpolar, el Consejo Nacional de Jóvenes Indígenas, y el Consejo Sami), el
apoyo no es ni mucho menos unánime. Prueba de ello es la oposición manifestada
por cierto número de organizaciones indígenas en el contexto canadiense. Así,
por ejemplo, en Canadá no todas las poblaciones indígenas ni todos los sectores
de los círculos jurídicos apoyan la ratificación del Convenio pues sus
disposiciones van por detrás de las actuales normas nacionales. En otros países
donde la legislación vigente en materia de poblaciones indígenas o de fuerza
laboral indígena es a este respecto menos avanzada, las poblaciones indígenas
pueden adoptar criterios diferentes. Una vez más convendrá plantearse el
problema caso por<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>caso.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">49.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Se ve, pues, que la cuestión de
los tratados que afectan a poblaciones indígenas como terceros puede seguir
siendo pertinente en la medida en que mantengan su vigencia y en que las
poblaciones indígenas estén participando o vayan a participar en el futuro en
la aplicación de sus disposiciones. Entre los diez instrumentos previamente
seleccionados para su análisis <u>18</u>/, aparte del Codicilo Lapp, existen
otros varios que merecerían un examen más profundo, entre ellos el Tratado Jay
de 1794 y el Tratado de Guadalupe-Hidalgo de 1848, ambos<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>de</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.3pt; margin: 5.3pt 0in 0in 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">17</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN/.4/Sub.2/1992/32, párrs.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>367-370.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 42.15pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 42.15pt 0in 19.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt; text-indent: 30pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">18</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Eran los
siguientes: Tratado de Tordesillas de 1494, Tratado de Utrecht de 1713, Tratado
de límites entre Suecia/Finlandia y Noruega/Dinamarca de 1751, Tratado de París
de 1763, Tratado de Jay de 1794, Tratado de Adam-Onis de 1819, Tratado de
Guadalupe-Hidalgo de 1848, la compra de Alaska de<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>1867,</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 54.15pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 54.15pt 0in 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">el Convenio sobre las Aves Migratorias de 1916 y el
Convenio de la OIT sobre pueblos indígenas y tribales en países independientes,
1989 (núm. 169) (véase E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32, párrs.363-390).</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 97%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection14">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 36.15pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 36.15pt 0in 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">importancia particular para poblaciones indígenas
establecidas en las fronteras de los Estados Unidos con Canadá y con México,
respectivamente.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 48.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">50.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Por consiguiente, las conclusiones
y recomendaciones que figuran en el presente informe se referirán sobre todo a
tres de las cinco situaciones jurídicas originales identificadas: i) cuando hay
pruebas de que se trata de tratados/acuerdos internacionales entre poblaciones
indígenas y Estados; ii) cuando no existan instrumentos jurídicos específicos
bilaterales que rijan las relaciones entre poblaciones indígenas y Estados;
iii) situaciones relativas a la cuestión de "otros acuerdos<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>constructivos".</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">51.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En lo que se refiere al papel de
estos acuerdos constructivos, el Relator Especial advierte que ciertas
actividades que actualmente se están desarrollando en el nivel nacional, por
ejemplo en México, en Canadá y en Guatemala en distintas condiciones sociales y
políticas, ponen claramente de manifiesto algunos de los problemas
fundamentales que él ha tenido que plantearse en el curso de su mandato, en
particular sobe la cuestión de los derechos colectivos de las poblaciones
indígenas en las actuales sociedades pluriétnicas y la necesidad en ese
contexto de mecanismos de resolución de conflictos mutuamente acordados<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><u>19</u>/.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">52.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En relación asimismo con las tres
situaciones antes mencionadas, debe señalarse que tanto los propios tratados
como su elaboración (en el sentido más amplio del término) son asuntos que, a
juicio del Relator Especial, requieren una mayor elaboración<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>conceptual.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">53.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">El Relator Especial considera que
debe evitarse caer en la prisión de la terminología existente. Pero esto no
impide en modo alguno que se saquen conclusiones de una historiografía no
eurocéntrica de tratados y acuerdos entre poblaciones indígenas y Estados y de
la correspondiente situación de las poblaciones indígenas en el derecho
internacional, historiografía a la que dedica una sección fundamental de su
segundo informe sobre la marcha de los trabajos <u>20</u>/. La cuestión
presenta dos aspectos<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>fundamentales.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">54.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En primer lugar, en función de los
aspectos de este estudio orientados hacia el futuro, es decir, de las lecciones
que pueden sacarse del estudio en cuanto a las posibilidades de negociar
tratados y otros instrumentos jurídicos consensuados y mecanismos prácticos que
aseguren para el futuro mejores relaciones entre las poblaciones indígenas y
los Estados, una definición estrecha de "tratado" y
"concertación de un tratado" pondrá en peligro o evitará todo tipo de
idea innovadora en la materia. Pero lo que hace falta son precisamente ideas
innovadoras que resuelvan la situación en la que se encuentran actualmente
numerosas poblaciones indígenas.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">55.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En segundo lugar, una definición
estrecha de tratados y concertación de tratados dificultará (o incluso
impedirá) que se tengan adecuadamente en cuenta las opiniones de los indígenas
sobre estas cuestiones, a causa simplemente de la idea tan extendida de que las
poblaciones indígenas no constituyen "Estados"<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;"> </span>en</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 36.15pt; margin-top: 5.45pt; margin: 5.45pt 36.15pt 0in 19.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt; text-indent: 30pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">19</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>En el
capítulo II B del presente informe se examinan con más detalle ciertas
cuestiones relativas a este tipo de pactos<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>consensuados.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.55pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">20</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, párr.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>140-171.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection15">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 58.0pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 58pt 0in 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">el actual sentido del término en el derecho
internacional, sea cual fuere la situación que en la era del derecho de las
naciones se les reconozca como entidades soberanas.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">56.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Pero también conviene advertir que
igualmente erróneo sería dar por supuesto que las poblaciones indígenas no
tienen un conocimiento adecuado de la naturaleza, procedimientos y
consecuencias de los tratados y la concertación de tratados. Pero algunas
autoridades en la materia les atribuyen un total desconocimiento de los
principios que rigen esos instrumentos y de sus "códigos". Ello no
obstante, no sólo fuentes bibliográficas sino también testimonios directos
recogidos por el Relator Especial de fuentes indígenas demuestran claramente lo
erróneo de este<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>supuesto.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">57.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Desde que comenzara esta empresa
se le advirtió que el concepto y la práctica de la concertación de acuerdos
internacionales, es decir, de pactos entre entidades soberanas, sean naciones,
"tribus" o cualquier otra cosa que se llamen, estaban perfectamente
claros para los pueblos indígenas de las Américas, de Aotearoa/Nueva Zelandia y
de otros lugares ya antes de que llegasen los colonizadores europeos, y así
sigue<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>siendo.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">58.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Además, durante las
investigaciones en el terreno, numerosas fuentes indígenas, separadas por
océanos, han advertido reiteradamente al Relator Especial que, en diversas
ocasiones en el curso de las negociaciones, las partes no indígenas no han
informado adecuadamente a sus contrapartes indígenas (es decir a los
antecesores de esas fuentes indígenas) sobre la causa y el objeto del pacto,
redactado con frecuencia sólo en idiomas europeos y traducido sólo verbalmente.
Las dificultades lingüísticas que ello implicaba para las partes indígenas
evitaban con frecuencia que pudieran comprender a fondo cuál era la naturaleza
exacta y la extensión de las obligaciones que habían asumido en virtud de la
versión no indígena de esos textos (o de la construcción de sus disposiciones).
Está claro que esta situación no facilita el que las partes indígenas puedan
dar un consentimiento libre y consciente del pacto al que le comprometen esas
negociaciones. Se puede, pues, deducir que esos instrumentos serían
extraordinariamente vulnerables ante cualquier tribunal digno de este nombre.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 50.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">59.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">El Relator Especial considera que
esos relatos, tratándose en particular de casos que implican la cesión de
territorios por las partes indígenas, reflejan la realidad de los
acontecimientos, considerando, sobre todo, la condición inherentemente
inalienable de sus territorios y las situaciones históricas con que se
enfrentaban numerosas naciones<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>indígenas.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">60.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Ocupándose asimismo de los
principios fundamentales que rigen la concertación de tratados y sus
"códigos" y utilizando el ejemplo de los primeros tratados africanos
con potencias europeas (o con sus sucesores en esa materia), Charles
Alexandrowicz ha demostrado que, si bien ciertos conceptos concretos relativos
al poder, la autoridad y otros asuntos de organización política pueden ser
distintos entre una parte y otra, sin embargo raramente dejaban de encontrar
terrenos comunes en lo que respecta a esos<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>principios.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">61.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En cuanto a la concertación de
tratados, entre esos principios fundamentales comunes se encuentran: la
necesidad de que haya unos representantes con el mandato de entablar
negociaciones, un acuerdo básico<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;"> </span>sobre</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection16">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 42.15pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 42.15pt 0in 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">el tema de los tratados, y conceptos relativos a la
necesidad de ratificación y a la obligatoriedad de cualquier tipo de acuerdo
formalmente negociado.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">62.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Conviene señalar, sin embargo, que
aún no se ha realizado ningún estudio exhaustivo sobre los puntos de vista
indígenas acerca de cierto número de importantes aspectos de los tratados y la
concertación de tratados. Pese a que este aspecto corresponde plenamente al
mandato del Relator Especial, éste no ha podido disponer de fuentes suficientes
para realizar esa labor. Ello no obstante y de conformidad con las
recomendaciones de Martínez Cobo, siempre que ha podido ha tratado de tomar
debidamente en consideración los conocimientos indígenas y las situaciones
institucionales en el contexto de la historia de los tratados y la concertación
de tratados, así como las lecciones que las propias poblaciones indígenas
tienden a extraer de este conocimiento, con miras a mejor definir sus
relaciones con los Estados en los que ahora<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>viven.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 48.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">63.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Desde un punto de vista más
teórico, podría decirse que el principio de reciprocidad corresponde a una
característica transcultural de la concertación de tratados. Esto se confirma
asimismo teniendo en cuenta cómo el conocimiento que diversas partes indígenas
tienen de los tratados perpetúa la naturaleza básica de las relaciones<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>contractuales.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">64.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Un caso interesante a este
respecto, que no es único, es cómo los indígenas comprenden algunos de los
tratados vigentes en la actualidad en Canadá, idea fácilmente accesible gracias
a varias investigaciones recientemente publicadas <u>21</u>/. Además de los
tratados de la Royal Comission on Aboriginal Peoples, de Canadá, se facilitó
gran número de informes sobre la interpretación indígena de tratados.
Desafortunadamente, el Relator Especial no ha tenido la oportunidad de estudiar
con detalle todas esas relaciones. Ello no obstante, no hay duda de la
importancia que tienen tanto para hacer frente a la situación de los indígenas
en Canadá como para sus conclusiones en el presente informe<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>final.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">65.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Una última observación sobre el
tema general de los tratados: el Relator Especial no ha podido evaluar con
precisión todas las relaciones posibles entre esta problemática y la cuestión
general de "los derechos humanos de las personas indígenas".
Evidentemente, esta idea es muy distinta de la de "los derechos de las
poblaciones indígenas", de ámbito mucho más amplio y que de hecho incluye
a esos derechos<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>individuales.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 48.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">66.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En lo que respecta al contexto de
este informe final y de acuerdo con el texto del mandato del Relator Especial,
el proceso de "domesticación" de todas las cuestiones relativas a las
poblaciones indígenas tiene importancia particular y es evidente que en esta
última fase final de su trabajo exige un análisis y elaboración más detallados.
Es necesario realizar un estudio más extensivo del origen de este proceso si se
quieren comprender más a fondo los elementos jurídicos y socioeconómicos
cruciales de la situación actual de esos pueblos, tal como se manifestó en las
antiguas colonias de asentamientos europeos (y en los Estados que las
sucedieron) en el momento en que<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>se</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 36.15pt; margin-top: 5.45pt; margin: 5.45pt 36.15pt 0in 19.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt; text-indent: 30pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">21</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Por
ejemplo, Sharon Venne, "Understanding Treaty Six: indigenous
perspective", en <u>Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada</u> (M.Asch
Ed.) (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1996), p. 173-204;
Treaty Seven Elders and Tribal Council, <u>The Original Spirit and Intent of
Treaty Seven</u>, Montreal y Kingston; McGill-Queen’s University Press,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>1996.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 97%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection17">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 36.15pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 36.15pt 0in 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">originaron las relaciones, también tal como ahora
existen en los actuales correspondientes Estados multinacionales de América
Latina, África, Asia, el Pacífico y Europa Septentrional. Por consiguiente,
esta cuestión se tratará <u>in</u> <u>extenso</u> en las conclusiones que se
presentan en el capítulo III de este informe final.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">67.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Por otra parte, el proceso de
domesticación de las cuestiones indígenas debe situarse en el contexto de la
independencia/descolonización de los países latinoamericanos, africanos,
asiáticos y del Pacífico (que difieren en gran medida), pues ello plantea un
nuevo problema muy oportuno, es decir el de la pertinencia del concepto de
"indigenidad" haciendo referencia a todos los casos posibles de
"pueblos oprimidos por el Estado", incluidas las "minorías"
en el contexto particular de los actuales Estados africanos, asiáticos y del<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;"> </span>Pacífico.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">68.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En estos últimos países, la era de
la descolonización trajo consigo cambios radicales en el concepto del
calificativo "indígena". Este era el resultado de un nuevo contexto
político cuyo símbolo más perceptible era la emergencia, de acuerdo con el
derecho internacional contemporáneo, de gran número de nuevos Estados. Así,
desde el punto de vista conceptual, el Relator Especial considera necesario
restablecer una clara distinción entre poblaciones indígenas y minorías nacionales
o étnicas. Por supuesto no se ha de considerar que esta diferenciación implica
un defecto de reconocimiento de los derechos colectivos de esas minorías como
sociedades diferentes.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">69.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">A ese respecto debe advertirse que
en 1991, cuando comenzó este trabajo y se estaban estableciendo las directrices
para el conjunto de la investigación, el Relator Especial decidió hacer una
distinción estricta entre "minorías" y "poblaciones
indígenas" <u>22</u>/. Además no debe olvidarse que, de acuerdo con los
criterios que adoptara en 1995 en lo que respecta a su plan de trabajo futuro,
"el énfasis del estudio debe centrarse, en su fase final, en casos y
situaciones en que la categoría "pueblos indígenas" está ya
indubitablemente establecida desde un punto de vista histórico y actual"<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><u>23</u>/.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 48.15pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 48.15pt 0in 19.6pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">70.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Años de investigaciones y
reflexión en distintos niveles del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, en
particular por la Comisión de Derechos Humanos y su Subcomisión, no han
permitido obtener una definición generalmente aceptada del término
"minoría", ni de los calificativos que con frecuencia se le asocian,
como "étnica" o<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>"nacional".</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">71.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Por otra parte, la importancia de
la "definición de trabajo" de "pueblos indígenas" formulada
por el Relator Especial José Martínez Cobo en la última parte de su estudio,
radica en el hecho de que sus conclusiones han sido reconocidas por la Comisión
y sus órganos subsidiarios como "una base de trabajo aceptable".</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin-right: 38.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">72.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Ello no obstante, como ya se dijo
antes en los informes sobre la marcha de los trabajos de este estudio, Martínez
Cobo, en su intento de ampliar<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>su</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="font-size: 5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 102.15pt; margin-top: 5.45pt; margin: 5.45pt 102.15pt 0in 19.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt; text-indent: 30pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">22</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33,
párr. 98; para la ejecución, véase E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, párrs. 48-129. Compárese
también después con el capítulo<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>II.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">23</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/1995/27, párr.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>126.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection18">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 36.5pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 36.5pt 0in 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">"definición de trabajo" a todos los casos
sometidos a su atención en el curso de su mandato, tendía a acumular
situaciones que, a juicio de este Relator Especial, deberían ser separadas a
causa de sus diferencias<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>intrínsecas.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">73.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Estas diferencias se basan en
diversos factores históricos que exigen que se establezca una clara distinción
entre el fenómeno de la expansión territorial por las naciones indígenas hacia
áreas adyacentes y el de la colonización organizada por potencias europeas de
los pueblos que, desde tiempo inmemorial, habitan territorios de otros<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>continentes.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">74.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Al Relator Especial y en relación
con el presente estudio le inquieta particularmente el hecho de que, en el
contexto de la actual práctica de las Naciones Unidas y de acuerdo con los
instrumentos jurídicos y normas internacionales existentes, la garantía de una
protección internacional efectiva de los derechos de las minorías se confina en
gran medida al ámbito de los derechos individuales. Además, este tema general
se trata sobre todo como correspondiendo a la jurisdicción interna de los
Estados, con lo cual queda excluida toda estrategia<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>alternativa.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">75.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Y sin embargo, las poblaciones
indígenas conceden precisamente una importancia considerable al reconocimiento,
promoción y garantía de sus derechos colectivos, es decir de sus derechos como
grupos sociales. Del mismo modo, tratan de conseguir que se establezcan
mecanismos internacionales para la resolución de conflictos con las autoridades
estatales, en particular en relación con los derechos reconocidos o adquiridos
gracias a instrumentos que gozan de reconocimiento internacional, como los
tratados.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">76.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Por consiguiente, el Relator
Especial ha expresado la opinión de que los pueblos indígenas, aunque puedan
constituir minorías numéricas en los muchos países donde están viviendo, no son
"minorías" en el sentido en que se utiliza en las Naciones Unidas y
con miras a una posible acción práctica por parte de la Organización <u>24</u>/.
Del mismo modo, una minoría nacional o étnica no se ha de considerar como una
"población indígena" en el contexto de las Naciones<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;"> </span>Unidas.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 54.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">77.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Merece señalarse que la política
de las Naciones Unidas a este respecto está ya bien establecida; en particular
desde 1994 cuando se creó el Grupo de Trabajo sobre Minorías dentro del marco
de la Subcomisión y por decisión del Consejo Económico y Social a recomendación
tanto de la Comisión como de la propia Subcomisión<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><u>25</u>/.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 54.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">78.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Reflexionando sobre conceptos, el
Relator Especial consideró necesario subrayar que, en los contextos africano y
asiático, la problemática de las comunidades indígenas raramente es coextensiva
con la de las relaciones entre tratados <u>26</u>/, si bien podría suceder que
existan excepciones que merezcan un estudio más detenido, como es el caso de
los masai, dado su papel en las negociaciones que condujeron a Kenya a la<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>independencia.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.3pt; margin: 5.3pt 0in 0in 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">24</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, párr.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>116.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 210%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.6pt; margin-right: 84.2pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 84.2pt 0in 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">25</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Resolución de la Subcomisión 1994/4 de 19 de
agosto de 1994. <u>26</u>/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27,
párrs. 116, 128.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 210%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection19">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 48.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">79.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Es cierto de todas formas que
muchas comunidades pudieran considerarse como pueblos indígenas en el contexto
del estudio de Martínez Cobo, sobre la base de su estilo de vida y el hábitat
en que residen (pero excluyendo otros factores tales como su
"indigenidad" de hoy día comparada con la idéntica
"indigenidad" de otras comunidades que coexisten en la era
post-colonial en el territorio de prácticamente todos los Estados de los
continentes africano y asiático) tienden a no ser parte de tratados o acuerdos
ni con las potencias coloniales ni con los Estados que sucedieron a esas
potencias tras la descolonización y la independencia<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><u>27</u>/.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 50.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">80.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Sin embargo debe advertirse que el
Relator Especial no ha podido evaluar todas las posibles duplicaciones y
contradicciones en todas las materias relacionadas con los tratados y la
problemática indígena general en los contextos africano y<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>asiático.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">81.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Además, a este respecto, podría
legítimamente señalarse que el legado de las áreas tribales
"protegidas" en África y Asia (especialmente en las regiones que
formaron parte del imperio colonial británico, por ejemplo, la India y África
meridional) ha planteado cierto número de problemas concretos, en particular al
reflejarse en el trabajo de ciertas organizaciones internacionales que, como la
Organización Internacional del Trabajo y la Organización de Estados Americanos,
han contribuido a aumentar la confusión sobre la cuestión de la dicotomía clara
y bien establecida minorías/indígenas.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">82.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Pese a las importantes lagunas
existentes a este respecto, el Relator Especial ha podido establecer algunas
reglas provisionales sobre la cuestión, en particular sobre el estado y
situación de pueblos indígenas que aún no son parte de ningún instrumento jurídico
bilateral formal y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>consensuado.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 48.15pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 48.15pt 0in 19.6pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">83.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Conviene recordar que numerosos
representantes de los que se describen como grupos/minorías/pueblos de África y
Asia oprimidos por el Estado han sometido sus casos a la atención del Grupo de
Trabajo sobre Poblaciones Indígenas por faltarles otros foros donde pudieran
presentar sus quejas. En la actualidad se trata de remediar esta situación
mediante el establecimiento del Grupo de Trabajo sobre<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>Minorías.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 36.25pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">84.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Se deduce que, si bien una
determinada situación podría ser apta para someterse a un examen general dentro
del marco de las actividades de las Naciones Unidas en los temas generales de
prevención de la discriminación y protección de las minorías, su pertinencia es
tangencial, extremadamente limitada o no existente en un contexto contemporáneo
y en lo que respecta a la elaboración de tratados/acuerdos y pactos
constructivos entre poblaciones indígenas y Estados, incluyendo su papel ante
futuros acuerdos entre partes indígenas y no indígenas, en particular en lo que
respecta al presente estudio a la luz del mandato que la resolución 1988/56 de
la Comisión de Derechos Humanos confía al Relator<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>Especial.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 38.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">85.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En esta fase final del estudio y
como ya se ha explicado antes la atención se ha centrado sólo en aquellas
situaciones que, a juicio del Relator Especial, se ha confirmado sin duda
alguna que se trata de poblaciones<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>indígenas.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.3pt; margin: 5.3pt 0in 0in 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">27</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, párr.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>307.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection20">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">86.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En lo que hace a esta importante
cuestión, el Relator Especial considera su deber hacer notar que -tal como era
de esperar- los contenidos de esta parte final del capítulo I de su informe
final (párrafos 66-85) despertaron reacciones críticas provenientes de un
cierto número de participantes en las labores del Grupo de Trabajo en 1998,
cuando se circuló como documento de trabajo de éste la versión no editada (y
sólo en idioma inglés) del presente informe final. Vale subrayar que tanto en
sus intervenciones en el curso del debate sostenido al respecto, como en las
conversaciones mantenidas fuera de la sala de sesiones, y también en
comunicaciones que le dirigieron ulteriormente, varios participantes
provenientes de Asia y África le hicieron saber al Relator Especial su total
inconformidad con lo por él expresado en esos párrafos antes<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>mencionados.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">87.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Tal y como se comprometió a hacer
al final del debate sostenido durante el 16º período de sesiones del Grupo de
Trabajo el pasado año (véase E/CN.4/Sub.2/1998/16, párr. 102), el Relator
Especial ha analizado con todo detenimiento y seriedad esos comentarios
críticos, en particular los contenidos en las comunicaciones que le fueron
remitidas por escrito con posterioridad a aquel debate. Dejando de lado ciertas
invectivas inaceptables (por insustanciadas) contenidas en alguna de esas
comunicaciones -tales como atribuirle un predominio de "valores
colonialistas y tal vez incluso racistas" a su mentalidad y sus enfoques
metodológicos en la cuestión-, el Relator Especial ha llegado a la conclusión
de que los argumentos avanzados en ellas no resultan suficientes para hacerle
modificar los criterios fundamentales que han quedado expuestos en los aludidos
párrafos precedentes de este informe; todos los cuales reitera en esta<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>oportunidad.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 38.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">88.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Tal reiteración se justifica,
básicamente, dado que en ninguna de ellas se hace un esfuerzo serio por
contraponer argumentos de peso al hecho evidente de que en el África y el Asia
de la época post-colonial, los grupos/minorías/etnias/pueblos que reclaman el
ejercicio de derechos presunta o realmente conculcados por las autoridades
autóctonas hoy existentes en los Estados en que habitan, por elemental lógica
no pueden reclamar para sí, unilateralmente y en exclusiva, la condición de
"indígenas" en el marco de las Naciones Unidas, a criterio del
Relator<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>Especial.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">89.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Como antes se ha mencionado y dado
el carácter excluyente que en este contexto tiene el vocablo
"indígena", a otros grupos, minorías, etnias o pueblos que con
aquéllos conviven en el marco territorial de un Estado multinacional o
multiétnico africano o asiático de nuestros días, cuyas fronteras (a veces tal
vez aberrantes) tienen su origen en una situación colonial hoy ya tal vez
legalmente superada, pero cuya larga sombra continúa proyectándose aún en la
contemporaneidad. Esos Estados -cuya existencia como tales es, en la mayoría de
los casos, bien reciente- tienen no sólo el derecho, sino también el deber de
preservar su frágil integridad territorial. El riesgo de atomización (o "balcanización")
que para ellos implican tales pretensiones unilaterales de
"indigenismo" no puede, lógicamente, tomarse a la ligera. Vale
apuntar que en circunstancias históricas tal vez menos defendibles, muchos
Estados desarrollados, con siglos de experiencia ya como Estados-nación,
invocan idénticas reticencias ante tal posibilidad, por remota que ella sea<span style="letter-spacing: -2.05pt;"> </span>actualmente.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">90.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Resumiendo: Por lo anterior el
Relator Especial insiste en su criterio de que las situaciones descritas más
arriba, y que tienen como escenario a Estados africanos o asiáticos deben ser
analizadas en otros foros de las Naciones<span style="letter-spacing: -1.95pt;"> </span>Unidas</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection21">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 42.15pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 42.15pt 0in 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">distintos a los que se encargan hoy de los
problemas de los pueblos indígenas; en particular, en el Grupo de Trabajo sobre
Minorías de la Subcomisión de Prevención de Discriminaciones y Protección a las
Minorías.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">91.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Resulta preciso reiterar,
asimismo, que no es el caso de que el Relator Especial defienda la absurda
posición de negar la existencia en esos<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>continentes</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 36.5pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 36.5pt 0in 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">-como se afirma en algunas de esas intervenciones y
comunicaciones- de pueblos, etnias, minorías o grupos autóctonos en ellos, sino
justamente de todo lo contrario: todos lo son. Por ello, salvo ciertos casos
mencionados en este propio informe (o algunos otros que una información
ulterior permita enfocar con mayores precisiones), la denominación "indígena"
-excluyente por definición- resulta particularmente inadecuada en el contexto
de la problemática afroasiática, y en el marco de las actividades de Naciones<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>Unidas.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 48.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">92.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Finalmente, en lo que hace a
algunas otras observaciones críticas formuladas a los juicios emitidos en este
propio informe sobre esta misma cuestión, el Relator Especial se permite
subrayar que el gran valor y respeto que le merecen los criterios expresados
sobre dicho asunto, en sus obras respectivas, tanto por el Relator Especial Sr.
Martínez Cobo, como por nuestra distinguida Presidenta-Relatora, la Dra. Erica
Irene Daes, no significa, obviamente, la necesidad obligada por su parte de
compartir tales<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>criterios.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 203.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 203.7pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 203.7pt 203.75pt; text-indent: -30.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">RESUMEN
DE LOS<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>HALLAZGOS</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 42.15pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 42.15pt 0in 19.6pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">93.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En los tres informes sobre la
marcha de los trabajos presentados hasta ahora, el Relator Especial ha tratado
de ocuparse no sólo de los distintos aspectos de la cuestión de los tratados
entre poblaciones indígenas y Estados identificados por el Sr. Martínez Cobo <u>28</u>/,
sino también de los aspectos relacionados con convenios y otros acuerdos
constructivos, tal como solicitaran la Comisión y el Consejo Económico y<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>Social.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">94.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Esas cuestiones son, entre otras,
aquellas que están cubiertas por tales instrumentos, su situación jurídica
actual, su aplicación o no aplicación, y las consecuencias que todo ello pueda
tener para los pueblos<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>indígenas.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 72.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">95.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Estos aspectos se trataron sobre
la base de diversas fuentes y documentación, incluyendo las respuestas
recibidas a los dos cuestionarios distribuidos dos veces al comienzo del
mandato <u>29</u>/; los resultados de las investigaciones en el terreno y en
los archivos realizadas por el<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span>Relator</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 60.15pt; margin-top: 5.45pt; margin: 5.45pt 60.15pt 0in 19.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt; text-indent: 30pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">28</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><u>Estudio
del problema de la discriminación contra las poblaciones</u> <u>indígenas</u>,
vol. V: "Conclusiones, propuestas y recomendaciones", documento
E/CN.4/Sub.2/1986/7/Add.4, párrs.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>388-392.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 42.15pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 42.15pt 0in 19.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt; text-indent: 30pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">29</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Aunque
debe advertirse que, desde el comienzo, el Relator Especial ha deplorado
repetidamente (véase por ejemplo E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, párr. 32), las
escasísimas respuestas de las naciones/organizaciones indígenas a su
cuestionario, situación que mejoró considerablemente después de 1995 en virtud
de los esfuerzos realizados por ciertas organizaciones como el Consejo
Internacional de Tratados Indios. Además, el Relator Especial también ha tenido
que sufrir la falta generalizada de respuesta de los gobiernos interesados a su
versión del cuestionario. Entre las muy pocas respuestas recibidas, algunas
tenían simplemente un carácter general o formal, escasamente<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>informativas.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 97%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection22">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 58.0pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 58pt 0in 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Especial o por su consultor; y una amplia
documentación y otros materiales presentados por las partes interesadas,
Estados, pueblos u organizaciones indígenas, investigadores y otras personas
interesadas.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">96.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">El enorme volumen y diversidad de
estos documentos han obligado al Relator Especial a dedicar una atención
particular a la estrategia general del estudio y a sus dificultades
metodológicas y teóricas. En el primer informe sobre la marcha de los trabajos
se describen las principales estrategias adoptadas a este respecto <u>30</u>/.
Podrían resumirse de la siguiente<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>manera.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin-right: 42.25pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">97.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">El Relator Especial insistió desde
el comienzo en la necesidad de una metodología interdisciplinaria, aunque muy
enfocada en el aspecto jurídico<span style="letter-spacing: -1.95pt;"> </span><u>31</u>/.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">98.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Todo intento de explorar y
comprender las representaciones y las tradiciones indígenas en lo que respecta
a tratados, convenios y otros acuerdos constructivos deberá realizarse de forma
que se favorezca un criterio descentralizado de cultura, sociedad, derecho e
historia, y que pueda enjuiciarse críticamente todo etnocentrismo,
eurocentrismo y paradigma evolucionista.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 38.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">99.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Por otra parte, es preciso
estudiar y tomar en consideración detenidamente la estrecha conexión existente
entre la problemática indígena y los fenómenos del colonialismo, la dominación
y las políticas asimilacionistas. Esta conexión se realiza asimismo en las
disciplinas académicas implicadas (como la antropología), así como en el
discurso jurídico y en el derecho positivo<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;">
</span><u>32</u>/.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">100.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Existen numerosos ejemplos
históricos del derecho como instrumento del colonialismo como son la doctrina
de la <u>terra nullius</u>, y los sistemas de la encomienda y el repartimiento,
instituidos en América Latina por la Corona Española en el siglo XVI, los
llamados "tratados de transferencia" impuestos a las naciones
indígenas del sudeste de los Estados Unidos bajo el presidente Jackson en los
años 1830, así como los diversos tipos de legislación estatal que contradicen o
ignoran jurisdicciones indígenas previamente reconocidas, como la ley de los
siete grandes delitos y la ley de posesión privativa de Dawes, aprobadas por el
Congreso de los Estados Unidos en los años 1880, la ley india federal de
Canadá, la legislación post-mabo en Australia y numerosas leyes promulgadas en
diversos lugares de América<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>Latina.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">101.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Y sin embargo, con raras
excepciones, los discursos de las propias leyes, incluidos los tratados y la
concertación de éstos en el contexto de la expansión europea en ultramar y de
sus sucesores en los territorios conquistados, no son inmunes a anacronismos y
a razonamientos <u>ex post facto</u>, de manera que condonan la discriminación
de los pueblos indígenas en vez de ofrecerles un tratamiento justo y<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>equitativo.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;">
</span></p><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody><tr>
<td height="0" width="47"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br /></td>
<td><img height="1" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image002.jpg" width="144" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="font-size: 14.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .05pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .45pt; margin: 0.45pt 0in 0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 47.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody><tr style="height: 16.85pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 16.85pt; padding: 0in; width: 32.45pt;" valign="top" width="43">
<p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in 2.5pt;"><u><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">30</span></u><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">/</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 16.85pt; padding: 0in; width: 141.05pt;" valign="top" width="188">
<p align="right" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 2.85pt; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 2.85pt 0in 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32,</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 16.85pt; padding: 0in; width: 0.5in;" valign="top" width="48">
<p align="right" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 2.85pt; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 2.85pt 0in 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">párr.</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 16.85pt; padding: 0in; width: 47.5pt;" valign="top" width="63">
<p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">392.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="height: 22.55pt; padding: 0in; width: 32.45pt;" valign="top" width="43">
<p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 2.5pt;"><u><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">31</span></u><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">/</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 22.55pt; padding: 0in; width: 141.05pt;" valign="top" width="188">
<p align="right" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 2.85pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33,</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 22.55pt; padding: 0in; width: 0.5in;" valign="top" width="48">
<p align="right" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-right: 2.85pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">párr.</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 22.55pt; padding: 0in; width: 47.5pt;" valign="top" width="63">
<p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">89.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="height: 16.85pt; padding: 0in; width: 32.45pt;" valign="top" width="43">
<p class="TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.85pt; margin-left: 2.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><u><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">32</span></u><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">/</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 16.85pt; padding: 0in; width: 141.05pt;" valign="top" width="188">
<p align="right" class="TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.85pt; margin-right: 2.85pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32,</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 16.85pt; padding: 0in; width: 0.5in;" valign="top" width="48">
<p align="right" class="TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.85pt; margin-right: 2.85pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">párr.</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 16.85pt; padding: 0in; width: 47.5pt;" valign="top" width="63">
<p class="TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.85pt; margin-left: 3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">32, 40.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection23">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">102.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Una historiografía crítica de las
relaciones internacionales muestra claramente los peligros que ofrece este tipo
particular de razonamiento, que proyecta sobre el pasado la actual situación de
domesticación de pueblos indígenas resultante de la evolución sucedida sobre
todo en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX bajo el impacto del positivismo jurídico
y de otras teorías defendidas por las potencias coloniales europeas y sus<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>sucesores.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">103.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En su segundo informe sobre la
marcha de los trabajos, el Relator Especial trata, entre otras cosas, de
evaluar la contribución de esa historiografía a una mejor comprensión de
tratados y otros instrumentos jurídicos mutuamente acordados por poblaciones
indígenas y Estados, tomando en consideración en particular los trabajos de Charles
H. Alexandrowicz y otros autores importantes<u> 33</u>/.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">104.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Como ya se dijo (párrafo 55), la
principal observación resultante de esos trabajos es la relacionada con el
amplio reconocimiento por parte de las potencias europeas y de sus sucesores,
al menos durante la era del derecho de las naciones, de los "pueblos de
ultramar", incluidas las poblaciones indígenas en el sentido actual del
término, como entidades<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>soberanas.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">105.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Por consiguiente, la problemática
de los tratados indígenas y otros instrumentos jurídicos actuales en tanto que
afectan a las vidas de esos pueblos radica en lo que el Relator Especial ha
denominado un proceso de retrogresión, mediante el cual se les ha privado (o
reducido en gran medida) de tres de los cuatro atributos esenciales en los que
se basaba su situación original como naciones soberanas, es decir su
territorio, su capacidad reconocida de suscribir acuerdos internacionales y sus
formas específicas de gobierno <u>34</u>/, por no mencionar la reducción
sustancial de sus correspondientes poblaciones en muchos territorios del mundo
entero, resultante de diversos factores entre los que se incluyen las políticas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>asimilacionistas.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">106.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Nunca se insistirá bastante en la
importancia de este aspecto, habida cuenta sobre todo de que el objetivo final
del estudio se refiere a la utilidad potencial de un nuevo proceso de reversión
que termine por conducir a un reconocimiento renovado de los pueblos indígenas
como colectividades diferenciadas, permitiéndoles así recuperarse de decenios,
o incluso de siglos, de discriminación e integración<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>forzada.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 84.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">107.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En este contexto se ha de
enjuiciar el siguiente resumen de las observaciones del Relator Especial con
respecto a las tres principales categorías de instrumentos jurídicos retenidas
para su estudio (véase el párrafo<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>93).</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 104.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in 104.6pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 104.6pt; text-indent: -18.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Tratados/acuerdos
entre poblaciones indígenas y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>Estados</span></u><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 48.15pt; margin-top: 5.3pt; margin: 5.3pt 48.15pt 0in 19.6pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">108.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En sus investigaciones iniciales,
el Relator Especial se centró, por la fuerza de las circunstancias, sobre la
situación de las antiguas colonias de asentamientos europeos, especialmente en
América del Norte y el Pacífico,<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>dada</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.3pt; margin: 5.3pt 0in 0in 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">33</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, párr.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>336.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">34</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, párr.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>133.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection24">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-left: 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">la frecuente práctica de concertación de tratados
en el contexto de la política colonial británica y francesa.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">109.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Debe advertirse que, aunque el
Relator Especial afirmó inicialmente que el número de tratados que podrían
investigarse retroactivamente hasta los tiempos coloniales en América Latina
sería escaso o nulo <u>35</u>/, nuevas investigaciones le han obligado a
reconsiderar esta opinión. Su nuevo criterio se manifiesta en el tercer informe
sobre la marcha de los trabajos, en particular en lo que respecta al ejemplo de
los parlamentos mapuches (Chile). En la fase final de su trabajo, el Relator
Especial se inclina a aceptar que el origen, causas y desarrollo de estos
instrumentos jurídicos podría compararse <u>prima facie</u> y desde ciertos
puntos de vista, a los de ciertos tratados indígenas en los territorios
británicos y franceses de Norteamérica<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><u>36</u>/.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">110.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Al establecer unas relaciones
jurídicas formales con los pueblos de ultramar, las partes europeas se daban
cuenta cabal de que estaban negociando y entablando relaciones contractuales
con naciones soberanas, con todas las implicaciones legales que tenía ese
término durante el período que se considera<u> 37</u>/.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">111.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Esto sigue siendo cierto a pesar
del actual predominio de unas nociones más restringidas y promovidas por el
Estado de "autogobierno", "autonomía", "nación" y
"asociación" indígena, aunque sólo sea porque la "legitimación"
de su colonización e intereses comerciales han obligado a las potencias
europeas a reconocer a las naciones indígenas como entidades<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>soberanas.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">112.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Pero en el curso de la historia y
como antes se ha señalado, los nuevos arribantes trataron de despojar a los
pueblos indígenas de sus atributos soberanos, en particular de la jurisdicción
sobre sus tierras, del reconocimiento de sus diversas formas de organización
social y de sus estatutos como sujetos de derecho<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>internacional.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 60.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">113.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Los diversos caminos y medios
utilizados en el proceso de dominar las relaciones con los pueblos indígenas en
el contexto de las antiguas colonias europeas se han tratado tanto en el
segundo informe sobre la marcha de los trabajos (Nueva Zelandia, Australia y el
caso único de Hawai) <u>38</u>/ como en<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>el</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 48.15pt; margin-top: 5.45pt; margin: 5.45pt 48.15pt 0in 19.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt; text-indent: 30pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">35</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>De todas
formas ha encontrado un pequeño número de instrumentos relativos a situaciones
en Sudamérica que "remontan a los primeros días de la república en dos
países por lo menos"; véase E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33, párrs. 103- 104.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 54.15pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 54.15pt 0in 19.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt; text-indent: 30pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">36</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/23,
párrs. 145-170. En febrero de 1998 las autoridades mapuches de la actual
provincia chilena de Cautín presentaron solemnemente al Relator Especial
importante documentación relativa a cierto número de esos parlamentos. Hasta
junio de 1998 sólo se ha podido realizar un examen inicial de esa<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>documentación.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 138.2pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 138.2pt 0in 19.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt; text-indent: 30pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">37</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32,
párrs. 138-139; véase también E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, párr.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>130.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">38</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, párrs. 176-201,
202-237 y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>238-249.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection25">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 36.15pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 36.15pt 0in 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">tercer informe sobre la marcha de los trabajos
(Canadá, Estados Unidos y Chile) <u>39</u>/. Después, en el capítulo III, se
hace una exposición más general y detallada de este proceso y sus
consecuencias.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 38.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">114.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">De todas formas, llegados a este
punto, debe insistirse en que el paso por los pueblos indígenas de su situación
de naciones soberanas al de entidades dominadas por un Estado suscitó diversas
cuestiones y planteó problemas específicos desde el punto de vista de este<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>estudio.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">115.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Ante todo, en el caso de las
relaciones de tratados, se observa una tendencia general a poner en tela de
juicio el que los tratados en los que intervienen poblaciones indígenas tengan
vigencia actual en el derecho internacional. Este punto de vista, muy extendido
en los medios jurídicos y en las publicaciones universitarias <u>40</u>/, se ha
ido basando alternativamente en tres supuestos: o bien se ha considerado que
los pueblos indígenas no son pueblos en el sentido que da a este término el
derecho internacional; o bien que los tratados que implican a pueblos indígenas
no son tratados en el actual sentido convencional del término, es decir de
instrumentos concertados entre Estados soberanos (de aquí la posición adoptada
por el aparato judicial de los Estados Unidos y Canadá en virtud de la cual los
tratados que implican a pueblos indígenas se consideran como instrumentos <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sui generis</i>); o bien que esos
instrumentos jurídicos han sido simplemente superados por la realidad de la
vida tal como se refleja en la legislación interna de los<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>Estados.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 38.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">116.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Sea cual fuere el razonamiento que
se adopte, el punto de vista dominante, tal como se refleja generalmente en las
publicaciones especializadas y en las decisiones administrativas estatales, así
como en las decisiones de los tribunales interiores, considera que los tratados
que implican a poblaciones indígenas son fundamentalmente una cuestión interna
que se debe elaborar y después poner en práctica y evacuar a través de los
mecanismos internos existentes, como los tribunales y las autoridades federales
o incluso<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span>locales.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">117.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">De todas formas merece destacarse
que las partes indígenas de esos tratados no comparten esta idea, pues sus
propias tradiciones sobre las disposiciones de los tratados y la concertación
de éstos (o la negociación de otros tipos de pactos) sigue defendiendo el
carácter internacional de tales instrumentos. En efecto, para numerosos pueblos
indígenas los tratados concluidos con las potencias europeas o sus sucesores
territoriales de ultramar son, sobre todo, tratados de paz y amistad destinados
a organizar una coexistencia sin exclusiones en un mismo territorio y no a
reglamentar restrictivamente sus vidas (dentro o fuera de ese mismo territorio)
bajo la jurisdicción general de unas autoridades no indígenas. A su juicio,
esta última posibilidad iría en detrimento de su derecho de autodeterminación
y/o sus demás derechos inalienables como<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>pueblos.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.55pt;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="font-size: 7pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.3pt; margin: 5.3pt 0in 0in 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">39</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/23, párrs. 27-79, 81-115 y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>145-170.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 42.35pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 42.35pt 0in 19.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt; text-indent: 30pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">40</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Por
ejemplo, Sebastián Grammond, <u>Les traités entre l’Etat canadien</u> <u>et les
peuples autochtones</u>, Cowansville, Quebec, Editions Yvon Blais, 1995;
Francis P.Prucha, <u>American Indian Treaties, the History of a Political
Anomaly</u>, Berkeley, University of California Press,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>1994.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 97%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection26">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 48.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">118.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Al mismo tiempo, las partes
indígenas de los tratados han rechazado la idea que mantienen las partes
estatales de que los tratados suponen una cesión incondicional de las tierras y
la jurisdicción indígena a los Estados colonizadores.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">119.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Merece señalarse a este respecto
que ciertos países como Chile, Nueva Zelandia y Canadá están concediendo una
atención cada vez mayor a las ideas indígenas sobre los tratados. Por
consiguiente, en su reciente informe final, la Royal Comission on Aboriginal
Peoples, establecida por el Gobierno canadiense, recomienda que se utilice la
historia oral de los tratados, transmitida de boca a boca y de generación a
generación entre los pueblos indígenas, como complemento de la interpretación
oficial de los tratados basados en el documento escrito<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><u>41</u>/.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">120.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">De todas formas las
contradicciones que se observan en la historiografía e interpretación de los
tratados, y que dependen de si se está haciendo referencia a ideas sobre la
materia promovidas por el Estado, al discurso jurídico de las autoridades
académicas o a las tradiciones mantenidas por las propias poblaciones
indígenas, es indudable que por sus consecuencias prácticas crean una situación<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>conflictiva.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 38.2pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 38.2pt 0in 19.6pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">121.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Además esas contradicciones
suponen un gran hándicap para la formulación y realización de futuros
instrumentos jurídicos negociados entre poblaciones indígenas y Estados: no es
necesario insistir en las dificultades que ofrece el negociar esos nuevos
instrumentos sin que previamente se hayan identificado y concertado las
cuestiones<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>fundamentales.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">122.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Esta observación se refiere sin
duda alguna a todas las cuestiones relacionadas con tratados/acuerdos. Un
ejemplo es la oposición que según se ha alegado existe, en el contexto
canadiense, entre los tratados de paz y amistad (concertados en el siglo XVIII
y antes) y los llamados tratados numerados de "cesión de tierras"
(concertados en especial a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX).
Contradicen esta oposición las partes indígenas de numerosos tratados, que
consideran que son parte de un tratado de paz, amistad y alianza, pero que no
por ello ceden sus territorios ni su original situación jurídica de soberanía.
Las mismas discrepancias se pueden observar en Estados Unidos y Nueva Zelandia.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 48.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">123.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Un examen más detallado de las
disposiciones de los tratados concertados entre pueblos indígenas y Estados
revela asimismo que en la mayor parte de los casos el tema de esos tratados es
común en el derecho internacional, sea cual fuere el período histórico
considerado; así, pues, esos tratados tratan de cuestiones como guerra/paz,
disposiciones comerciales, protecciones de los sujetos/ciudadanos de cada parte
firmante,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>etc.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 48.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">124.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Por otra parte, aun cuando el
actual discurso jurídico predominante mantiene que los tratados entran sobre
todo dentro del ámbito doméstico de los Estados, la forma como se tratan en las
leyes municipales y en los tribunales nacionales plantea cierto número de<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>cuestiones.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 78.15pt; margin-top: 5.45pt; margin: 5.45pt 78.15pt 0in 19.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt; text-indent: 30pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">41</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><u>Report
of the Royal Comission on Aboriginal Peoples</u>, vol. 2, "Restructuring
the Relationship", Part One, Recommendation 2.2.2, Ottawa, Minister of
Supply and Services, 1996, p.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>49.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 97%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection27">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">125.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">A este respecto, el hecho de que
las partes estatales no respetasen o violasen las obligaciones asumidas en el
marco de tratados existentes, la abrogación unilateral del propio tratado (o de
ciertas partes de éste) mediante leyes estatales u otros mecanismos, o incluso
el hecho de que las partes estatales no ratificasen tratados negociados con
pueblos indígenas fueron problemas que desde el comienzo de su trabajo
identificó el Relator Especial al ocuparse de la importancia de los
tratados/acuerdos en el nivel<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>nacional.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">126.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">De una forma u otra esos problemas
están relacionados con la mayor parte de las situaciones jurídicas
seleccionadas por el Relator Especial para su estudio; lo que es más, no son
sólo situaciones históricas sino que se plantean también tratándose de pactos
más modernos<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><u>42</u>/.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 42.15pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 42.15pt 0in 19.6pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">127.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Se deduce que difícilmente puede
darse por supuesto en la actualidad que tratados existentes y reconocidos que
afecten a pueblos indígenas van a ser respetados y aplicados. Además, aún no se
sabe con precisión hasta qué punto esta situación va a influir sobre las
modalidades de los acuerdos que en el futuro se negocien entre pueblos
indígenas y Estados. Evidentemente ello tendrá diversas consecuencias prácticas
para la situación y personalidad jurídica de las poblaciones indígenas, tanto
en el nivel nacional como en el<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>internacional.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 185.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 185.7pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 185.75pt; text-indent: -18.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Otros
acuerdos<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>constructivos</span></u><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 5.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">128.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En cuanto a la expresión
cuasijurídica "otros acuerdos constructivos", se recordará que el
Relator Especial ya la definió desde el comienzo como "cualquier texto
jurídico y otros documentos que representaran una participación consensual de
todas las partes en una relación jurídica o cuasijurídica"<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span><u>43</u>/.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 54.15pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 54.15pt 0in 19.6pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">129.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">El principal ejemplo examinado
bajo el título "otros acuerdos constructivos" hace referencia al
Gobierno Autónomo de Groenlandia. Desde el comienzo de su mandato, basándose en
varios documentos presentados por los delegados de Groenlandia y el Gobierno de
Dinamarca al Grupo de Trabajo, el Relator Especial consideró que convenía
evaluar si el tipo de procedimiento establecido por Dinamarca en 1979 podría
ser útil para conseguir unas mejores relaciones entre las partes indígenas y
las no indígenas<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span><u>44</u>/.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 48.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">130.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En su más reciente análisis
detallado sobre el Gobierno Autónomo de Groenlandia <u>45</u>/, quedó
demostrado, a juicio del Relator Especial, que el dispositivo en cuestión
impone varias restricciones a la población indígena de la isla, tanto en
términos de procesos que conducen a su establecimiento como por los efectos de
sus disposiciones. Así, por ejemplo, como la Constitución danesa tiene plena
vigencia en Groenlandia, las autoridades del Gobierno Autónomo deben respetar
todas las disposiciones constitucionales en<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;">
</span>sectores</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 90.2pt; margin-top: 5.45pt; margin: 5.45pt 90.2pt 0in 19.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt; text-indent: 30pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">42</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27,
párrs. 130-311; E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/23, párrs.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">
</span>27-209.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.55pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">43</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33, párr.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>96.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">44</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32, párr.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>347.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">45</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/23, párrs.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>171-196.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection28">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 36.15pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 36.15pt 0in 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">fundamentales como la política exterior y las
obligaciones que se desprenden de los acuerdos internacionales firmados por
Dinamarca.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 48.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">131.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Esto hubiera podido tener ciertos
visos de legitimidad en cuanto a la realidad del ejercicio del derecho a la
autodeterminación de los groenlandeses si en la formulación y aplicación de la
autonomía no se hubiera limitado la efectividad de la aportación de la
población indígena de<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>Groenlandia.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 38.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">132.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">El Relator Especial considera que
el tipo de "régimen autonómico" previsto por la ley del Gobierno
Autónomo no equivale al ejercicio del derecho de autodeterminación por parte de
la población de Groenlandia. Del mismo modo, piensa que la forma como se
desarrollaron las discusiones entre funcionarios groenlandeses y daneses antes
de la implantación del Gobierno Autónomo en 1979 de ninguna manera puede
considerarse como un ejemplo constructivo de ejercicio sin restricciones de lo
que es un derecho<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>inalienable.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">133.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En otros países se están
desarrollando negociaciones con miras a establecer (o poner en práctica)
regímenes autonómicos, o a adoptar medidas que reconozcan un estatuto jurídico
particular para las poblaciones indígenas, tanto si se trataría de incluirlo en
la ley como de que formase parte de la Constitución nacional. El Relator
Especial ha conocido algunos ejemplos notables como los relativos a los kuna
yala de Panamá y la región atlántica de Nicaragua<u> 46</u>/. Conviene asimismo
conocer la evolución que está teniendo lugar en Guatemala en estos últimos<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>años.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">134.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Estos regímenes de autonomía han
tenido (o pueden tener) ciertas ventajas para los pueblos indígenas. En el caso
de Panamá, por ejemplo, la autonomía ha permitido que el Estado reconozca a las
autoridades políticas tradicionales de los indios kuna, en particular al
Congreso General Kuna, que puede ejercer cierto control sobre las políticas de
desarrollo dentro del territorio<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;"> </span>indígena.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">135.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Pero el Relator Especial advierte
que el reconocimiento de una "autonomía" de las poblaciones indígenas
dentro del Estado (cualesquiera que sean los poderes o las restricciones que
conlleve), con toda probabilidad no va a suponer el fin automático de las
aspiraciones de los Estados a ejercer en último término la máxima autoridad
posible (incluida la integración y la asimilación de esas poblaciones), ni va a
anular los derechos inalienables que esos pueblos puedan poseer como<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>tales.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">136.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Además deberán evaluarse caso por
caso los mecanismos por los que los "regímenes autonómicos" para las
poblaciones indígenas se están formulando y aplicando, con miras a comprobar
que realmente ha habido un consentimiento libre y consciente de todas las partes
interesadas, en particular de las poblaciones indígenas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><u>47</u>/.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">137.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Inquietudes similares podrían
suscitar otras situaciones jurídicas que ciertas fuentes podrían describir como
"acuerdos constructivos" en particular el Acuerdo de la Bahía del
James y de Quebec septentrional (<u>Convención</u> en<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>su</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.3pt; margin: 5.3pt 0in 0in 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">46</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/23, párrs. 117-125 y<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>126-144.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">47</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32, párr.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>338.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection29">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 54.15pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 54.15pt 0in 19.6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">versión francesa), el primero de una
serie de los llamados "acuerdos globales sobre reivindicaciones
territoriales" en Canadá, que fueron estudiados por el Relator Especial en
su tercer informe sobre la marcha de los trabajos <u>48</u>/.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">138.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Estas inquietudes se refieren,
entre otras cosas, al hecho de que en este caso particular, las negociaciones
para el tratado sólo se pusieron en marcha después de una considerable
agitación consecutiva a un enorme proyecto hidroeléctrico patrocinado por el
Gobierno. Además, los muchos litigios que el acuerdo en cuestión ha generado
han inducido al Relator Especial a examinar con sumo rigor la eficacia de las
negociaciones del tratado en una situación de dificultades económicas,
ambientales y políticas resultantes de unas políticas gubernamentales
unilaterales.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">139.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Dada la actual prevalencia de la
política de los acuerdos globales sobre reivindicaciones territoriales en
Canadá y la mucha documentación que ha de revisarse a este respecto, por ahora
el Relator Especial no está en situación de presentar más que unas ideas
provisionales sobre otros casos relacionados con este tipo particular de
"acuerdo<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>constructivo".</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">140.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Las discusiones y negociaciones
que en la actualidad están desarrollándose en varios países (y no sólo en
Canadá) requerirían un análisis más detallado y a largo plazo de mecanismos
previstos y aplicados para llegar a un acuerdo, así como de las modalidades de
su aplicación. Debe advertirse a este respecto que la conclusión de varios
acuerdos sobre reclamaciones de tierras y los llamados "tratados
modernos" en Canadá suscitan cierto número de cuestiones interesantes.
Entre ellas, la gran variedad de partes (naciones indígenas, autoridades
provinciales y Gobierno federal) que intervienen en dicho proceso de elaboración
de<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>tratados.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">141.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Nunca se insistirá bastante en el
interés que en el ámbito internacional tienen las negociaciones canadienses,
aunque solamente sea porque ponen de manifiesto la importancia y utilidad
potencial que tiene el establecer unas "normas básicas" equitativas y
acertadas para las negociaciones encaminadas a redactar y concertar
"acuerdos constructivos", así como para el buen rendimiento de los
mecanismos previstos para su puesta en práctica, que tan necesarios son si se
quieren hallar nuevas estrategias para enfrentarse con los problemas indígenas,
no sólo en Canadá sino también en otros países multinacionales con los mismos o
similares problemas. De hecho todo esto se someterá a prueba en toda la serie
de "acuerdos globales sobre reivindicaciones territoriales" y las
negociaciones de tratados que actualmente están entablándose en varias regiones
de Canadá, por ejemplo en la Columbia Británica, donde en 1996 se concluyó un
primer acuerdo con los nishga, así como en los Territorios del Noroeste, donde
se están hallando particulares dificultades con las poblaciones indígenas. Así,
después de que en los años ochenta se rompiesen las negociaciones con la<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>nación</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 36.15pt; margin-top: 5.45pt; margin: 5.45pt 36.15pt 0in 19.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt; text-indent: 30pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">48</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/23,
párrs. 85-115. A juicio del Relator Especial, el hecho de que un negociador no
estatal (la provincia canadiense de Quebec) pasara más adelante a ser
"parte" de este instrumento no se puede considerar que le priva de su
calidad básicamente internacional. Por otra parte, las partes indígenas del
instrumento nunca habían cedido sus atributos soberanos antes de que existiera
esta Convención, y su participación al proceso de negociación del tratado no se
puede ni debe considerar como una acción que les priva de esos atributos y su
capacidad<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>original.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 97%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection30">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 36.15pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 36.15pt 0in 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">déné, la parte estatal decidió negociar con bandas
individuales. Hasta la fecha se han concertado dos acuerdos, uno con los sahtu
y otro con los gwich’in <u>49</u>/.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">142.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Esa fragmentación de las entidades
indígenas mediante el proceso negociador se ha dado también en otros casos, por
ejemplo en el de los cree del Lubikon, entre los cuales, según la información
de que ha dispuesto el Relator Especial, se creó una nueva banda -según ciertas
fuentes indígenas, en condiciones cuestionables- con miras a facilitar un arreglo
parcial de reclamaciones de tierras. Pero hasta la fecha el caso de Lubikon no
se ha arreglado, a causa sobre todo de que la parte indígena se resiste a
aceptar la total extinción de su título nativo como requisito previo para el<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>arreglo.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 44.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">143.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En todas las situaciones -estén o
no gobernadas por tratados/acuerdos- la cuestión de la posible extinción de los
derechos indígenas a sus tierras, a través de un tratado/acuerdo o de "un
acuerdo constructivo", tiene una importancia fundamental, pues somete a
presión a la parte<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>indígena.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 48.15pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 48.15pt 0in 19.6pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">144.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Se deduce que la categoría de
"otros acuerdos constructivos", aunque se agregó tardíamente al
mandato del Relator Especial, ha revelado poseer una particular importancia en
la medida en que permite identificar y establecer en su momento unas sólidas
bases para unas nuevas relaciones futuras más equitativas entre los sectores
indígenas y no indígenas de la<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> </span>sociedad.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 42.15pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 42.15pt 0in 19.6pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">145.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En esta fase es importante
advertir que contrariamente a los tratados (en particular a los llamados
tratados "históricos"), los acuerdos constructivos -y ello es
aplicable a todos los ejemplos estudiados hasta la fecha dentro del mandato del
Relator Especial- están por su propia naturaleza destinados a ser tratados
exclusivamente dentro del medio<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>municipal.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">146.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">De la abundante información
recientemente recibida <u>in situ</u> por el Relator Especial, parece
desprenderse claramente que en el contexto canadiense ciertos acuerdos
constructivos como los "acuerdos globales sobre reivindicaciones
territoriales" y los llamados "tratados modernos" se han
concebido básicamente como un medio de resolver todas las reclamaciones
indígenas pendientes. De acuerdo con esta información, se refieren sobre todo a
zonas en las que las poblaciones indígenas no son parte de los tratados. En general,
aún queda por verse de qué forma puede asegurarse la imposición y la aplicación
de las disposiciones de posibles acuerdos constructivos de este tipo, sobre
todo en lo que se refiere a las partes indígenas de tales<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>acuerdos.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 74.6pt; margin-right: 56.1pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 56.1pt 0in 74.6pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 59.75pt; text-indent: -32.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Situaciones carentes de instrumentos jurídicos bilaterales específicos
que rijan las relaciones entre poblaciones indígenas y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>Estados</span></u><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 42.15pt; margin-top: 5.3pt; margin: 5.3pt 42.15pt 0in 19.6pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">147.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Desde el comienzo, el Relator
Especial decidió que, para poder cumplir su mandato, era imperativo disponer de
una revisión de la situación de las poblaciones indígenas que no son parte de
ninguno de los instrumentos incluidos en el<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>estudio.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 48.15pt; margin-top: 5.45pt; margin: 5.45pt 48.15pt 0in 19.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt; text-indent: 30pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">49</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>El
Relator Especial desea aprovechar esta circunstancia para corregir un error de
generalización que cometió en el párrafo 87 de su tercer informe sobre la
marcha de los trabajos (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/23), relativo a los déné y métis del
valle del Mackenzie (Territorios del<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>Noroeste).</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 97%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection31">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 44.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">148.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Al no disponer de esa revisión, no
ha podido evaluar si cabe considerar o no que la concertación de tratados
(también en este caso en el sentido más amplio del término) da un instrumento
jurídico adecuado para mejorar la situación de los pueblos indígenas en
general, para establecer un sistema que permita erradicar todo tratamiento
discriminatorio contra ellos y para gradualmente poner fin a la actual
naturaleza antagonista de las relaciones entre pueblos indígenas y no indígenas
que conviven en numerosos<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>países.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">149.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En cuanto a las categorías de
pueblos indígenas que corresponden a la presente sección, en su primer informe
sobre la marcha de los trabajos el Relator Especial identificó las siguientes
situaciones generales: a) pueblos indígenas con los que ningún Estado jamás ha
establecido relaciones consensuales; b) pueblos indígenas que fueron partes en
instrumentos que ha sido rescindidos unilateralmente por la parte estatal, o
bien de modo oficial o bien simplemente por su no respeto; c) pueblos indígenas
que participaron en la negociación y aprobación de instrumentos que nunca
fueron ratificados por los órganos competentes del Estado; y d) pueblos
indígenas que viven en países en que se ha dado un profundo proceso de
transculturación y cuya legislación municipal no contiene disposiciones
específicas que garanticen su situación particular y la protección de sus
derechos como<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>pueblos.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">150.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Entre las poblaciones que entran
dentro de una o más de esas agrupaciones figuran naturalmente aquellas que, a
causa de que el Estado no ha reconocido su indigenismo, se les ha negado toda
posibilidad de recuperación, o bien por la ley o bien mediante negociaciones
oficiales, en situaciones conflictivas que se refieren precisamente a su estado<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><u>50</u>/.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">151.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Primero y ante todo debe advertirse
que, en la actualidad y con muy pocas excepciones, los textos jurídicos
nacionales e internacionales relacionados con las condiciones de vida de las
poblaciones indígenas son formulados e impuestos por las instituciones
estatales y sin que los indígenas intervengan para<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>nada.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">152.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Entre los casos inicialmente
seleccionados para su estudio a este respecto figuraron los pueblos aborígenes
e insulares de Australia, los gitksan y los wet’suwet’en en la Columbia
Británica, los yanomami de Brasil, los indígenas hawaianos, los mapuche
(Argentina y Chile), los maya de Guatemala, los Lubikon cree de Alberta
(Canadá), los san (Botswana), los ainu (Japón), el pueblo de las llamadas
rancherías en California (Estados Unidos de América) y la nación kuna de<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>Panamá.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 50.1pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 50.1pt 0in 19.6pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">153.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Concluida su investigación, el
Relator Especial considera que podría ser útil revisar la anterior lista de
forma que pudiera determinarse, al menos de modo provisional, cuál sería el
medio más práctico y fructífero (es decir, la renegociación del tratado/acuerdo
y/o su adecuada puesta en práctica, un "acuerdo constructivo", el
recurso a órganos internacionales o alguna otra fórmula) de encarar
constructivamente en el futuro la gran diversidad de situaciones con las que en
la actualidad se enfrentan los pueblos antes mencionados.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.3pt; margin: 5.3pt 0in 0in 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">50</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32, párr.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>359.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection32">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 74.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">154.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En todos los casos deberá tenerse
debidamente en cuenta la evolución histórica de cada una de sus situaciones
individuales, pues de esta forma podrían obtenerse pistas indicativas de la
conveniencia de las distintas soluciones<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>disponibles.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 62.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">155.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Pero debe insistirse en que
cualquier decisión encaminada a hallar una solución deberá adoptarse con la
plena participación de la parte indígena. Ninguna otra estrategia puede
conducir al importantísimo proceso de establecimiento de confianza y, por
consiguiente, a instrumentos jurídicos consensuados.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin-right: 80.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">156.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">El Relator Especial ya ha señalado
ciertos cambios propuestos en la situación de los tratados correspondientes a
América<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>Latina.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 50.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">157.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En cuanto a los mapuches, éstos
podrían quedar incluidos en la categoría de pueblos que ya han participado en
un proceso de concertación de tratados. Otros, como los kuna, podrían obtener
cierta protección mediante "acuerdos constructivos", un proceso que al
parecer aún está en marcha. Más adelante se examinan los casos de los mayas y
los<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>yanomami.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 48.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">158.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Además, en esta fase final de su
investigación, el Relator Especial se encuentra en situación de abordar otros
casos problemáticos según la forma que se describe a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>continuación.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">159.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Una primera serie de situaciones,
que incluye a los cree del Lubikon y los gitksan y wet’suwet’en en Canadá,
debería ser considerada dentro de la categoría de posibles acuerdos
constructivos, siempre que en un primer momento y en condiciones mutuamente
aceptables puedan resolverse ciertos aspectos de su situación.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">160.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Un asunto pendiente sigue siendo
el caso de los pueblos indígenas de Australia, que podría resolverse mediante
un proceso de elaboración de tratado aceptando el makarrata (o tratado)
solicitado por las partes indígenas desde 1980 <u>51</u>/. De todas formas este
makarrata deberá enjuiciarse no sólo en el contexto del llamado proceso de
reconciliación iniciado por el Gobierno Federal australiano en 1991 en virtud
de la <u>Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation Act</u>, sino también a la luz
de recientes medidas judiciales y legislativas, entre las que destacan el
juicio <u>Mabo</u> (Nº 2) del Alto Tribunal australiano (1992) y la<u> Native
Title Act</u> promulgada en el nivel federal en<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>1993.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 48.15pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 48.15pt 0in 19.6pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">161.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En el caso de las rancherías en
California, su importancia radica principalmente en el hecho de que la parte
estatal no ha ratificado textos que ya habían sido negociados con las
poblaciones en cuestión y, por consiguiente, debe ser considerada como una
situación de eventual reemergencia y adecuada aplicación de<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>tratados.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">162.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Teniendo en cuenta esa
información, el Relator Especial ha llegado a la conclusión de que otros casos
en los que los órganos estatales no han ratificado tratados que en cualquier
momento de la historia se han negociado con las<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>partes</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="font-size: 5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.3pt; margin: 5.3pt 0in 0in 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">51</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, párr.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>225.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection33">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-left: 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">indígenas deberán ser examinados en el nivel
adecuado, con miras a determinar la posibilidad de llevar a cabo el proceso de<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>ratificación.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">163.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En virtud del llamado <u>Apology
Bill</u>, promulgado por el Congreso de los Estados Unidos (P.L. 103-150, de
1993) entre otras cosas porque la situación de los indígenas hawaianos se hace
en la actualidad especialmente compleja. El<u> Apology Bill</u> reconoce que el
derroque de la monarquía hawaiana en 1898 fue ilegal. En consecuencia, el
tratado de anexión de 1897 entre los Estados Unidos y Hawai aparece como un
tratado desigual que por esa razón podría declararse no válido de conformidad
con el derecho internacional del<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>momento.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 54.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">164.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Se deduce que el caso de Hawai
podría reingresar en la lista de territorios no autogobernados de las Naciones
Unidas y vuelto a someter a los órganos de la organización competentes en
materia de<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>descolonización.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">165.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">También en relación con la lista
de casos antes considerados, según sabe el Relator Especial, los yanomami de
Brasil, los mayas de Guatemala, los san de Botswana y los ainu de Japón
constituyen los únicos ejemplos de poblaciones indígenas que nunca han
concertado relaciones jurídicas consensuales con ningún Estado.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 38.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">166.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">La cuestión de si convendrá que
cada uno de estos pueblos indígenas busque un acuerdo negociado o cualquier
otra fórmula libremente acordada con los Estados en los que ahora residen, y
cómo podría hacerse, habrá de ser tratada caso por caso y con la adecuada
aportación de los medios<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>indígenas.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">167.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En estos casos se deberán tomar
suficientemente en consideración las consecuencias prácticas cotidianas (a
veces graves) de la falta de dichos acuerdos en lo que respecta a la situación
jurídica y política de los pueblos en cuestión dentro de las sociedades mixtas
en las que ahora viven, así como de las consecuencias en cuanto a la
preservación, promoción y realización efectiva de sus derechos históricos como
pueblo, incluidos sus derechos humanos y sus libertades.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 176.55pt; margin-right: 104.1pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 104.1pt 0in 176.55pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 125.7pt 125.75pt; text-indent: -86.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">SITUACIÓN ACTUAL: ORIGEN,
EVOLUCIÓN Y CONSECUENCIAS DEL PROCESO DE DOMESTICACIÓN</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">168.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En el mandato conferido al Relator
Especial, tanto la Comisión de Derechos Humanos como el Consejo Económico y
Social le advirtieron que "[tomase adecuadamente en cuenta] las realidades
socioeconómicas de los Estados" <u>52</u>/. Por consiguiente, el Relator
Especial está obligado a revisar la actual situación de las poblaciones
indígenas que habitan Estados multinacionales. Pero las situaciones actuales no
se pueden comprender plenamente si no se examinan también los orígenes y la
evolución del proceso de domesticación de las cuestiones<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>indígenas.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin-right: 66.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">169.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Todo intento que a fines del siglo
XX se haga para hacerse una idea general de una enorme y compleja problemática
de las poblaciones<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;"> </span>indígenas,</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 48.25pt; margin-top: 5.45pt; margin: 5.45pt 48.25pt 0in 19.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt; text-indent: 30pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">52</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Resolución
1988/56 de la Comisión de Derechos Humanos, párrafo 2 y decisión del Consejo
Económico y Social<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>1988/134.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 97%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection34">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 36.15pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 36.15pt 0in 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">problemas que datan de hace más de 500 años, no
puede ni debe ignorar un hecho fundamental: sus contactos iniciales con los
pueblos "no indígenas" de otras partes del mundo, que se remontan a
fines del siglo XV, fueron resultado del inicio y desarrollo de la expansión
colonial europea.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">170.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Esta expansión era inherente al
nuevo modo de producción que se iniciaba en Europa durante la parte final de la
Edad Media tardía. En el último decenio del siglo XV este nuevo modelo
económico ya había creado suficientes medios científicos, tecnológicos y
financieros para lanzar con éxito empresas exploradoras, expediciones de
"descubrimiento" y colonización con ánimo de hallar nuevas rutas y
mercados hacia las más lejanas regiones. El teatro de esas operaciones incluyó
a las Américas, Asia, Africa, enormes extensiones del Pacífico e incluso las
partes más periféricas de la propia<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>Europa.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">171.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En una fase más tardía,
aparecieron otros factores contribuyentes a este expansionismo: la intolerancia
religiosa, la opresión basada en el origen nacional y la marginalización
económica y social de ciertos sectores de la población europea, así como, en
diversas épocas, antagonismos y confrontaciones entre potencias europeas. En
siglos ulteriores todos estos factores contribuirían a fomentar el
establecimiento de nuevos contactos iniciales hacia el interior de los
territorios "descubiertos" así como a un mayor desarrollo y
consolidación del fenómeno colonial en su<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>conjunto.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 60.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">172.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Pese a las piadosas excusas
halladas para justificar éticamente el desarrollo de esta empresa colonial de
ultramar y a los razonamientos pseudojurídicos (incluso a veces claramente
antijurídicos) con los que se ha intentado defenderla "legalmente",
está clara la prueba de que sus objetivos claramente definidos no tenían nada
de "humanitarios" o<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>"civilizadores".</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 44.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">173.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En primer lugar, se trataba de
garantizar una presencia permanente de las potencias de ultramar, o bien
mediante el asentamiento de poblaciones o bien mediante la simple instalación
de puestos comerciales en territorios habitados por otros pueblos. En segundo
lugar, las potencias de ultramar trataron de adquirir el derecho a explotar los
recursos naturales allí existentes y a asegurarse estos nuevos mercados que
satisficiesen sus necesidades de importación y exportación. En tercer lugar,
trataron de acaparar estas nuevas plazas fuertes para reforzar su posición en
la lucha contra otras potencias europeas. Por último, su empeño consistía en
salvaguardar lo que habían adquirido imponiendo sus instituciones y costumbres
políticas, sociales y económicas a los pueblos que habitaban esas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>tierras.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 56.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">174.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Esas metas se debían alcanzar
cualquiera que fuera el costo, incluso si era necesario y posible mediante la
destrucción de culturas, instituciones sociopolíticas y modelos económicos
tradicionales que con frecuencia habían desarrollado a lo largo de los siglos
los pueblos indígenas y que habían alcanzado un alto grado de<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>desarrollo.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">175.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Ya en un informe previo presentado
en 1995 se advirtió que la empresa colonial ultramarina difería totalmente del
frecuentísimo fenómeno de la expansión a territorios adyacentes y a expensas de
los vecinos practicada por los propios pueblos de esos "nuevos
territorios" antes de que llegasen los colonizadores europeos. La
diferencia está dada por el carácter intrínseco de la empresa colonial, el
carácter explotador, discriminatorio y dominante de<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>su</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection35">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 36.15pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 36.15pt 0in 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">"filosofía" como sistema, los métodos empleados
y los resultados que en último término ejercen sobre unas sociedades que son
muy diferentes.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">176.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Estas diferencias han adquirido
hoy en día, como resultado de un proceso de descolonización aún inacabado, una
dimensión aún mayor al menos en lo que se refiere a Asia, el Pacífico y Africa.
Como resultado directo de la descolonización, el foso que ha quedado entre las
potencias políticas coloniales "no indígenas" en esos continentes ha
sido llenado por sectores de población cuya condición "indígena" (o
"autóctona") no puede ponerse en tela de juicio según ninguna de las
normas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>actuales.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">177.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Es preciso tener en cuenta que, de
acuerdo con toda la información disponible, los términos "indígena",
"nativo", "<u>mitayo</u>", "indio",
"poblaciones autóctonas" y otros similares no están extraídos del
léxico de aquellos a los que hoy en día llamamos "pueblos indígenas",
sino del vocabulario utilizado por los
"descubridores/conquistadores/colonizadores" y sus descendientes,
para diferenciarse de los primeros estableciendo una relación de
superioridad/inferioridad con respecto a los habitantes originales de los nuevos
territorios que se iban agregando a las coronas europeas.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">178.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Naturalmente los primeros
encuentros tuvieron distintas características. Algunos de ellos estaban regidos
únicamente por la lógica de la fuerza bruta. Hemos de recordar que la espada
-eficazmente respaldada por la cruz- ha sellado durante más de 500 años el
destino de decenas de millones de los habitantes originales de América Latina y
el Caribe y de sus<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>descendientes.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 44.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">179.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">El derecho emanante de la fuerza e
impuesto como instrumento de políticas de asimilación/marginalización
constituyó además la base de unas relaciones bilaterales
"asimétricas" entre las poblaciones indígenas y los criollos
establecidos en las nuevas repúblicas latinoamericanas después de haberse
independizado de España y Portugal. La victoria de Ayacucho significó poco o
nada para los habitantes originales, que simplemente se encontraron bajo el
dominio de nuevos<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>dictadores.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 36.25pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 36.25pt 0in 19.6pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">180.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Esta ha sido en general la
situación en la región latinoamericana, tanto en los países que habían sido
totalmente colonizados antes de su independencia como en aquellos en que quedó
en manos de la nueva república, por ejemplo, en Argentina y en Chile, el completar
el dominio de la población indígena, lo que también se hizo por la fuerza en
todos los territorios de los nuevos Estados. Sólo en un limitadísimo número de
casos (cuando no se encontró la forma de vencer una invencible resistencia a
someterse, como sucedió en los parlamentos de la Araucania chilena) se hallan
vestigios de ciertas obligaciones jurídicas aceptadas (aunque raramente
aplicadas) con "los indios" mediante negociaciones e instrumentos
jurídicamente<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>vinculantes.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">181.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Pero en otras latitudes de las
Américas, al igual que en otros lugares del mundo, estos primeros contactos no
se caracterizaron exclusivamente por la fuerza militar. Por una parte, estaban
en relación con el discurso político y jurídico entonces predominante en las
sociedades de las que procedían los forasteros. Por otra, reflejaban el
equilibrio de fuerzas que originalmente existía entre los recién llegados y
unas sociedades bien organizadas que llevaban siglos poblando esos "nuevos
territorios", equilibrio que iba a cambiar radicalmente a medida que iba
progresando el proceso de<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>colonización.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection36">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">182.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Un caso demostrativo a este
respecto ha sido la colonización progresiva de los británicos, incrementada
después por sus sucesores, en las trece colonias originales (el núcleo de los
Estados Unidos) a fines del siglo XVIII. Se trataba de vastos territorios que
hoy en día comprenden Canadá y los Estados Unidos. En ella se introdujo un
"factor jurídico" (es decir, tratados). En cierta medida esta forma
de contacto inicial se encuentra también en las empresas coloniales francesas
en ciertos lugares de esos mismos territorios y en aquellos mismos tiempos.
Durante el avance progresivo desde el Atlántico hacia el Pacífico, la acción
militar coexistía con las negociaciones y los instrumentos jurídicos como base
de las relaciones entre los colonizadores y las poblaciones indígenas halladas.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">183.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En la evolución general de estos
últimos casos, sobre todo tratándose de Africa y de ciertas áreas del Pacífico,
la presencia colonial y la implantación iniciales se desarrollaban con
discreción. Esto se puede ver, por ejemplo, en el comportamiento británico en
Africa y en Nueva<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>Zelandia.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">184.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En muchos lugares llegaban oleadas
sucesivas de colonizadores desde la metrópoli (por ejemplo, en el caso de Hawai)
o de representantes de reales compañías comerciales (frecuentemente en las
"indias orientales"), y así aparecieron ciertas modalidades jurídicas
(algunas de ellas muy "innovadoras", como la del "arrendamiento
perpetuo" de los territorios), junto a formas jurídicas tradicionales como
acuerdos y tratados bilaterales. Pero en todos los casos el objetivo era el
mismo: asegurar el dominio<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>colonial.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 42.2pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 42.2pt 0in 19.6pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">185.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Estas diversas opciones se iban
empleando en función de las necesidades y las posibilidades de las potencias
extranjeras en cada uno de los casos, según se tratara de formalizar, <u>ex
post facto</u>, las adquisiciones ya hechas o de abrir el camino a cualquier acción
militar que en el futuro pudiera<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>requerirse.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">186.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Pero es necesario hacer algún
comentario acerca de los instrumentos jurídicos que en los distintos momentos
surgieron tras los contactos iniciales. Su naturaleza intrínseca, su forma y su
contenido dejaban bien claro que las partes indígenas y no indígenas se
atribuían unas a otras (de forma explícita o implícita) la condición de
entidades soberanas de conformidad con el derecho internacional no indígena del<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>momento.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">187.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Merece destacarse que ciertos
Estados tenían enorme interés por concertar esos tratados u otros instrumentos
internacionales de carácter contractual que requiriesen el consentimiento de
los participantes. El origen de este interés (interés directo para la parte no
indígena) estaba muy claro. Se trataba de legitimizar (mediante el
consentimiento de los autóctonos soberanos del territorio en cuestión) todo
"derecho" (real o supuesto) con el que pudieran oponerse a demandas
opuestas formuladas por otras potencias coloniales con miras a adquirir el
control de estos<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>territorios.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">188.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Pero para adquirir esos
"derechos" mediante títulos derivados (ya que evidentemente no
poseían el título original o porque se estuviera poniendo en tela de juicio la
legalidad de su presencia en el lugar), era necesario que obtuviesen el acuerdo
de los poseedores legítimos del título original, es decir, de la nación
indígena en cuestión. Estos deberían proceder a una cesión formal de sus
tierras (o bien a su venta o a una concesión de posesión adquisitiva o a
cualquier otro tipo de transferencia<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>válida).</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection37">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">189.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">De conformidad con la tradición
jurídica y los trámites europeos, esa transferencia había de aparecer en un
documento que se pudiera presentar como prueba ante las demás potencias
colonizadoras que en pie de igualdad constituían el "concierto de naciones
civilizadas". Para ello el instrumento ideal de acuerdo con el derecho
internacional de la época era el tratado. Además, las únicas entidades con
capacidad jurídica para concertar tratados eran, como hoy en día, precisamente
los mismos sujetos internacionales que poseen la<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;"> </span>soberanía</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .4pt; margin: 0.4pt 0in 0in 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">-por
sí mismos o delegando en otros soberanos- mediante el ejercicio de ésta.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.55pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">190.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En una segunda fase del proyecto
de colonización y hasta que éste alcanzó su punto máximo -durante su
manifestación "clásica" o una variación de ella, especialmente en el
segundo tercio del siglo XIX- fue aumentando perceptiblemente la utilización de
la fuerza militar para adquirir vastas extensiones de los "nuevos
territorios". Esta evolución estaba en gran medida en la línea del enorme
poder que ya ostentaban las tradicionales potencias imperiales europeas y otras
que surgieron más tarde y que también iniciaron su propio<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>expansionismo.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 38.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">191.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Los descendientes de los recién
llegados aumentaron su capacidad militar y económica. En cambio la de los
pueblos indígenas, en el mejor de los casos, se mantuvo, pero con más
frecuencia se redujo rápidamente; en un caso y en otro estos pueblos fueron siendo
cada vez más vulnerables a las maquinaciones de los no indígenas, con los que
posiblemente habían concertado tratados/acuerdos pero que ahora decidieron
ignorar a quién correspondía la soberanía e imponer sobre las tierras
ancestrales su "orden<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>nuevo".</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">192.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Así se inició el proceso que el
Relator Especial ha preferido llamar (sin ninguna pretensión de originalidad)
la "domesticación" de la "cuestión indígena", es decir el
proceso por el que todos estos problemas se sacan de la esfera del derecho
internacional y se ponen directamente bajo la competencia exclusiva de la
jurisdicción interna de los Estados no indígenas. En particular, aunque no
exclusivamente, esto se aplica a todo lo relacionado con documentos jurídicos
que ya habían sido acordados (o negociados más adelante) por los Estados
colonizadores originales y/o sus sucesores y los pueblos<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>indígenas.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 48.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">193.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Podría argüirse que a la luz del
derecho internacional actual, y habida cuenta en particular del párrafo 7 del
artículo 2 de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, la pretensión de que la cuestión
entra dentro del terreno reservado de la jurisdicción interna podría, <u>prima
facie</u>, tener un respaldo<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>jurídico.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">194.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Pero para legitimizar más allá de
toda duda los procedimientos utilizados para traspasar cuestiones que originalmente
pertenecieron al ámbito del derecho internacional, sacarlas de este ámbito y
justificar la decisión de someterlas únicamente a la jurisdicción interna,
decisión adoptada unilateralmente por los Estados y aprobada por tribunales
internos no indígenas, era preciso que los Estados presentaran pruebas
inequívocas de que las poblaciones indígenas en cuestión, haciendo uso de su
libre albedrío, habían renunciado a sus atributos soberanos.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">195.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Este proceso de erosión gradual
pero incesante de la soberanía original de las poblaciones indígenas no se
puede comprender sin tomar en consideración<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;">
</span>como</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection38">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-left: 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">elemento muy destacado el papel que desempeñan los
"instrumentos jurídicos", que siempre van apoyados en el componente
militar de la empresa colonial.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">196.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En prácticamente todos los casos,
tanto en América Latina como en otras regiones antes mencionadas, puede verse
que el elemento jurídico sirve como eficaz instrumento del proceso de dominio.
Los juristas (con sus elaboraciones conceptuales), la legislación interior (que
se hace imperativa tanto para la metrópoli como para las colonias), el aparato
judicial (sujeto al "imperio de la ley [no indígena]"), un derecho
internacional unilateral (con su cumplimiento asegurado por medios militares) y
unos tribunales internacionales (que actúan sobre la base del derecho
internacional vigente) son todos ellos elementos que contribuyen a "dar
validez judicial" al despojo organizado en las diversas fases de la
empresa<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>colonial.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">197.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Existen abundantes ejemplos de
esto: la resolución conjunta de 1898 de acuerdo con la cual el Congreso de los
Estados Unidos, tras hacer uso de la fuerza para imponer un tratado, consumó la
anexión pura y simple del Estado soberano de Hawai (que poseía numerosas
relaciones jurídicas internacionales con otras naciones
"civilizadas"), así como la "lucha por Africa" formalizada
en el Congreso de Berlín de 1885 por las potencias coloniales de la época, y
esto son sólo dos de muchos ejemplos. Otros ejemplos que también vienen a
apoyar esta afirmación pueden hallarse en los informes sobre la marcha de los
trabajos sometidos anteriormente por el Relator<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>Especial.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin-right: 68.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">198.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">El concepto del "imperio de
la ley" empezó a recorrer un largo camino hacia "la ley del
imperio" y hoy en día ha alcanzado una nueva<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>fase.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 44.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">199.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Pero no hay que olvidar el papel
desempeñado por las decisiones adoptadas por algunos de los propios pueblos
indígenas en este mismo proceso de domesticación, si bien la mayor parte de
esas decisiones se adoptaron en condiciones extraordinariamente difíciles o en
un evidente "estado de necesidad", para utilizar una expresión<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>jurídica.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">200.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Ello no obstante, el Relator
Especial ha preferido exponer sus ideas en esta materia sin olvidar los
aspectos a futuro de su mandato, y dándose perfecta cuenta de la importancia de
las lecciones que pueden extraerse de la historia,<u> mutatis mutandi</u>, en
este proceso de construir una relación de coexistencia nueva, más justa y más
sólida entre los sectores indígenas y no indígenas en un considerable número de
sociedades modernas. La historia es una excelente fuente de conocimientos para
conformar la acción política. Si se ignora la historia es extraordinariamente
difícil comprender a fondo lo que sucede en la actualidad y es prácticamente
imposible enfrentarse conscientemente con el<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;">
</span>futuro.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">201.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En este contexto puede decirse que
la investigación histórica realizada por el Relator Especial muestra, a juicio
de éste, que no todas las naciones indígenas han sabido en todo momento hacer
la mejor elección. Es decir que en ciertos momentos cruciales de su historia,
algunas naciones indígenas no han sido capaces de supeditar sus intereses
individuales a la necesidad de unirse entre ellas, pese a que esa unidad era
necesaria para poderse enfrentar con éxito contra el menoscabo de sus atributos
soberanos. Esto ha sido cierto incluso cuando estaban bien claras las intenciones
de los recién llegados. Aún no se han percibido plenamente las terribles
consecuencias que ha tenido el que se hayan dejado<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>dividir.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection39">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">202.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Además, en más de una ocasión no
parecen haber reconocido las ventajas y los inconvenientes en todas sus
dimensiones, ni tampoco las consecuencias finales, de una política de alianzas
con potencias europeas. Esto puede afirmarse tanto refiriéndose a las que han
adoptado esta política en el contexto de sus luchas fraticidas como a las que
en el contexto de confrontaciones militares en sus tierras ancestrales
decidieron favorecer a determinadas potencias no indígenas sobre<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>otras.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">203.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Está además claro que no pudieron
apreciar (o subestimaron en gran medida) el dudoso papel que desempeñaron, y
que aún siguen desempeñando en muchos casos, ciertas denominaciones religiosas
o sus representantes como instrumentos eficaces de la empresa colonial en sus
diversas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>fases.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">204.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Pueden percibirse con facilidad
los efectos negativos que para las poblaciones indígenas ha ejercido una
combinación de factores endógenos y exógenos, no sólo sobre su condición
soberana inicial, sino también sobre su situación jurídica internacional en general.
Entre estos efectos figuran también la extinción (o una reducción sustancial)
de su base territorial, así como el menoscabo de su orden político, económico,
judicial, cultural y social en general, e incluso su supervivencia como
sociedad<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>diferenciada.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 44.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">205.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Estos efectos negativos son
perceptibles en mayor o menor medida tanto si las relaciones entre esos pueblos
y los colonizadores se formalizaron jurídicamente por medio de
tratados/acuerdos como si no.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">206.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">El más letal de esos efectos ha
sido sin duda alguna la extinción de esos pueblos como entidades sociales con
identidad propia, lo que en algunos casos ya ha ocurrido o va a ocurrir en<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>breve.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">207.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En el año 1998 no se puede
determinar con certeza qué número de pueblos indígenas se han extinguido desde
el momento de su primer encuentro con los "descubridores" y como
resultado del proceso de "civilización" que se les ha impuesto.
Tampoco se puede saber cuántos van a desaparecer en un futuro no muy lejano si
no cambian las circunstancias en las que actualmente viven en Estados
multinacionales.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">208.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Para mencionar sólo dos ejemplos,
según todas las indicaciones los habitantes originales de la isla Catalina, ante
la costa de California, y los yanomamis de Roraima han de ser incluidos en la
categoría de "pueblos en peligro de extinción". El incesante
menoscabo de sus tierras resultante de muy diversas actividades, su expulsión
de esas tierras (o bien mediante el uso directo de la fuerza por el nuevo
Estado o bien porque no pueden obtener los recursos necesarios para seguir
practicando sus actividades económicas tradicionales o seguir laborando su
suelo), las restricciones draconianas, o incluso la prohibición del uso de sus
propios idiomas y de la práctica de sus creencias religiosas han contribuido
históricamente y siguen contribuyendo a esta situación.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 48.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">209.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">El ejercicio efectivo de sus
atributos como sujetos internacionales ya había quedado efectivamente anulado
en el tercer decenio del siglo XX en todos los lugares donde se habían
concertado con relativa frecuencia tratados entre pueblos indígenas y no
indígenas. Este proceso se manifestó en la decisión adoptada por el Senado de
los Estados Unidos a comienzos de los años 1870<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>de</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection40">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 58.0pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 58pt 0in 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">interrumpir toda concertación de tratados con
naciones indígenas y negar la calidad de tratados a los instrumentos que aún
esperaban su ratificación.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">210.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">A este respecto debe recordarse
asimismo que los pueblos indígenas ya intentaron, aunque sin éxito (y a pesar
de los "14 puntos" del presidente Woodrow Wilson), restablecer el
reconocimiento de su capacidad internacional por la Sociedad de las Naciones;
también intentaron tener acceso, por su propio derecho como pueblos, a la Corte
Internacional de Justicia establecida de conformidad con la Carta de las
Naciones Unidas como principal órgano judicial de la nueva organización mundial
que surgió a raíz de la derrota del Eje en la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Esto
sucedió a pesar del gran número de soldados indígenas que habían contribuido a
la victoria de los aliados en aquella guerra y a pesar de que el preámbulo de
la Carta de las Naciones Unidas declara que éstas han sido establecidas por
"los <u>pueblos</u> de las Naciones Unidas" que a través de sus
gobiernos se declararon en 1945 "resueltos a crear las condiciones bajo
las cuales puedan mantenerse la <u>justicia</u> y el <u>respeto a las
obligaciones emanadas de los tratados y de otras fuentes del derecho
internacional</u>" (énfasis del autor). Además esta situación se mantuvo
pese a que la Carta, al formular uno de los propósitos de la Organización,
reconoce la importancia que tiene el "respeto al principio de la igualdad
de derechos y al de la libre determinación de los pueblos" (artículo 1.2),
forma sencilla, directa y sin equívocos de referirse a todos los pueblos, sin
ninguna<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>excepción.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">211.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En el contexto contemporáneo y en
el marco de esta misma disposición de la Carta, merece destacarse, al menos de
pasada, la evidente incongruencia que existe en la posición de los que
utilizaron esta referencia a la Carta como base para legitimizar la decisión de
algunas de las naciones que antes formaban parte de la actualmente extinta
Unión Soviética (por ejemplo, los llamados países bálticos) de separarse de
ella, al reclamar su calidad de naciones plenamente soberanas, al tiempo que
ponían objeciones o incluso mencionaban ese mismo derecho en el contexto de
debate relativo a cuestiones<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>indígenas.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">212.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Este no es el único ejemplo de
aplicación de dos pesos y dos medidas en el tratamiento actual de los pueblos
indígenas por las Naciones Unidas, pese a que la Organización viene dedicando
mucha mayor atención a este problema desde que en 1982 se estableciese el Grupo
de Trabajo sobre Poblaciones Indígenas. No hay que olvidar los insuperables
obstáculos con que tropiezan los esfuerzos de estas poblaciones para representarse
a sí mismas y sin restricciones en órganos del sistema de las Naciones Unidas
distintos del Grupo de Trabajo. Este fue el caso en 1989, cuando la OIT debatió
y adoptó el Convenio núm. 169, que está directamente relacionado con sus
condiciones cotidianas de<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>vida.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">213.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Similares dificultades bloquean
también la necesaria y plena participación de las organizaciones indígenas en
el Grupo de Trabajo establecido por la Comisión de Derechos Humanos con el
mandato de que prepare un "Proyecto de declaración de las Naciones Unidas
sobre los derechos de los pueblos indígenas", un foro en el que se
establecieron para la participación unas normas tan estrictas que, de hecho,
limitaban en medida considerable cualquier aportación indígena al debate.
Distintas normas aplicaban organizaciones no gubernamentales no reconocidas por
el Consejo Económico y Social en el caso de otro Grupo de Trabajo establecido
por la Comisión y encargado de tratar de los derechos y responsabilidades de
"los defensores de los derechos<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>humanos".</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection41">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 38.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">214.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">La constante reducción (o la total
desaparición) de la base territorial de algunos pueblos indígenas no sólo
influyó sobre su capacidad de supervivencia como pueblos sino que además dio
origen al aspecto más fundamental de la "cuestión indígena" en su
contexto actual, la del derecho de esos pueblos al uso, disfrute, conservación
y transmisión a generaciones futuras de sus tierras ancestrales; en paz y sin
interferencias exteriores, y de acuerdo con sus propios usos, costumbres y normas
de la vida social. Más adelante se volverá a tratar esta<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>cuestión.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 84.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">215.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Una vez completado el trabajo de
los conquistadores/colonizadores iniciales o de sus sucesores, el proceso
colonial fue avanzando hacia la desposesión gradual o rápida de las tierras<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>indígenas.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">216.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En su informe final el Relator
Especial no tiene por qué describir en detalle las duras consecuencias a las
que las poblaciones indígenas se vieron sometidas en un orden social, económico
y político-judicial nuevo y totalmente ajeno. Es mucho lo que se ha publicado
sobre el tema, tanto de fuentes indígenas como no indígenas, incluidos órganos
gubernamentales oficiales de los Estados en los que hoy en día viven algunos de
esos pueblos. Tratará, eso sí, de resumir los efectos más destacados, algunos de
los cuales algún sobreviven a fines del siglo XX, en particular los relativos a
los derechos sobre la<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>tierra.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">217.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">A este respecto debe ponerse de
relieve que para esos pueblos su tierra (en la que vivieron o en la que viven
hoy en día) detenta valores espirituales y materiales únicos. Contiene para
ellos los elementos esenciales de su cosmogonía. Es su fuente última de vida y
sabiduría. Creen en el disfrute colectivo de lo que esa tierra da; en la
inalienabilidad de algo que no "poseen" sino que "preservan"
para las generaciones futuras. Desempeñan un papel irremplazable en sus
prácticas religiosas. En resumen, consideran que la tierra era y es algo
totalmente distinto de cualquier cosa que hayan importado los nuevos habitantes
y sus sucesores, cuyos criterios, lógicamente, son eco (aunque no siempre fiel)
de los valores predominantes de sus sociedades<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;">
</span>respectivas.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">218.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En líneas generales los recién
llegados y sus sucesores conceptualizaron (y conceptualizan) la tierra como un
valor esencialmente patrimonial, objeto de una apropiación individual exclusiva
(y, como tal, transmisible a otras personas según el deseo del titular), fuente
de riqueza material y base de poder político y<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">
</span>económico.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 48.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">219.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">El proceso por el que los pueblos
indígenas fueron despojados de sus tierras dejó tras de sí poquísimas y
debilitadoras alternativas para la supervivencia: el vasallaje (o la
servidumbre en sus diversas formas), la segregación en áreas reducidas que se les
"reservaban", o la asimilación en el seno de un sector no indígena de
la nueva entidad sociopolítica creada sin ninguna aportación indígena. Esta
última alternativa implicaba la marginalización social y la discriminación
prevalentes en esas sociedades mixtas, problema de escasa o nula solución pese
a los meritorios esfuerzos realizados por ciertos sectores no<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>indígenas.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 42.15pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 42.15pt 0in 19.6pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">220.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Para conseguir ese despojo de la
tierra se utilizaron diversos métodos. Entre ellos figuran, sin duda alguna,
los tratados y acuerdos, al menos en la medida en que aceptemos la
interpretación no indígena de esos documentos (y,<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>en</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection42">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 58.0pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 58pt 0in 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">general, esa versión es la única disponible por
escrito). Más adelante se volverá a tratar este<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>asunto.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">221.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Con gran frecuencia se recurrió a
la coerción, sea por fuerzas armadas, sea por medios judiciales y legislativos
o sea por unos y otros medios. Este fue el caso tanto cuando su empleo fue
precedido de alegaciones jurídicas formales en sentido contrario como si<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>no.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 56.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">222.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Se llegaron a dar casos extremos.
Un ejemplo es el del éxodo forzado en los años 1830 hacia el otro lado del
Mississippi de las "cinco tribus civilizadas" del sudeste de los
Estados Unidos. Este fue el primer caso documentado de "limpieza<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>étnica".</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">223.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Otro método de despojo
frecuentemente empleado cuando no se habían concertado instrumentos jurídicos
de ningún tipo fue el de aprovechar la incapacidad de las poblaciones indígenas
(o de algunas personas) a mostrar "títulos de propiedad" que pudieran
considerarse válidos de acuerdo con las nuevas leyes no indígenas. De esta
forma las tierras ancestrales eran vulnerables a la captación por individuos no
indígenas que poseyesen tales documentos (adquiridos por los más diversos
medios, con gran frecuencia muy poco honorables) o por las autoridades
centrales o locales que los reclamaban como propiedad pública (o como tierras
de la Corona o tierras federales) sujetas a su jurisdicción.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 38.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">224.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">El despojo total o parcial de las
tierras de los pueblos indígenas (fuente básica de vida en todos los casos)
creó nuevas formas de dependencia o reformó las antiguas. En primer lugar,
afectó notablemente a la capacidad de las autoridades indígenas de ejercer
eficazmente sus funciones, así como a la capacidad de las sociedades indígenas
para autoabastecerse a través de sus actividades económicas tradicionales. Todo
esto tuvo consecuencias dramáticas para su estructura<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>social.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">225.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Las nuevas autoridades no
indígenas se apresuraron a crear un orden político administrativo diferente que
reemplazase a las autoridades indígenas tradicionales y a los mecanismos de
adopción de decisiones que durante siglos habían guiado a esas sociedades. Esta
estrategia en general tuvo éxito. Pero en muchos casos sólo se pudo poner en
práctica mediante la participación de ciertos segmentos de las sociedades
indígenas ya sujetos a tensiones de todos los<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;">
</span>tipos.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">226.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Del mismo modo, en estos últimos
tiempos se ha abierto en ciertas sociedades multinacionales la posibilidad de
una participación indígena, como tal, en ciertos aspectos del orden político no
indígena establecido. Este es particularmente el caso del sector parlamentario.
En Colombia y en Nueva Zelandia/Aotearoa se pueden encontrar ejemplos en este
sentido. El Relator Especial se congratula de esta evolución, que parece ir en
la buena dirección. Así sucede sobre todo en el caso de Nueva Zelandia. Su
legislación electoral da a la población maorí la posibilidad (que puede aceptar
libremente) de registrarse en una lista reservada para ellos. Aún habrá que ver
hasta qué punto este tipo de medidas va a tener un impacto real ante el enorme
esfuerzo que se ha de realizar si se quieren establecer unas relaciones más
justas entre unos y otros sectores de esas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>sociedades.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection43">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">227.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Desde el punto de vista económico,
la pérdida o la reducción sustancial de su base territorial ha tenido
lamentables consecuencias para los pueblos indígenas. La posibilidad de
mantener sus actividades económicas tradicionales (o la necesidad de
desarrollarlas en áreas muy reducidas) origina constantes migraciones hacia
centros económicos no indígenas, en particular hacia las grandes ciudades. Para
muchísimas comunidades ello ha implicado la pérdida o una importante reducción
de su base demográfica y, en general, la transculturización y la pérdida
progresiva de la identidad indígena de un número considerable de los miembros
de esas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>poblaciones.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 36.25pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt 457.7pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">228.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Hoy en día, en zonas aún no
afectadas por el despojo -en particular en los casos en que no existen tratados
o acuerdos- el impacto sobre las actividades económicas tradicionales es
incesante y perfectamente perceptible. Esto sucede a causa de la inseguridad
jurídica con que, según el derecho<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>indígena,<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>son
efectivos propietarios de la tierra y de las intervenciones de tecnologías
externas para la explotación de sus recursos naturales (incluidos el subsuelo,
los ríos, los bosques y la<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>fauna).</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">229.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">La lista de este tipo de casos es
larga y variada, de manera que en el presente informe no se pueden mencionar
todos ellos. Baste con señalar que la gran mayoría de estas poblaciones
sobreviven malamente en condiciones precarias, y ello a causa de diversos
factores: amenazas directas de expulsión forzada, en ciertos casos; la
obligación, en otros, de obtener licencias o autorizaciones de autoridades
administrativas no indígenas para poder realizar sus actividades económicas
tradicionales (o verse limitados por cuotas tan restrictivas que no cubren sus
necesidades); también en otros casos, la obligación de solicitar autorización a
esas autoridades para utilizar unos recursos naturales cuya propiedad, a veces,
ha sido incluso reconocida por el derecho no indígena; incluso, en general, los
efectos de la moderna tecnología sobre su hábitat tradicional.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">230.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">La situación general de los
aborígenes australianos -incluso después de la conocida decisión sobre el caso
mabo- así como las situaciones de los cree del Lubikon y de los
pueblos/naciones hobbema de Alberta (Canadá), los dene (Navajo) en Arizona
(Estados Unidos), los cree de la Bahía James (Quebec), muchos segmentos de los
pueblos maorí de Aotearoa/Nueva Zelandia, y los mapuche de Chile meridional son
ejemplos visibles de pueblos indígenas que viven en las precarias condiciones
económicas antes<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>descritas.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">231.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">A este respecto debe mencionarse
que en el curso de sus trabajos en el terreno entre los cree de Quebec (1993) y
los mapuche (1998), el Relator Especial pudo confirmar, tanto por observaciones
personales como por testimonios directos, el enorme e irreversible daño que ya
se había causado, o que se iba a causar, al hábitat indígena a causa de la
desviación o represamiento de grandes ríos (como el Bio-Bio superior o la
cuenca hidráulica del Great Whale) para construir centrales hidroeléctricas en
gran escala cuya producción, según todas las informaciones, va a ser consumida
únicamente por la población no indígena (incluso de otros<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>países).</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">232.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">De todo lo dicho puede deducirse
que todos los aspectos de la vida sociocultural de las poblaciones indígenas,
evidentemente incluida su religión, se han visto negativamente afectados por el
proceso general de "domesticación" (que incluye a todos los
sectores), así como por su corolario obligatorio,<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>el</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection44">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 58.0pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 58pt 0in 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">despojamiento y la pérdida de todo posible control
sobre sus tierras ancestrales.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.25pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">233.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Sometidos a un sistema de
servidumbre directa o a una especie de tutoría judicial (o fideicomiso) similar
al que se aplica a los menores; asimilados (o en vías de asimilación) y
marginados en las nuevas sociedades; o restringidos a pequeñas áreas rodeadas de
otra cultura extraña, poderosa y agresiva, o habitantes de otras tierras
periféricas, huyendo siempre de la autoridad no indígena (perdida la suya
propia), estos pueblos han sufrido numerosos ataques contra sus ricas
estructuras<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>sociales.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">234.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En primer lugar, es importante
señalar la separación forzada de las familias, cuando niños y adolescentes eran
enviados durante muchos de sus años de formación a escuelas religiosas muy
alejadas de su ambiente original. En esas instituciones se les premiaba si
aceptaban la asimilación, al tiempo que toda expresión de la identidad original
(como el hablar en su propio idioma) merecía rigurosos castigos, incluso<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>corporales.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">235.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Las poblaciones indígenas
presenciaron además la destrucción de muchas de las manifestaciones de su
patrimonio histórico-cultural, así como la profanación de sus cementerios y
otros rituales sagrados. Sus tesoros arqueológicos e incluso los huesos de sus
antecesores aún se exhiben en muchos museos no indígenas del mundo entero, pese
a los esfuerzos realizados por recuperarlos, a las leyes nacionales promulgadas
para protegerlos y a las protestas de numerosas organizaciones internacionales.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">236.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Sobre los escombros de templos
derribados se elevan impresionantes catedrales u otras manifestaciones de la
nueva cultura. Además, en estos últimos años el Relator Especial ha recibido
informaciones fidedignas referidas a dos intentos por lo menos de crear campos
de golf en tierras de reconocido valor religioso para las poblaciones<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>indígenas.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">237.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En bastantes ocasiones y durante
largos períodos, las costumbres de las poblaciones indígenas, sus ceremonias y
sus prácticas religiosas simplemente se prohibieron radicalmente. Además en
muchos casos y por diversas razones se les impidió el acceso a lugares donde,
según sus tradiciones, deberían tener lugar esas prácticas y ceremonias. En una
u otra de esas situaciones se vieron forzados o bien a celebrarlas
clandestinamente arriesgándose a rigurosas sanciones (como es el caso de la <u>danza
del sol</u> en Norteamérica) o (como sucedía con los esclavos acarreados desde
Africa hasta el Caribe y Brasil) a disfrazarlas ingeniosamente en una liturgia
extraña, como la de la religión católica, fenómeno que ha sido común en América<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>Latina.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">238.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Sus instituciones y sus culturas
fueron consideradas por los sectores no indígenas como "inferiores",
"arcaicas" o "ineficaces y poco prácticas". Estos juicios
negativos fueron difundidos cotidianamente y universalmente por los más
diversos métodos (publicaciones "científicas" o simplemente de boca a
oreja) y rápidamente pasaron a ser la "idea dominante" de grandes
sectores del mundo político y académico, así como de enormes segmentos de la
población en general de las sociedades multinacionales en las que siguen
viviendo las poblaciones indígenas.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection45">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">239.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Por consiguiente, no es
sorprendente que numerosos individuos indígenas deseen asimilarse o aceptar los
valores éticos o materiales de la sociedad extraña que los ha rodeado. La raíz
común de esta evidente amenaza a su supervivencia como poblaciones específicas
puede hallarse en la clara erosión que ciertos sectores de poblaciones
indígenas padecen hoy en día en su autoestima. Esto es cierto incluso en una
situación como la actual en la que se observa un evidente y vigoroso proceso de
recuperación y desarrollo de los valores tradicionales de esos<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>pueblos.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">240.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Debe advertirse a este respecto
que la falta de oportunidades de trabajo y, en general, la incapacidad, en las
actuales circunstancias, de obtener un desarrollo sostenible dentro del marco
de sus propias tradiciones ha contribuido en gran medida a esta pérdida de
autoestima. Este es en particular el caso de los pueblos atrapados en el
sistema de las "reservas indígenas" establecidas en los Estados
Unidos y Canadá, así como en otras situaciones en Europa Septentrional y<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>Groenlandia.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">241.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">La realidad cotidiana de las
poblaciones indígenas viene con excesiva frecuencia a alimentar la idea de que
sólo pueden sobrevivir gracias a las "subvenciones" y a los
"servicios" facilitados por el Estado del que dependen. Esos servicios
pueden ser de mayor o menor calidad y cobertura, y la asistencia puede ser
directa o indirecta, pero en todos los casos han tenido en común durante siglos
el que su costo siempre sea, por definición, inferior al valor de los
beneficios recibidos por el sector no indígena con el que comparten la
sociedad.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">242.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Por último, debe advertirse que en
prácticamente todos los casos en los que las poblaciones indígenas viven en
Estados multinacionales modernos sus índices de desarrollo social son
inferiores o menos favorables que los correspondientes a los sectores no
indígenas con los que conviven. Este es el caso de algunos de los más
importantes índices socioeconómicos: empleo, ingresos anuales, mortalidad
prenatal e infantil, esperanza de vida, nivel escolar, porcentaje de la
población encarcelada, índice de suicidios, etc. Con gran regularidad las
cifras facilitadas por las fuentes competentes de esos países demuestran la
realidad de lo que acaba de<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>decirse.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">243.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Todo lo señalado explica por qué
razón durante más de 15 años la Subcomisión y el Grupo de Trabajo se han venido
ocupando de las cuestiones indígenas de conformidad con el tema titulado
"discriminación contra las poblaciones indígenas", el mismo título
que recibiese el estudio inicial del Sr. Martínez Cobo, publicado hace 16 años.
Desde entonces para los pueblos indígenas no ha habido muchos cambios
sustanciales. Los elementos básicos de su relación con el mundo no indígena
siguen siendo los<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>mismos.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 44.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">244.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Tampoco es por casualidad por lo
que la Comisión, en la misma fecha en la que se fijó el mandato del Relator
Especial, reconoció (en un lenguaje impecablemente diplomático) que "en
diversas situaciones, las poblaciones indígenas no pueden disfrutar de sus
derechos humanos ni de sus libertades fundamentales inalienables" (sexto
párrafo del preámbulo de la resolución 1989/34 del 6 de marzo de 1989, de la<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>Comisión).</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection46">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 105%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 209.7pt; margin-right: 143.25pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 143.25pt 0in 209.7pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 158.6pt 158.65pt; text-indent: -81.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 105%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">IV.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">MIRANDO HACIA EL PORVENIR:
CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;"> </p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 105%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 56.1pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 56.1pt 0in 19.6pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 105%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">245.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Para formular las conclusiones y
recomendaciones de este informe final, el Relator Especial ha tenido que tomar
en consideración diversos elementos, entre los que destacan los<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>siguientes:</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;"> </p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 105%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 87.75pt 87.8pt; text-indent: 34.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 105%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">su propio mandato tal como se
describe en la resolución 1988/56 de la Comisión de Derechos Humanos y en la
decisión del Consejo Económico y Social 1988/134;</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;"> </p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 106%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 70.05pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 70.05pt 0in 19.6pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 87.75pt 87.8pt; text-indent: 34.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 106%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 106%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">el esbozo del estudio <u>53</u>/
presentado a los órganos rectores del Grupo de Trabajo y explícita o
implícitamente ratificado por éstos;<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>y</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 106%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"> </p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 105%; margin-right: 54.15pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 87.75pt 87.8pt; text-indent: 34.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 105%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">los temas señalados en el informe
de Martínez Cobo de 1982 como posibles cuestiones que deberán elucidarse en un
estudio como el que ahora se está<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>concluyendo.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"> </p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 105%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 105%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">246.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En lo que se refiere a su mandato,
debe recordarse que el objetivo principal del estudio consiste en analizar la
utilidad potencial de tratados, convenios y otros acuerdos constructivos
firmados entre pueblos indígenas y gobiernos con miras a asegurar la promoción
y protección de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales de los<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>primeros.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 105%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 42.15pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 42.15pt 0in 19.6pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 105%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">247.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En su mandato, se pedía además al
Relator Especial que preste "especial atención a la actual elaboración de
normas universalmente pertinentes y a la necesidad de desarrollar enfoques
innovadores y orientados al futuro de las relaciones entre las poblaciones
indígenas y los gobiernos". Para ello debía tomar en consideración la
inviolabilidad de la soberanía y la integridad territorial de los Estados, así
como sus realidades socioeconómicas. Cuando se habla de "elaboración de
normas universalmente pertinentes" se hace referencia evidentemente al
proceso de elaboración de un proyecto de declaración sobre los derechos de los
pueblos indígenas, actividad que inició el Grupo de Trabajo en 1985.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 105%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 105%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">248.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En lo que respecta al proyecto de
declaración, el Relator Especial ha adoptado sus disposiciones como punto
básico de referencia para sus conclusiones y recomendaciones, pese a que aún no
está perfectamente definido el proceso de su adopción final. Ha tenido muy en
cuenta el hecho de que su texto, tal como aparece en la actualidad, ha sido
adoptado tras largos años de deliberación tanto en el seno del Grupo de Trabajo
como, durante algún tiempo, en la Subcomisión, con importante participación de
representantes indígenas y delegaciones gubernamentales.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 105%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 105%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">249.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Entre los temas que en el esbozo
de 1988 se consideraron que habrían de ser tratados al final del estudio, el
Relator Especial identificó los siguientes: el papel de los tratados en la
expansión europea en ultramar (cuestión que se ha tratado en el capítulo III);
importancia actual de tratados, acuerdos y otros pactos constructivos,
incluidas cuestiones relativas a la sucesión estatal, al reconocimiento
nacional de tales instrumentos y a los juicios que éstos merecen a las
poblaciones indígenas. Además, el esbozo identificó tres fuentes principales
que deberían orientar el proceso de acopio de datos y sus conclusiones y
recomendaciones: el derecho público<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;"> </span>internacional;</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.3pt; margin: 5.3pt 0in 0in 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">53</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1988/24/Add. 1.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection47">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 36.15pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 36.15pt 0in 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">las leyes municipales de los Estados actuales
(incluidas las decisiones de los tribunales municipales); y las opiniones
jurídicas indígenas (en particular las relativas a las autoridades sociales,
los tratados y la elaboración de tratados en general).</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">250.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">El Relator Especial Martínez Cobo
consideró conveniente que se explorasen nuevos temas en relación con ciertos
sectores cubiertos hoy en día por las disposiciones de tratados y otros
instrumentos jurídicos internacionales que afectan a los pueblos indígenas,
tanto si se observan como si no, las consecuencias de su aplicación o no
aplicación para los pueblos indígenas (tema que también se trató en el capítulo
III), así como la situación actual de esos instrumentos jurídicos en lo que
respecta a los pueblos<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>indígenas.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 38.1pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 38.1pt 0in 19.6pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">251.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">A este respecto el Relator
Especial se dispone a ofrecer, en primer lugar, ciertas conclusiones generales
aplicables a los temas del estudio en general; y a continuación a exponer unas
conclusiones más específicas con respecto a las dos principales categorías de
situaciones actualmente existentes en las que pueblos indígenas viven en
sociedades multinacionales: aquellas en los que los tratados, acuerdos u otras
disposiciones constructivas existen, y aquellas que carecen de tales
instrumentos<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>jurídicos.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">252.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">La primera de las conclusiones
generales se refiere al tema del reconocimiento del derecho de los pueblos
indígenas a sus tierras y a sus recursos, así como a proseguir sin trabas en
esas tierras sus actividades económicas tradicionales. Este es el principal
tema que habrá de plantearse siempre que se trate de establecer una relación
más sólida, equitativa y duradera entre los sectores indígenas y no indígenas
de sociedades multinacionales. Dadas las relaciones especiales, espirituales y
materiales, que mantienen con sus tierras, el Relator Especial cree que a este
respecto apenas se progresará o no se progresará en absoluto si no se enfrenta,
resuelve y arregla -de una forma aceptable para los pueblos indígenas
afectados- la cuestión del despojo continuo que se les ha hecho de este
recurso, vital para su supervivencia.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">253.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">La importancia primordial de esta
cuestión se refleja no sólo en los datos acopiados para el estudio y en los
testimonios personales escuchados por el Relator Especial, sino también en los
debates del Grupo de Trabajo y en otros foros internacionales. El hecho de que
más de una docena de artículos del proyecto de declaración se ocupen de la
cuestión de los derechos de la tierra, así como las inquietudes recientemente
expresadas de fuentes vaticanas <u>54</u>/ sobre la violencia y la
discriminación que, hasta ahora, se han ejercido contra las poblaciones
indígenas para privarlas de sus tierras, vienen asimismo a demostrar la
importancia primordial de este<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>problema.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 38.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">254.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Otra conclusión, estrechamente
relacionada con la anterior, es que no sólo la cuestión del derecho a la tierra
sino, en general, toda la problemática indígena y su posible solución general
no pueden plantearse únicamente sobre la base de un razonamiento jurídico. Los
problemas con que se enfrenta un número considerable de Estados multinacionales
son, ante todo, de carácter<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>político.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 36.2pt; margin-top: 5.35pt; margin: 5.35pt 36.2pt 0in 19.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt; text-indent: 30pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">54</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pontificio Consejo "Justicia y
Paz"</i>, <u>Para una Mejor Distribución de</u> <u>la Tierra: El reto de
la reforma agraria</u>, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Ciudad del Vaticano, 1997,
párr.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>55.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 98%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection48">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 36.15pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 36.15pt 0in 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Por consiguiente, si se quiere que estos problemas
puedan resolverse mediante estrategias nuevas y que miren al futuro se
necesitará una voluntad política considerable de todas las partes interesadas,
pero en particular de los líderes políticos no indígenas de los Estados
modernos. Los debates y argumentos jurídicos se desarrollan durante demasiado
tiempo, exigen importantes recursos (que la parte indígena casi nunca posee o
sólo tiene en cantidad limitada) y, en muchos casos, sufren de los prejuicios
propios de siglos de una lógica esclerosada. Además, la urgencia de los
problemas que se plantean en los albores del siglo XXI no deja tiempo
suficiente para que se desarrollen los debates jurídico-filosóficos que
mantuviesen en el siglo XVI Las Casas y Sepúlveda.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">255.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">El Relator Especial está
plenamente convencido de que la problemática indígena general actual tiene
asimismo un carácter ético. Cree que la humanidad ha contraído una deuda hacia
las poblaciones indígenas por los daños que históricamente les ha causado. Por
consiguiente, por razones de equidad y de justicia histórica es preciso
compensarles por esos daños. Se da perfecta cuenta de la imposibilidad práctica
de retrotraer el mundo a la situación que existía cuando se produjeron los
primeros encuentros entre pueblos indígenas y no indígenas, hace cinco siglos.
No es posible deshacer todo lo que se hecho (positivo o negativo) durante ese
tiempo, pero tampoco puede rechazarse el imperativo ético de compensar los
daños causados, tanto espiritual como materialmente, a los pueblos indígenas,
incluso si ello ha de hacerse a expensas de forzar la rigidez impuesta por el
respeto al "imperio de la ley" (no indígena).</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.55pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">256.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Además, el Relator Especial no
alberga ninguna duda con respecto al tan discutido problema del derecho a la
autodeterminación. Los pueblos indígenas, como todos los pueblos de la tierra,
tienen ese derecho inalienable. El<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>artículo</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 36.15pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 36.15pt 0in 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">1 de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas reconoce ese
derecho a todos los pueblos, sin excepciones (de hecho, lo considera como un
principio propio del derecho internacional contemporáneo), al igual que hace el
artículo 1 común a los dos Pactos Internacionales sobre Derechos Humanos.
Además, este derecho se les reconoce explícitamente a los pueblos indígenas en
el artículo 3 del proyecto de declaración. A juicio del Relator Especial,
cualquier contradicción que pueda percibirse entre el ejercicio de este derecho
por las poblaciones indígenas en las condiciones actuales y el derecho y el
deber reconocidos de los Estados en los que viven de proteger su soberanía y su
integridad territorial deberá resolverse por medios pacíficos, en primer lugar
y ante todo mediante negociaciones, pero también mediante los adecuados
mecanismos de resolución de conflictos (los existentes o los nuevos que puedan
establecerse). Lo mejor sería que pudiera hacerse dentro de la jurisdicción
doméstica y, en todo caso, con la participación efectiva de los propios pueblos
indígenas. Este tema se volverá a tratar más adelante en el presente capítulo.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 87.75pt 87.8pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">257.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En cuanto a la cuestión de si los
pueblos indígenas pueden o no ser considerados como naciones en el sentido del
derecho internacional contemporáneo y en el contexto de los países donde
ciertos pueblos indígenas han sido oficialmente reconocidos como tales (por
naciones no indígenas desde el comienzo de los contactos o en un momento
ulterior) mediante instrumentos jurídicos internacionales, como tratados, y
otros pueblos/naciones no lo han<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>sido,</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 36.15pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 36.15pt 0in 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">el Relator Especial considera conveniente
distinguir entre una situación y otra, si bien el análisis final puede conducir
a la misma conclusión.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 111%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection49">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">258.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Tras revisar los casos que ha
seleccionado para su análisis, el Relator Especial ha llegado a la conclusión
de que una gran mayoría o bien describe situaciones de abierto conflicto entre
los sectores indígenas y no indígenas de la sociedad, o bien contienen la
semilla de un conflicto que puede declararse en cualquier momento dado que han
quedado latentes problemas que no han hallado la solución adecuada durante
largos períodos de tiempo, tal vez incluso durante siglos. Ejemplos de esa
posibilidad son los problemas planteados por los oka (Quebec) en 1991, en
Chiapas (México) en 1994 y en diversas comunidades australianas en<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>1997.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">259.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Otra conclusión general a la que
puede llegarse es que, tal como se reconoce en el proyecto de declaración de
las Naciones Unidas sobre los derechos de las poblaciones indígenas presentado
por el Grupo de Trabajo a la Subcomisión y adoptado por ésta <u>55</u>/, todos
los derechos humanos y libertades fundamentales reconocidos por los distintos
instrumentos internacionales -trátese de normas jurídicamente vinculantes o de
normas no vinculantes- aceptados por el Estado en los que viven, son aplicables
a las poblaciones indígenas y a las personas que viven en el interior de sus
fronteras <u>56</u>/. Esto es asimismo aplicable a todos los derechos y
libertades que la legislación interna del Estado en cuestión conceda a todos
los individuos y grupos sociales de su jurisdicción. A juicio del Relator
Especial, esto es aceptable siempre que los derechos y libertades reconocidos
en los instrumentos en cuestión no vayan en contra de las costumbres indígenas,
sus instituciones sociales o sus tradiciones<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">
</span>jurídicas.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.55pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">260.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Por otra parte, el Relator
Especial se inclina a defender la propuesta de que los tratados/acuerdos o
disposiciones constructivas tienen, dada su base consensual, la posibilidad de
llegar a ser importantísimos instrumentos para el establecimiento formal y el
respeto no sólo de los derechos y libertades a los que se alude en el
precedente párrafo sino también de los inalienables derechos ancestrales, en
particular el derecho a la tierra en el contexto específico de una determinada<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>sociedad.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">261.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Sobre la base de una rica documentación,
de la labor del Grupo de Trabajo y de testimonios orales, el Relator Especial
ha llegado a la conclusión de que de una manera casi unánime los pueblos
indígenas geográficamente dispersos consideran que los mecanismos estatales
existentes, administrativos o judiciales, no pueden satisfacer sus aspiraciones
ni sus esperanzas de<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;"> </span>justicia.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">262.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En su razonamiento llega además a
la conclusión de que en los medios indígenas está muy extendido el deseo de que
se establezca (o restablezca) un nuevo y diferente tipo de relación, más
sólida, pero muy distinta de la relación conflictiva y con frecuencia amarga
que hasta ahora se ha mantenido con el sector no indígena de la sociedad en los
países donde coexisten. A juicio de los pueblos indígenas, esto sólo podrá conseguirse
o bien mediante el respeto total a los documentos jurídicos mutuamente
acordados existentes que rigen esa relación (y con una estructuración común de
sus disposiciones), o mediante nuevos instrumentos negociados con la plena
participación de los<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>pueblos</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 72.2pt; margin-top: 5.45pt; margin: 5.45pt 72.2pt 0in 19.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt; text-indent: 30pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">55</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Resolución
de la Subcomisión 1994/45, de 26 de agosto de 1994, anexo.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.55pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">56</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Véase el artículo 1 del proyecto de<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>declaración.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection50">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 36.15pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 36.15pt 0in 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">indígenas. Esta idea es también la de los oficiales
gubernamentales competentes de cierto número de países, entre los que figuran
Canadá, Nueva Zelandia y Guatemala.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">263.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Por último, el Relator Especial
está firmemente convencido de que el proceso de negociación y de búsqueda de
consentimiento inherente a la elaboración de tratados (en su sentido más
amplio) es el más adecuado no sólo para conseguir la efectiva contribución de
los indígenas a todo esfuerzo dirigido, en último término, al reconocimiento y
restitución de sus derechos y libertades, sino también para establecer unos
mecanismos prácticos que faciliten la realización y el respeto de sus derechos
ancestrales y de los que figuran en los textos nacionales e internacionales.
Esta es, pues, la estrategia más adecuada para la resolución del conflicto de
las cuestiones indígenas en todos los niveles y con un consentimiento libre y
consciente de los<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>indígenas.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 48.25pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">264.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">A su juicio, es también la forma
más adecuada para que los gobiernos puedan realmente responder a la petición
que les formulase la Conferencia Mundial de Derechos Humanos, en Viena en 1993,
para que velasen por la plena y libre participación de las poblaciones
indígenas en todos los aspectos de la sociedad, en particular en las cuestiones
que les interesen<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span><u>57</u>/.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">265.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En el caso de los pueblos
indígenas que han concertado tratados u otros instrumentos jurídicos con
colonos europeos y/o sus descendientes en el proceso de colonización, el
Relator Especial no ha podido hallar argumento jurídico suficiente para que
pueda defenderse la idea de que los indígenas han perdido su personalidad
jurídica internacional como naciones/pueblos. Las disposiciones de los tratados
que, según la versión y la construcción no indígenas, contienen renuncias
expresas de los pueblos indígenas a sus atributos como sujetos del derecho
internacional (en particular, a la jurisdicción sobre sus tierras y al control
exclusivo de su poder político y sus instituciones) son impugnadas
vigorosamente por la mayor parte de las poblaciones indígenas que el Relator
Especial ha<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>consultado.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">266.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Para rechazar esas disposiciones
se basan sobre todo en que su consentimiento no fue válido por haberse obtenido
por fraude y/o error inducido en cuanto al objeto y propósito del pacto, o al
hecho de que sus antecesores no conocían en absoluto ni siquiera la propia
existencia de las disposiciones de tal pacto o al hecho de que las tradiciones
y culturas ancestrales no les autorizaban en modo alguno a renuncian a esos
atributos (en particular en lo relativo a las tierras y a la<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>gobernación).</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">267.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Las partes estatales de tales
pactos -las que más se han beneficiado al obtener una jurisdicción sobre
antiguas tierras indígenas- consideran que realmente renunciaron a esos
atributos basándose en las disposiciones de su legislación doméstica y las
decisiones de sus tribunales domésticos, así como en las realidades del mundo
actual y el desarrollo histórico que ha conducido a la presente situación. Pero
el principio de que nadie puede actuar en contra de sus propios intereses
remonta a la antigua Roma y era válido como principio general del derecho en el
momento del<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>despojo.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 36.15pt; margin-top: 5.45pt; margin: 5.45pt 36.15pt 0in 19.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt; text-indent: 30pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">57</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Declaración
y Programa de Acción de Viena, adoptado por la Conferencia Mundial de Derechos
Humanos, el 25 de junio de 1993 (A/CONF.157/23), parte II, párr.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>31.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 97%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection51">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">268.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">A este respecto, el Relator
Especial se da perfecta cuenta de la no retroactividad de la Convención de
Viena sobre el Derecho de los Tratados <u>58</u>/ que entró en vigor en 1980.
Son partes de esta Convención un número considerable de Estados con poblaciones
indígenas que viven dentro de sus actuales fronteras. Ello no obstante, tiene
asimismo en cuenta que el texto adoptado en Viena no sólo se relaciona con la
elaboración de nuevas normas y conceptos del derecho internacional, sino
también con la codificación de los que habían sobrevivido a la prueba del
tiempo y que en 1969 formaban ya parte integrante del derecho internacional, o
bien como derecho consuetudinario o bien como derecho positivo integrante de
cierto número de instrumentos internacionales bilaterales y/o multilaterales ya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>existentes.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">269.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Considera el Relator Especial que
el contenido del artículo 27 de la Convención de Viena ("una parte no
podrá invocar las disposiciones de su derecho interno como justificación del
incumplimiento de un tratado...") era ya una norma propia del derecho
internacional en el momento en que ya se estaban desarrollando los procesos que
condujeron a la anulación y despojo de los atributos soberanos de las
poblaciones indígenas, por mucho que fueran en sentido contrario los tratados
concertados con ellos en su capacidad como sujetos reconocidos del derecho<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>internacional.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 54.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">270.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Estas reflexiones llevan a la
cuestión de si los tratados y otros instrumentos jurídicos concertados por
colonizadores europeos y sus sucesores con naciones indígenas siguen siendo o
no instrumentos internacionalmente válidos a la luz del derecho<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>internacional.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 44.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">271.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">El Relator Especial considera que,
en efecto, esos instrumentos mantienen su valor original y siguen siendo
plenamente vigentes y, por consiguiente, son fuente de derechos y obligaciones
para todas sus partes originales (o sus sucesores), que deberán respetar sus
disposiciones de buena<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>fe.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">272.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">El razonamiento jurídico que apoya
esa conclusión es muy sencillo y el Relator Especial no está diciendo nada
nuevo a ese respecto. Los tratados que no tienen fecha de expiración se
considera que mantienen su vigencia hasta que todas las partes decidan darlos
por terminados, a no ser que en el texto del propio instrumento se establezca
algo distinto o que sean declarados nulos y sin valor en debida forma. Esta es
una idea profundamente inscrita en el desarrollo conceptual, la normatividad
positiva y la jurisprudencia constante de las leyes municipales e
internacionales desde que el derecho romano alcanzó su cenit hace más de cinco
siglos, cuando se iniciara la moderna colonización<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>europea.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 87.75pt 87.8pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">273.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En virtud de sus investigaciones,
el Relator Especial ha reunido importantes pruebas de que los pueblos/naciones
indígenas que han mantenido relaciones de tratados con colonizadores no
indígenas y sus descendientes, están firmemente convencidos de que esos
instrumentos no sólo mantienen su validez y siguen siendo aplicables a su
actual situación sino que además son elementos fundamentales para su
supervivencia como poblaciones distintas. Todos los que han sido consultados -o
bien directamente en reuniones multitudinarias con ellos o bien por sus
respuestas al cuestionario del Relator Especial o por sus testimonios directos
o escritos- se han declarado claramente convencidos de<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;"> </span>que</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="font-size: 8.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.3pt; margin: 5.3pt 0in 0in 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">58</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Artículo 4 de la Convención. Véase la nota<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>13.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection52">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 36.15pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 36.15pt 0in 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">se siguen considerando obligados por las
disposiciones de los instrumentos que sus antecesores, o incluso ellos mismos,
concertaron con poblaciones no indígenas.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 44.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">274.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Las autoridades competentes de
ciertos países como, por ejemplo, Canadá y Nueva Zelandia, también han
comunicado al Relator Especial que sus respectivos gobiernos siguen
considerando que sus tratados con las poblaciones indígenas mantienen su plena
vigencia y efecto (aunque difieren radicalmente de sus contrapartes indígenas
en lo que respecta a la construcción del contenido de esos<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>tratados).</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 44.1pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 44.1pt 0in 19.6pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">275.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Ello no obstante, el Relator
Especial, en el curso de sus investigaciones y mediante observaciones <u>in
situ</u>, ha podido detectar un importante número de graves y evidentes
violaciones de las obligaciones legales de las que han sido causantes las
partes estatales de tales instrumentos (en particular de los llamados
"tratados históricos" y los compromisos jurídicos relativos a tierras
indígenas), en prácticamente todas las fases del proceso de domesticación descrito
en el capítulo III, en particular en la segunda mitad del siglo<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span>XIX.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">276.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">El caso más evidente a este
respecto es con toda probabilidad el despojo durante el último cuarto del siglo
XIX de Black Hills (en el actual estado de Dakota del Sur) del que fue víctima
la nación sioux. Según se disponía en el tratado de Fort Laramie de 1868, las
tierras que incluían a Black Hills habían sido reservadas para la nación
indígena <u>59</u>/. Debe advertirse que durante los litigios desencadenados
por esta acción, la Comisión de Reclamaciones Indias declaró <u>60</u>/ que
"con toda probabilidad en toda nuestra historia nunca podrá encontrarse un
caso más evidente y notorio de negociación deshonrosa", y que tanto el
Tribunal de Reclamaciones, en 1979, como el Tribunal Supremo de ese país <u>61</u>/
decidieron que el Gobierno de los Estados Unidos había tomado Black Hills
inconstitucionalmente en violación de la Constitución estadounidense. Pero la
legislación de los Estados Unidos permite que el Congreso, como fideicomisario
de las tierras indígenas, disponga de dichas propiedades, incluida su
transferencia al Gobierno estadounidense. Dado que la restitución de tierras
impropiamente tomadas por el Gobierno federal no entra dentro de la competencia
de los tribunales sino sólo dentro de la autoridad del Congreso, el Tribunal
Supremo se limitó a conceder a los sioux una indemnización de 17,5 millones de
dólares, más los intereses. Pero lo que interesaba a la parte indígena no era
el dinero sino la recuperación de sus tierras, que para los sioux poseen un
especialísimo valor espiritual, y por consiguiente se negaron a aceptar el
dinero, que, según la información de que ha podido disponer el Relator
Especial, queda como fondos no distribuidos en el Tesoro<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;"> </span>estadounidense.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 36.25pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">277.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Es sabido que el cumplimiento de
buena fe de las obligaciones legales que no estén en contradicción de la Carta
de las Naciones Unidas (artículo 2.2) se considera como uno de los principios
del actual derecho internacional positivo y uno de los más importantes
principios rectores de las relaciones internacionales, dado que de hecho es una
norma perentoria del<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>derecho</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.3pt; margin: 5.3pt 0in 0in 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">59</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>U.S. Stat. 635<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>(1868).</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 210%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.6pt; margin-right: 114.2pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 114.2pt 0in 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">60</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>207 Código de Trabajo. at 241, 518 F.2d at
1302 (1975). <u>61</u>/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><u>United
States c. Sioux Nation of Indians</u>, 448 U.S.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span>371.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 210%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection53">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 36.2pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 36.2pt 0in 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">internacional general (<u>ius cogens</u>).
Naturalmente, el artículo 26 de la Convención de Viena sobre el Derecho de los
Tratados incluye el principio de <u>pacta sunt servanda</u> como uno de los
pilares básicos del derecho de los tratados, y ya antes se ha hecho mención de
la importancia que reviste el artículo 27 de esa<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>Convención.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 56.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">278.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Debe asimismo recordarse que el
proyecto de declaración de las Naciones Unidas sobre los derechos de las poblaciones
indígenas expresa ese mismo concepto con particular énfasis. El artículo 36
establece que "Los pueblos indígenas tienen derecho a que los tratados,
acuerdos y otros arreglos constructivos concertados con los Estados o sus
sucesores sean reconocidos, observados y aplicados según su espíritu y
propósito originales y a que los Estados acaten y respeten esos tratados,
acuerdos y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>arreglos".</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">279.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Por otra parte, la cancelación
unilateral de un tratado o de cualquier otro instrumento internacional
jurídicamente vinculante o el no cumplimiento de las obligaciones que figuran
en sus disposiciones, ha sido y sigue siendo un comportamiento inaceptable
tanto para el derecho de las naciones como para el más moderno derecho
internacional. Lo mismo cabe decir en lo que respecta al incumplimiento de las
disposiciones de un tratado. Todas estas acciones determinan la responsabilidad
internacional del Estado implicado. Muchas naciones han declarado la guerra
ante una conducta como ésta por otras partes y frente a pactos mutuamente
acordados durante el período (desde el siglo XVI hasta fines del siglo XIX) en
el que la expansión colonial de los colonos europeos y sus sucesores alcanzaba
su punto<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>máximo.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">280.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">El Relator Especial ha llegado
asimismo a la conclusión de que varias de las situaciones conflictivas actuales
concernientes a tratados/acuerdos con indígenas guardan relación con la
existencia de diferencias sustanciales en cuanto a la conceptualización de sus
disposiciones, en particular las relativas al objeto y propósito del pacto en
cuestión. Un caso interesante al respecto es el del tratado de Waitangi. Los
maoríes y los pakeha lo conceptualizan de forma diferente en asuntos tan
fundamentales como las supuestas "transferencias" de gobernación y
soberanía, así como en cuanto al "título de propiedad de la tierra" a
colonos no indígenas, difiriendo también en el propósito del propio pacto. Un
conocido especialista <u>62</u>/ ha descrito cómo el principal negociador
británico, habiendo recibido instrucciones en el sentido de que debe asegurar
la soberanía británica sobre las tierras maoríes para ejercer un control
exclusivo sobre ellas de manera que pueda proseguirse una colonización
pacífica, dejó deliberadamente vago el significado del término
"soberanía" y ocultó a las partes maoríes el hecho de que el acuerdo
de cesión que estaban firmando significaría en último término una pérdida
significativa de poder maorí. Por consiguiente, a pesar de la confianza de los
maoríes de que el tratado les había confirmado sus derechos de propiedad, e
incluso sus derechos de <u>rangatiratanga</u>, aún más importantes, en último
término tendrán que ceder su autoridad a la Corona.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 87.75pt 87.8pt; text-indent: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">281.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Es preciso tomar en consideración
el hecho de que las prácticas indígenas en materia de elaboración de tratados
eran exclusivamente de<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;"> </span>carácter</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 54.2pt; margin-top: 5.45pt; margin: 5.45pt 54.2pt 0in 19.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt; text-indent: 30pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">62</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Claudia
Orange, <u>The treaty of Waitangi</u>, Allen &Unwin, Wellington, 1987, pp.
32-33 y<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>122.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 97%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection54">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 42.15pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 42.15pt 0in 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">oral y en este proceso no se producía ningún documento
escrito. Además, a las partes indígenas les resultaba extraordinariamente
difícil el ir siguiendo con precisión todos los aspectos de la negociación
mediante intérpretes (que con toda probabilidad no siempre eran muy exactos), y
eso por no mencionar la letra pequeña de la versión que se les sometía, en un
idioma extraño y por negociadores no indígenas. Además, en la mayor parte de
los casos los indígenas no podían presentar una versión escrita de cómo habían
comprendido los derechos y obligaciones establecidos en los instrumentos.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">282.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">El Relator Especial considera
importante destacar que su investigación ha revelado que los tratados, en
particular, concluidos con naciones indígenas, con frecuencia han tenido
resultados negativos en lo que respecta a los derechos indígenas. En muchas ocasiones,
y desde el lado no indígena, se han utilizado como instrumentos para adquirir
la "legítima propiedad"de tierras indígenas consiguiendo que quedaran
oficialmente "extinguidos" esos y todos los demás derechos de los
indígenas. En un documento sometido personalmente por un respetado jefe
indígena <u>63</u>/, en nombre de su nación, se advierte que en ocasiones se
utilizan otros tratados para forzar a los pueblos indígenas a entregar mediante
negociaciones sus derechos ancestrales y los concedidos por otros<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>tratados.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">283.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Por último, considerando el
limitadísimo número de datos disponible, en la fase final del estudio y en lo
que respecta a los tratados concertados entre Estados y que afectan a los
pueblos indígenas como partes terceras, el Relator Especial sólo puede ofrecer
una conclusión preliminar en el sentido de que según los datos disponibles las
partes indígenas afectadas no han expresado su aceptación de las obligaciones
consiguientes <u>64</u>/, ni han participado en la aplicación de esos<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>tratados.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 38.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">284.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Conviene asimismo hacer referencia
a la situación de pueblos indígenas que nunca han sido reconocidos como
naciones mediante instrumentos jurídicos internacionales formalizados por
negociación con Estados no indígenas. Particular atención merece la cuestión de
si hoy en día mantienen o no su calidad de naciones a la luz del derecho
internacional contemporáneo. La cuestión fundamental que a este respecto debe
plantearse es, a juicio del Relator Especial, la siguiente: ¿por qué medios
podría habérseles privado legalmente de esa calidad, siempre que su condición
de naciones haya sido originalmente inequívoca y no hayan renunciado
voluntariamente a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>ella?</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">285.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">El Relator Especial considera un
error vincular la determinación de la calidad jurídica "original" de
los pueblos indígenas como naciones (en el sentido contemporáneo del derecho
internacional) o como "no naciones" como único factor determinante de
si han formalizado o no sus relaciones con las potencias colonizadoras no
indígenas. No sólo ello es contrario a los principios del derecho natural sino
que además carece de lógica. El hecho de que algunos de ellos no tengan
relaciones jurídicas con potencias coloniales -en muchos<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;"> </span>casos,</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 42.15pt; margin-top: 5.45pt; margin: 5.45pt 42.15pt 0in 19.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt; text-indent: 30pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">63</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jefe Oren
Lyons de la Confederación Haudenosaunee. El documento fue sometido
personalmente al Relator Especial en febrero de<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>1998.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 60.15pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 60.15pt 0in 19.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt; text-indent: 30pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">64</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>El
artículo 35 de la Convención de Viena sobre el Derecho de los Tratados hace esa
aceptación indispensable para que pueda imponerse una obligación a partes
terceras de cualquier<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>tratado.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 97%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection55">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 36.15pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 36.15pt 0in 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">durante las primeras etapas de un proyecto
colonizador, a causa simplemente de que nunca se habían encontrado con los
recién llegados- no parece razón suficiente para que se establezca una
diferenciación drástica entre sus derechos y los derechos de los que sí
tuvieron esa relación.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">286.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Importa recordar que el moderno
derecho no indígena ha abandonado desde hace mucho tiempo la teoría de que la
ausencia de un reconocimiento jurídico/político oficial por una entidad
soberana (o por un grupo de ellas) puede determinar la existencia o no de un
estatuto jurídico internacional de otro. La teoría se consideró como una
aberración a la luz de los principios de la soberanía y la igualdad de derechos
de todos los Estados. Entidades internacionales no reconocidas por ciertos
miembros de la comunidad internacional siguen de todas formas ejerciendo sus
atributos como sujetos del derecho internacional y por consiguiente pueden
entablar relaciones con todos los demás sujetos internacionales interesados.
Todo lo que se necesita es que las entidades posean los elementos necesarios
para ser consideradas como sujetos internacionales: territorio, población, una
forma de gobierno institucionalizada y, por consiguiente, capacidad suficiente
para concertar acuerdos internacionales.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">287.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">También otras teorías no jurídicas
que se han utilizado como base para privar a pueblos indígenas en general de su
personalidad internacional original se han descartado a la luz de las nuevas
ideas y elaboraciones teóricas del moderno derecho internacional; por ejemplo,
el concepto de <u>terra nullius</u> ha sido oficialmente anulado por la Corte
Internacional de Justicia en su opinión consultiva sobre el caso relativo al <u>Sahara
occidental</u> <u>65</u>/, así como en la conocida decisión de 1992 <u>Mabo c.
Queensland</u> <u>66</u>/ adoptada por el Tribunal Supremo australiano. Además
la comunidad internacional ha rechazado ampliamente el que pueda despojarse a
nadie de esa calidad por conquista y fuerza armada. Las disposiciones al efecto
en la Carta de la Organización de Estados Americanos y en el artículo 2.4 de la
Carta de las Naciones Unidas demuestran que el derecho internacional
contemporáneo rechaza la noción de que la fuerza y la conquista puedan dar
ningún tipo de<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>derecho.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.55pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">288.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Por consiguiente, el Relator
Especial es de opinión que si aquellos pueblos indígenas que nunca han
entablado relaciones jurídicas formales, mediante tratados o de cualquier otra
manera, con autoridades no indígenas (cosa que han podido hacer otras poblaciones
indígenas que habitan el mismo territorio), desean reclamar para ellos mismos
la calidad jurídica de nación, hasta que se demuestre lo contrario deberá darse
por supuesto que no han dejado de disfrutar de esa calidad. Por consiguiente,
la carga de la prueba en sentido contrario corresponderá a la parte que ponga
en tela de juicio su calidad de nación. En toda posible adjudicación de algo
tan importante deberá tenerse debidamente en cuenta la evaluación de los
méritos del razonamiento jurídico utilizado como apoyo del argumento de que la
población indígena en cuestión ha perdido de alguna forma su calidad<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>original.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="font-size: 8.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 60.15pt; margin-top: 5.45pt; margin: 5.45pt 60.15pt 0in 19.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt; text-indent: 30pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">65</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Caso
relativo al Sahara occidental, Opinión Consultiva del 16 de octubre de 1975:
I.C.J. Reports 1975, pág.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>12.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.55pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">66</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>175 C.L.R. 1<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>(1992).</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection56">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">289.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Tras haber presentado en la
primera parte de este capítulo las conclusiones de su estudio, el Relator
Especial procede a formular sus recomendaciones finales. Al igual que cuando
preparó sus conclusiones, el Relator Especial considera necesario recordar
ciertos puntos de referencia generales -ya señalados en las primeras fases de
su trabajo- que a continuación deberán guiar la formulación de estas
recomendaciones.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">290.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">El Relator Especial considera útil
recordar que, de acuerdo con su mandato, este estudio no se va a limitar a un
análisis de anteriores instrumentos jurídicos y su importancia actual, ni
tampoco va a ser sólo una revisión de la aplicación o no aplicación actual de
esos instrumentos, sea cual fuere el valor que una tal revisión podría tener
tanto para el presente como para el<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>futuro.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 48.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">291.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Si se ha presentado una panorámica
histórica de la cuestión ello se ha debido a que el Relator Especial consideró
que sería útil para preparar una estrategia bien informada y que atendiese al
futuro sobre una cuestión fundamental, es decir la necesidad de evaluar en qué
medida la concertación de nuevos tratados, convenios y otros acuerdos
constructivos entre poblaciones indígenas y Estados pueden contribuir
eficazmente al establecimiento de unas bases más sólidas, duraderas y
equitativas para las relaciones que necesariamente habrán de mantener las
poblaciones indígenas y los<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>Estados.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">292.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Conviene asimismo recordar que el
Relator Especial ha considerado que el propósito final de su mandato consiste
en ofrecer elementos para poder lograr en la práctica la mayor promoción y
protección que sea posible, tanto en el derecho nacional como internacional, de
los derechos de las poblaciones indígenas y, en particular, de sus derechos
humanos y libertades fundamentales <u>67</u>/, creando para ello nuevas normas
jurídicas negociadas y aprobadas por todas las partes interesadas, en un
proceso que tienda a contribuir a crear una mutua confianza<u> 68</u>/ basada
en la buena fe, con entendimiento mutuo de los intereses vitales de la otra
parte y la profunda dedicación de todos los interesados a respetar los
resultados que puedan tener las negociaciones<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">
</span><u>69</u>/.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">293.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En esta situación, conviene volver
a un punto señalado antes en este mismo capítulo (párrafo 257): la mayor parte
de los casos/situaciones revisados por el Relator Especial corresponden a
situaciones conflictivas reales por definición o tienen la posibilidad de
desembocar en una situación conflictiva en cualquier momento y en las
circunstancias más<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>inesperadas.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">294.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En este contexto, nunca se
insistirá bastante en la necesidad de fomentar y favorecer el desarrollo de un
proceso de establecimiento de confianza. Se trata de un proceso que exige que
se adopten pasos positivos y que se evite toda medida que pueda exacerbar
situaciones conflictivas existentes. La primera recomendación del Relator
Especial está relacionada con este proceso que tan necesario<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>es.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="font-size: 7pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.3pt; margin: 5.3pt 0in 0in 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">67</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1988/Add.1, párr. 10, y
E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33, párr.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>71.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">68</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1988/24/Add.1, párr.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>14.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">69</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33, párr.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>85.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection57">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">295.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Pasos positivos en esa dirección
son, por ejemplo, el adoptado hace años por el entonces Primer Ministro de
Australia, Robert Hawke, reconociendo los daños causados por los primeros
colonos a los aborígenes, la reciente admisión por el Vaticano de determinados
aspectos del papel desempeñado por la Iglesia Católica en varios momentos de la
colonización de América Latina y el Apology Bill de 1993, aprobado por el
Congreso de los Estados Unidos en lo que respecta a Hawai. Debe estimularse a
los gobiernos de esos Estados a que tras esos pasos iniciales empiecen a
adoptar medidas eficaces. Se pide a otros gobiernos en circunstancias similares
que tengan el valor de hacer lo mismo en sus contextos sociales<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>específicos.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">296.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Del mismo modo, ciertas acciones
que podrían agravar situaciones conflictivas existentes o crear nuevos
conflictos deberán evitarse o deberán ser objeto de un moratoria inmediata <u>sine
die</u>. A juicio del Relator Especial abundan los ejemplos de lo que no deberá
hacerse: desahucios forzados (en el caso de la nación navajo en Arizona), la
imposición a pueblos indígenas de condiciones rigurosas con miras a inducirles
a que acepten la negociación (entre otros, es el caso de los cree del Lubikon
en Alberta), la fragmentación de naciones indígenas para incitarlas a pelearse
unas contra otras (como en el caso de la isla septentrional de Aotearoa/Nueva
Zelandia), ignorar y cortocircuitar a las autoridades tradicionales promoviendo
la instalación de nuevas autoridades con arreglo a reglamentos no indígenas (como
en cierto número de casos en los Estados Unidos), la continuación de
"proyectos de desarrollo" en detrimento del hábitat indígena (como es
el caso del río Bio-Bio en Chile), todo intento de utilizar estrategias de
diversión con miras a centrar la atención sobre los derechos individuales por
oposición a los derechos colectivos/comunales (como ha denunciado la
Confederación Haudenosaunee), etc. Será preciso evitar cuidadosamente todas las
medidas de ese<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>tipo.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">297.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Este comportamiento estaría de
acuerdo con una de las características fundamentales del criterio originalmente
adoptado por el Relator Especial acerca del sentido que deben adoptar sus
conclusiones y recomendaciones, de manera que contribuyan a fomentar nuevas
relaciones basadas en el respeto mutuo, la armonía y la cooperación, en lugar
de una actitud de ignorar a la otra parte, de confrontación y de<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>repulsa.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">298.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En lo que respecta a las
recomendaciones en el sentido de que se evalúe en toda su importancia y se
canalicen adecuadamente las potencialidades reconocidas de tratados/acuerdos y
otras disposiciones constructivas, así como el acto de elaboración de tratados
(también en este caso en su sentido más amplio), como elementos para la
reglamentación de unas futuras relaciones más positivas y menos antagonistas
entre pueblos indígenas y Estados, será preciso tomar plenamente en
consideración dos procesos a los que ya se ha referido el Relator Especial en
el curso de su trabajo: i) la historia de las relaciones en cuanto a tratados
entre pueblos indígenas y Estados, en especial las lecciones que pueden
deducirse del análisis del proceso de domesticación en las antiguas coloniales
europeas (véase el capítulo III); ii) la lógica subyacente a las negociaciones
y a ciertos procesos políticos que se desarrollan entre Estados y pueblos
indígenas en varios<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>países.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.55pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 87.75pt 87.8pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">299.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En lo que se refiere a los dos
procesos antes mencionados, la principal lección que puede deducirse de la
historia se refiere a los<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>problemas</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection58">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 58.0pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 58pt 0in 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">de la imposición y ejecución de los tratados. El
Relator Especial ofrecerá cierto número de recomendaciones sobre esta cuestión
fundamental.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">300.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Es evidente que el problema que se
plantea a este respecto no se desprende de la falta de disposiciones sino más
bien del hecho de que la parte estatal no haya cumplido esas disposiciones. Un
caso demostrativo es el de los Estados Unidos, el país que posee el mayor
número de tratados reconocidos (unos 400) con naciones indígenas, la mayor
parte de ellos pasados al olvido por medidas unilaterales adoptadas o bien por
las autoridades federales o bien por el Congreso.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">301.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">La historia demuestra que los
órganos estatales disponen de gran diversidad de medios, judiciales incluidos,
para despreciar unilateralmente disposiciones de tratados que supongan una
sobrecarga para el Estado, desprecio que puede acompañarse de respeto a las
disposiciones favorables para la parte estatal.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">302.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En cuanto al razonamiento
subyacente a las negociaciones y demás contactos políticos actuales entre
Estados y pueblos indígenas, es preciso formular dos observaciones. La primera
está relacionada con lo que se podría llamar "no negociable", por
ejemplo el principio de extinción del llamado título de propiedad nativo como
condición para la solución de reclamaciones indígenas. Queda por ver en qué
medida la existencia de este "no negociable" -si lo imponen los
negociadores estatales- incluye no sólo la validez de los acuerdos ya
concertados sino también los que se van a concertar. El libre consentimiento de
los pueblos indígenas, esencial para que esos pactos sean jurídicamente aptos,
podría verse seriamente amenazado por esta forma de presión particularmente
eficaz.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">303.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">La segunda observación se refiere
a la cuestión del "autogobierno" y la "autonomía" que en
ciertos casos se ofrecen como sustituto del pleno ejercicio de los derechos
ancestrales relacionados con la gobernación, que ahora van a extinguirse. Para
evitar nuevos problemas en el futuro, el Relator Especial considera necesario
recomendar que ambas partes -pero en particular la indígena- evalúen
cuidadosamente las posibles ventajas e inconvenientes de tales regímenes, a la
luz de la historia de la concertación, ejecución y respeto a tratados
resultantes de antiguas negociaciones entre naciones indígenas y estados.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 50.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">304.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Por las mismas razones es
especialmente importante evaluar con precisión (o reevaluar), desde ese mismo
punto de referencia, la pertinencia y utilidad potencial que esa categoría casi
jurídica denominada "acuerdos constructivos" han tenido para pueblos
indígenas que aún se ven privados de toda relación formal y consensuada con los
Estados en los que están<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>viviendo.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">305.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En lo que respecta a las
recomendaciones sobre otra cuestión crucial en cuanto a los aspectos de futuro
de este estudio, debe señalarse que el Relator Especial, al comienzo de su
trabajo, seleccionó tres elementos que merecen investigarse en lo que respecta
a la cuestión de los mecanismos de solución de conflictos. Esos tres elementos
eran: i) la capacidad real de los mecanismos existentes para hacer frente de
manera pronta y, en lo posible, preventiva a las situaciones conflictivas; ii)
la cuestión delicada de la jurisdicción nacional frente a la jurisdicción
internacional; iii) la forma como podría conseguirse<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>la</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection59">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-left: 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">participación efectiva en esos mecanismos de todas
las partes interesadas, en particular la parte indígena <u>70</u>/.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">306.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Anteriormente en el presente
informe (párr. 261) el Relator Especial advirtió que existía la opinión
generalizada de que, viendo cuál es la situación en la que se encuentran hoy en
día los pueblos indígenas, puede concluirse que los mecanismos existentes,
administrativos o judiciales, dentro de las esferas no indígenas de gobierno no
han sido capaces de sacarles de sus apuros. Esta idea le obliga a formular
varias recomendaciones sobre la<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>materia,</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 48.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">307.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En primer lugar, recomienda que
los Estados que posean una población indígena considerable establezcan una
jurisdicción totalmente nueva y especial para que se ocupe exclusivamente de
cuestiones indígenas, y que sea independiente de las estructuras
gubernamentales existentes (centrales o no) pero financiada con fondos
públicos; esa nueva estructura iría reemplazando gradualmente a los actuales
servicios gubernamentales burocráticos/administrativos encargados de esas<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>cuestiones.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">308.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Esta jurisdicción especial habría
de tener, a juicio del Relator Especial, cuatro ramas especializadas
(permanentes y con la adecuada plantilla de personal profesional):</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 53.7pt; margin-right: 38.1pt; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 38.1pt 0in 53.7pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: -34.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">un órgano consultivo de solución
de conflictos al que hubieran de someterse obligatoriamente todas las disputas,
incluidas las relativas a la aplicación de tratados, que puedan surgir entre
pueblos indígenas, y personas, entidades e instituciones (incluidas
instituciones gubernamentales) no indígenas, y que tuviera poder suficiente
para incitar a la negociación y realizarla entre las partes interesadas y para
formular las recomendaciones que considerara pertinentes para resolver la
controversia;</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 53.7pt; margin-right: 44.1pt; margin-top: .35pt; margin: 0.35pt 44.1pt 0in 53.7pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: -34.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">un órgano que, mediante
negociaciones con las poblaciones indígenas interesadas, preparase: a) nuevos
instrumentos jurídicos bilaterales, consensuados y legalmente vinculantes junto
con las poblaciones indígenas interesadas y b) nuevas leyes u otros tipos de
propuestas que se sometiesen a los correspondientes órganos legislativos y
administrativos gubernamentales con miras a ir creando gradualmente un nuevo
orden jurídico institucionalizado aplicable a todas las cuestiones indígenas y
que esté de acuerdo con las necesidades de los pueblos<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>indígenas;</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 53.7pt; margin-right: 44.1pt; margin-top: .35pt; margin: 0.35pt 44.1pt 0in 53.7pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: -34.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">un órgano colegiado judicial al
que se hubiesen de someter obligatoriamente todos los casos que después de un
período razonable de tiempo no se hayan resuelto mediante las recomendaciones
del órgano consultivo. Este organismo tendría poder suficiente para emitir
juicios sobre estos casos y adoptar decisiones definitivas que pudieran
imponerse mediante el uso del poder coercitivo del<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>Estado;</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 53.7pt; margin-right: 44.1pt; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 44.1pt 0in 53.7pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: -34.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iv)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">una rama administrativa encargada
de todos los aspectos logísticos de las relaciones entre no indígenas e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>indígenas.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">309.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">El Relator Especial se da perfecta
cuenta de los numerosos obstáculos que puede encontrar una estrategia tan
innovadora y orientada hacia el futuro. Por mencionar sólo uno, no es difícil
darse cuenta de los importantes intereses que pueden verse afectados por la
redundancia de las estructuras<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> </span>actualmente</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="font-size: 5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.3pt; margin: 5.3pt 0in 0in 49.6pt; tab-stops: 91.6pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">70</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33, párr.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>118.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection60">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 36.15pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 36.15pt 0in 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">existentes y encargadas de las cuestiones indígenas
en muchos países. Esta estrategia sólo puede ser viable si existe una firme
determinación política, sobre todo por parte de los líderes del sector no
indígena de la sociedad. Están asimismo claros otros elementos esenciales: la
participación efectiva de los pueblos indígenas -preferiblemente en un pie de
igualdad con los pueblos no indígenas- en los cuatro sectores de actividad
recomendados es absolutamente fundamental para la "filosofía" que orienta
todos los criterios del Relator Especial sobre esta cuestión.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">310.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Evidentemente sólo se ha hecho
aquí un simple esquema de la nueva estructura institucional recomendada. Es
mucho lo que queda por hacer para rellenar esta evidente laguna. Aunque el
Relator Especial no carece de ideas acerca de cómo rellenar algunos de los
fosos, ha considerado que lo mejor será que en una fase ulterior y alrededor de
una mesa de negociación, las propias partes interesadas de los distintos países
se ocupen de los detalles. La forma como se organice y conduzca el proceso
negociador podría realmente ser la prueba definitiva de las ventajas que pueda
ofrecer su recomendación y de la viabilidad de la estructura propuesta en un
determinado contexto<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>sociopolítico.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">311.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Para proponer las recomendaciones
antes expuestas, el Relator Especial se ha beneficiado de las interesantísimas
ideas sobre este mismo tema formuladas en el informe final (1996) de la Real
Comisión sobre Pueblos Aborígenes, establecida por el Gobierno de Canadá<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><u>71</u>/.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">312.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Aunque en general se considera que
las cuestiones litigiosas consecutivas a tratados o a disposiciones
constructivas que afecten a pueblos indígenas deben discutirse en el ámbito
nacional, de todas formas también merece tomarse en consideración la dimensión
internacional de los problemas que plantean los tratados.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 48.15pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 48.15pt 0in 19.6pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">313.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Una cuestión fundamental es la
relacionada con la conveniencia de un mecanismo judicial internacional que
pueda entender las reclamaciones o quejas procedentes de pueblos indígenas, en
particular las consecutivas a tratados y disposiciones constructivas que
presenten aspectos<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>internacionales.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 48.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">314.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">El Relator Especial sabe que los
Estados han expresado con frecuencia su reticencia acerca de que todas estas
cuestiones vuelvan a ser abiertamente discutidas y se adopten decisiones al
respecto en foros internacionales. En realidad, incluso podría estar de acuerdo
con ellos en que ciertas cuestiones (por ejemplo, las disputas relativas a la
aplicación y respeto a los tratados) sería más práctico que se examinaran y decidieran
exclusivamente dentro de la jurisdicción doméstica hasta agotar todas las
posibilidades de<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>ésta.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 42.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">315.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">De todas formas, considera que no
debe desecharse de antemano la idea de los beneficios que podría aportar el
establecimiento de un órgano internacional (por ejemplo, el propuesto foro
permanente de poblaciones indígenas) que, en ciertas circunstancias y con
previa autorización general o para<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>temas</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 108%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 36.15pt; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 36.15pt 0in 19.6pt; text-indent: 78pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">particulares de los Estados
interesados, tuviese poder para adoptar una decisión final en las disputas
entre los pueblos indígenas que viven dentro</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 78.15pt; margin-top: 5.45pt; margin: 5.45pt 78.15pt 0in 19.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 30pt;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">71</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">/ <u>Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal
Peoples</u>, Vol. 2, "Restructuring the relationship" Part One,
Ottawa; Minister of Supply and Services, 1996.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 97%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection61">
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-left: 19.6pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">de las fronteras de un Estado moderno y las
instituciones no indígenas incluidas instituciones estatales.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">316.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En cualquier caso, el Relator
Especial recomienda que lo antes posible se convoque un taller patrocinado por
las Naciones Unidas y que entre dentro del marco del Decenio Internacional de
los Pueblos Indígenas, que lanzaría un debate bien informado sobre las ventajas
e inconvenientes que podría tener el establecimiento de un órgano internacional
como el<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>propuesto.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">317.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Un último punto sobre el tema: al
aumentar la inquietud internacional en lo que respecta a todos los derechos
humanos y problemas afines, hay un elemento que está bien claro a juicio del
Relator Especial: cuanto más eficaces y desarrollados estén los mecanismos
nacionales de solución de conflictos sobre cuestiones indígenas, menos
necesario será que se establezca un órgano internacional con ese mismo fin.
También es cierto lo contrario: la inexistencia, el mal funcionamiento, el
enfoque discriminatorio antiindígena o la ineficacia de las instituciones
nacionales darán nuevos argumentos a las opciones internacionales. Este podría
ser uno de los mejores argumentos a favor del establecimiento (o
fortalecimiento) de unos canales internos adecuados y eficaces para la
aplicación/respeto de los derechos indígenas y la solución de conflictos sobre
cuestiones relacionadas con los<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>indígenas.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">318.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Otra recomendación que considera
que debe dirigirse a las instituciones estatales competentes en cuestiones
indígenas es que, en el proceso de adopción de decisiones sobre temas de
interés para los pueblos indígenas, apliquen y preparen (o sigan haciéndolo)
las disposiciones de la legislación nacional y las normas e instrumentos
internacionales de la forma que sea más favorable para los pueblos indígenas,
pero, en particular, en los casos relativos a los derechos de los tratados. En
todos los casos, en cuestiones de tratados/acuerdos/disposiciones
constructivas, a la interpretación que haga la parte indígena del contenido de
esos instrumentos se le concederá el mismo valor que a la interpretación de la
parte no indígena sobre la misma<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>cuestión.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">319.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">El Relator Especial recomienda
asimismo que las disposiciones de los tratados/acuerdos entre pueblos indígenas
y Estados, siempre que existan se apliquen de buena fe en la mayor medida
posible, desde una perspectiva de búsqueda de justicia y de reconciliación. En
caso de que la propia existencia (o la validez actual) sea objeto de disputa,
el reconocimiento formal de ese instrumento como punto jurídico de referencia
en las relaciones entre el Estado y los pueblos en cuestión contribuirá en gran
medida a un proceso de establecimiento de confianza que aporte beneficios
considerables. A este respecto el Relator Especial recomienda encarecidamente
que se concluya el proceso de ratificación de los tratados/acuerdos que ya
estén totalmente negociados con los pueblos<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>indígenas.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 60.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">320.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">En el caso de las obligaciones
establecidas en tratados bilaterales o multilaterales concertados por Estados y
en los que pueblos indígenas sean partes terceras y puedan verse afectados por
esos instrumentos, el Relator Especial recomienda que la parte estatal trate de
obtener el consentimiento libre e informado de las partes indígenas antes de
que traten de imponer las obligaciones en<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>cuestión.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 48.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">321.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">El Relator Especial recomienda
además que las autoridades estatales no inicien o prosigan el desarrollo de
proyectos que puedan causar daños al medio ambiente de tierras indígenas y/o
afectar negativamente a sus actividades económicas tradicionales, sus
ceremonias religiosas o su patrimonio cultural, sin que antes hayan encargado
los adecuados estudios ecológicos que permitan determinar cuál va a ser el
verdadero impacto negativo de esos<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>proyectos.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 48.15pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">322.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Por último, en lo que respecta a
las actividades relacionadas con cuestiones indígenas de la Oficina del Alto
Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos, el Relator
Especial<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>recomienda:</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 53.7pt; margin-right: 80.1pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 80.1pt 0in 53.7pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: -34.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">un incremento permanente y
considerable en la plantilla de personal asignada a esas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>actividades;</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 53.7pt; margin-right: 38.1pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 38.1pt 0in 53.7pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: -34.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">el establecimiento lo antes
posible de una sección dentro del Registro de Tratados de las Naciones Unidas a
la que se asigne la responsabilidad de localizar, acopiar, registrar, numerar y
publicar todos los tratados concertados entre pueblos indígenas y Estados. En
este proceso deberá concederse la debida atención a que haya acceso a la
versión oral indígena de los instrumentos en<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">
</span>cuestión;</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 53.7pt; margin-right: 38.1pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 38.1pt 0in 53.7pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: -34.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">dentro del marco del Programa de
Acción para el Decenio Internacional de las Poblaciones Indígenas del Mundo y
en la fecha más próxima posible, se convoquen tres talleres relativos a: el
establecimiento de un mecanismo de solución de conflictos sobre cuestiones
indígenas; las modalidades de compensar los efectos del proceso histórico de
expoliación de la tierra sufrido por los pueblos indígenas; y la
aplicación/respeto de los derechos indígenas en el contexto de los<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>tratados;</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 53.7pt; margin-right: 68.2pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 68.2pt 0in 53.7pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 53.7pt 53.75pt; text-indent: -34.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">promover la creación de una página
Internet dedicada exclusivamente a cuestiones indígenas y a las actividades de
las Naciones Unidas relacionadas con los intereses de los indígenas.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p><style>@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:none;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";}p.MsoBodyText, li.MsoBodyText, div.MsoBodyText
{mso-style-priority:1;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-link:"Body Text Char";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:none;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:9.5pt;
font-family:"Courier New";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";}p.MsoListParagraph, li.MsoListParagraph, div.MsoListParagraph
{mso-style-priority:1;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:36.15pt;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:19.6pt;
mso-pagination:none;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";}span.BodyTextChar
{mso-style-name:"Body Text Char";
mso-style-priority:1;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:"Body Text";
mso-ansi-font-size:9.5pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt;
font-family:"Courier New";
mso-ascii-font-family:"Courier New";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New";}p.TableParagraph, li.TableParagraph, div.TableParagraph
{mso-style-name:"Table Paragraph";
mso-style-priority:1;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
margin-top:5.95pt;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;
mso-pagination:none;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";}.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:11.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}.MsoPapDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-pagination:none;
text-autospace:none;}div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}div.WordSection2
{page:WordSection2;}div.WordSection3
{page:WordSection3;}div.WordSection4
{page:WordSection4;}div.WordSection5
{page:WordSection5;}div.WordSection6
{page:WordSection6;}div.WordSection7
{page:WordSection7;}div.WordSection8
{page:WordSection8;}div.WordSection9
{page:WordSection9;}div.WordSection10
{page:WordSection10;}div.WordSection11
{page:WordSection11;}div.WordSection12
{page:WordSection12;}div.WordSection13
{page:WordSection13;}div.WordSection14
{page:WordSection14;}div.WordSection15
{page:WordSection15;}div.WordSection16
{page:WordSection16;}div.WordSection17
{page:WordSection17;}div.WordSection18
{page:WordSection18;}div.WordSection19
{page:WordSection19;}div.WordSection20
{page:WordSection20;}div.WordSection21
{page:WordSection21;}div.WordSection22
{page:WordSection22;}div.WordSection23
{page:WordSection23;}div.WordSection24
{page:WordSection24;}div.WordSection25
{page:WordSection25;}div.WordSection26
{page:WordSection26;}div.WordSection27
{page:WordSection27;}div.WordSection28
{page:WordSection28;}div.WordSection29
{page:WordSection29;}div.WordSection30
{page:WordSection30;}div.WordSection31
{page:WordSection31;}div.WordSection32
{page:WordSection32;}div.WordSection33
{page:WordSection33;}div.WordSection34
{page:WordSection34;}div.WordSection35
{page:WordSection35;}div.WordSection36
{page:WordSection36;}div.WordSection37
{page:WordSection37;}div.WordSection38
{page:WordSection38;}div.WordSection39
{page:WordSection39;}div.WordSection40
{page:WordSection40;}div.WordSection41
{page:WordSection41;}div.WordSection42
{page:WordSection42;}div.WordSection43
{page:WordSection43;}div.WordSection44
{page:WordSection44;}div.WordSection45
{page:WordSection45;}div.WordSection46
{page:WordSection46;}div.WordSection47
{page:WordSection47;}div.WordSection48
{page:WordSection48;}div.WordSection49
{page:WordSection49;}div.WordSection50
{page:WordSection50;}div.WordSection51
{page:WordSection51;}div.WordSection52
{page:WordSection52;}div.WordSection53
{page:WordSection53;}div.WordSection54
{page:WordSection54;}div.WordSection55
{page:WordSection55;}div.WordSection56
{page:WordSection56;}div.WordSection57
{page:WordSection57;}div.WordSection58
{page:WordSection58;}div.WordSection59
{page:WordSection59;}div.WordSection60
{page:WordSection60;}div.WordSection61
{page:WordSection61;}div.WordSection62
{page:WordSection62;}ol
{margin-bottom:0in;}ul
{margin-bottom:0in;}</style> <br /></p>chantlacahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15255116987351106636noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6069514271337748470.post-68642393962447121752021-06-08T14:52:00.007-07:002021-06-20T04:47:04.644-07:00UN Treaty Study Final Report by Miguel Alfonso Martínez, Special Rapporteur (1999)<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1_62S1L5vndXxM1EFRCT99_aRGvRpXr7n/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">DOWNLOAD PDF</span></b></span></a><br /><br />HUMAN RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES<br /><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1_62S1L5vndXxM1EFRCT99_aRGvRpXr7n/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Study on treaties, agreements and other constructive arrangements<br />between States and indigenous populations</b></span></a><br /><span style="font-size: large;">Final report by Miguel Alfonso Martínez, Special Rapporteur<br /><br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3lfhoAnPLrRBrwQ43YbEwhwWgsdePe_-iE1fzq4cvx0z7txGYA1WfNYZbrzNloywGyXSu11b7Dnsl9xmV8fvKSJFFX1vXpu0nIx7WWibqgqAMLkhznYVtm7_zqGoaRSXGzVd9Rc3b9wI/s640/1C000042-09B4-4098-A714-45567228046A.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="468" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3lfhoAnPLrRBrwQ43YbEwhwWgsdePe_-iE1fzq4cvx0z7txGYA1WfNYZbrzNloywGyXSu11b7Dnsl9xmV8fvKSJFFX1vXpu0nIx7WWibqgqAMLkhznYVtm7_zqGoaRSXGzVd9Rc3b9wI/w468-h640/1C000042-09B4-4098-A714-45567228046A.jpeg" width="468" /></a></div>
<div class="WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 121%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.35pt; margin-right: 393.65pt; margin-top: 3.25pt; margin: 3.25pt 393.65pt 0in 5.35pt;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="height: 44px; left: 0px; margin-left: 527px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251661312;">
</span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody><tr>
<td height="44" style="vertical-align: top;" width="28"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251661312;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody><tr>
<td>
<div class="shape" style="padding: 0pt;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 40.2pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 36pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Courier New";">E</span></b></p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span> </td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 121%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Courier New";">UNITED <span style="mso-font-width: 95%;">NATIONS</span></span></b>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Courier New";"> </span></b></p>
</div>
<span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Courier New";"><br clear="all" style="break-before: auto; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection2">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 128%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 90.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; margin: 4.8pt 0in 0in 90.35pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 15.5pt; line-height: 128%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Courier New";">Economic and Social Council</span></b></p>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-column-break-before: always; mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Courier New";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.7pt; margin-right: 158.85pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 158.85pt 0in 9.7pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Distr.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.7pt; margin-right: 158.85pt; margin-top: 1.0pt; margin: 1pt 158.85pt 0in 9.7pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">GENERAL</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 9.7pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1999/20</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 220%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.7pt; margin-right: 92.85pt; margin-top: 1.25pt; margin: 1.25pt 92.85pt 0in 9.7pt; tab-stops: 75.7pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">22 June 1999 Original:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>ENGLISH</p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 220%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: auto; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection3">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 5.1pt; margin-left: 2.85pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-size: 5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-text-raise: -.5pt; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"></span><span style="font-size: 5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 5.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 34.4pt; margin-right: 301.4pt; margin-top: 1.25pt; margin: 1.25pt 301.4pt 0in 34.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.05pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Sub•Commission on
Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Fifty•first session</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 1.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Item 7 of the provisional agenda</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .4pt; margin: 0.4pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 61.6pt; margin-right: 57.75pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 57.75pt 0in 61.6pt; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">HUMAN RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .55pt; margin: 0.55pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 62.0pt; margin-right: 57.75pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 57.75pt 0in 62pt; text-align: center;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Study on treaties,
agreements and other constructive arrangements</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"> <u>between States and indigenous populations</u></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 61.85pt; margin-right: 57.75pt; margin-top: 5.3pt; margin: 5.3pt 57.75pt 0in 61.85pt; text-align: center;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Final report by Miguel Alfonso Martínez, Special
Rapporteur</span></u></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .35pt; margin: 0.35pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 61.55pt; margin-right: 57.75pt; margin-top: 5.3pt; margin: 5.3pt 57.75pt 0in 61.55pt; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">CONTENTS</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .35pt; margin: 0.35pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 18.25pt; margin-top: 5.3pt; margin: 5.3pt 18.25pt 0in 0in; tab-stops: 71.95pt; text-align: right;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Paragraphs</span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><u>Page</u></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .35pt; margin: 0.35pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 5.25pt; tab-stops: 106.4pt 411.45pt 441.45pt right 484.3pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Introduction<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>.
.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>33<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 13.0pt; margin: 13pt 0in 0in 56.25pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 56.25pt 56.3pt 238.4pt 405.45pt 441.45pt right 484.3pt; text-indent: -23.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">SOME KEY
POINTS<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>OF<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>DEPARTURE<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>. . . . . . .
. .<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>. .<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>34<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>92<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>7</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 13.0pt; margin: 13pt 0in 0in 27pt; tab-stops: 56.25pt 405.45pt right 484.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">II.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>SUMMARY
OF FINDINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>93
• 167<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>16</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 79.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 13.0pt; margin: 13pt 0in 0in 79.05pt; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo14; tab-stops: 79.05pt 79.1pt; text-indent: -22.85pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Treaties/agreements
between indigenous peoples</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 79.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.0pt; margin: 1pt 0in 0in 79.05pt; tab-stops: 154.4pt 399.45pt right 484.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>States<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>. .<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>108
• 127<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>18</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 18.85pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody><tr style="height: 47.2pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 47.2pt; padding: 0in; width: 363.4pt;" valign="top" width="485">
<p align="left" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 60.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in 60.55pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 60.55pt 60.6pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -22.85pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Other
constructive arrangements . . . . . . .<span style="letter-spacing: -3.3pt;"> </span>.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p align="left" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top: 0.45pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p align="left" class="TableParagraph" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 60.55pt; margin-right: 44.65pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 44.65pt 0in 60.55pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 60.55pt 60.6pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -22.8pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Situations lacking specific bilateral legal
instruments to govern relations<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>between</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 47.2pt; padding: 0in; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51">
<p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 2.85pt; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 2.85pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">128</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 47.2pt; padding: 0in; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 2.9pt; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 2.9pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 103%;">•</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 47.2pt; padding: 0in; width: 30.5pt;" valign="top" width="41">
<p align="left" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in 3.05pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">146</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 47.2pt; padding: 0in; width: 23.95pt;" valign="top" width="32">
<p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 2.3pt; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 2.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">21</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="height: 17.75pt; padding: 0in; width: 363.4pt;" valign="top" width="485">
<p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 17.4pt; margin-top: .55pt; margin: 0.55pt 17.4pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">indigenous
peoples and States . . . . . . . .<span style="letter-spacing: -3.6pt;"> </span>.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 17.75pt; padding: 0in; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51">
<p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 2.85pt; margin-top: .55pt; margin: 0.55pt 2.85pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">147</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 17.75pt; padding: 0in; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 2.9pt; margin-top: .55pt; margin: 0.55pt 2.9pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 103%;">•</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 17.75pt; padding: 0in; width: 30.5pt;" valign="top" width="41">
<p align="left" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .55pt; margin: 0.55pt 0in 0in 3.05pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">167</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 17.75pt; padding: 0in; width: 23.95pt;" valign="top" width="32">
<p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 2.3pt; margin-top: .55pt; margin: 0.55pt 2.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">24</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="height: 17.85pt; padding: 0in; width: 363.4pt;" valign="top" width="485">
<p align="left" class="TableParagraph" style="line-height: 10.3pt; margin-left: 2.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 37.75pt 181.75pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">III.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A LOOK AT<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">
</span>THE<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>PRESENT:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>ORIGIN, DEVELOPMENT AND</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 17.85pt; padding: 0in; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51">
<p align="left" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Courier New";"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 17.85pt; padding: 0in; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<p align="left" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Courier New";"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 17.85pt; padding: 0in; width: 30.5pt;" valign="top" width="41">
<p align="left" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Courier New";"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 17.85pt; padding: 0in; width: 23.95pt;" valign="top" width="32">
<p align="left" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Courier New";"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="height: 17.85pt; padding: 0in; width: 363.4pt;" valign="top" width="485">
<p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 17.45pt; margin-top: .7pt; margin: 0.7pt 17.45pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">CONSEQUENCES
OF THE DOMESTICATION PROCESS . . . . .</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 17.85pt; padding: 0in; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51">
<p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 2.85pt; margin-top: .7pt; margin: 0.7pt 2.85pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">168</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 17.85pt; padding: 0in; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 2.9pt; margin-top: .7pt; margin: 0.7pt 2.9pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 103%;">•</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 17.85pt; padding: 0in; width: 30.5pt;" valign="top" width="41">
<p align="left" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .7pt; margin: 0.7pt 0in 0in 3.05pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">244</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 17.85pt; padding: 0in; width: 23.95pt;" valign="top" width="32">
<p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 2.3pt; margin-top: .7pt; margin: 0.7pt 2.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">26</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="height: 17.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 363.4pt;" valign="top" width="485">
<p class="TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.85pt; margin-right: 17.45pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 29.25pt 125.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">IV.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>LOOKING<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>AHEAD:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 17.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51">
<p class="TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.85pt; margin-right: 2.85pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">245</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 17.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<p class="TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.85pt; margin-right: 2.9pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 103%;">•</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 17.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 30.5pt;" valign="top" width="41">
<p align="left" class="TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.85pt; margin-left: 3.05pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">322</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 17.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 23.95pt;" valign="top" width="32">
<p class="TableParagraph" style="line-height: 9.85pt; margin-right: 2.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">38</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="tab-stops: 100.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">GE.99•13773<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(E)</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection4">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 61.6pt; margin-right: 57.75pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 57.75pt 0in 61.6pt; text-align: center;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Introduction</span></u></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.15pt; margin: 5.15pt 0in 0in 58.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: -36.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In volume
V (Conclusions, proposals and recommendations) </span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">1 </span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"> </span>his</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: 1.0pt; margin: 1pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">monumental <u>Study of the Problem of
Discrimination against Indigenous</u> <u>Populations</u>, Mr. Martínez Cobo
stressed the paramount importance for indigenous peoples and nations in various
countries and regions of the world of the treaties concluded with present
nation-States or with the countries acting as colonial administering Powers at
the time in question.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">He concluded that a thorough and
careful study should be made of various areas covered by the provisions of such
treaties and agreements, the official force of such provisions at present, the
observance, or lack of observance, of such provisions, and the consequences all
that might entail for indigenous peoples and nations parties to such treaties
or<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>agreements.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 43.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 43.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 400.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">He further noted that in preparing
such a study, account must necessarily be taken of the points of view of all
parties involved, a task requiring the examination of a large volume<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>documentation.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>For obvious reasons, that was an undertaking
that could not be carried out within the framework of his own<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>study.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 292.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">He therefore recommended that a
thorough study devoted exclusively to that subject should be undertaken in the
light of existing principles and norms in the field and the opinions and data
submitted by all interested parties, primarily the Governments and indigenous
nations and peoples that had signed and ratified treaties<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> </span>or<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>agreements.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He believed that only a
thorough study could help determine with the necessary accuracy the present
status of international agreements involving indigenous peoples.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">2</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 58.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: -36.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Taking up
an initiative of its Working Group on<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>Indigenous</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 1.05pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Populations, </span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">3 </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">at its thirty-ninth session, the Sub-Commission on
Prevention</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: 1.0pt; margin: 1pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 442.5pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities
acted upon Mr. Martínez Cobo's recommendation by adopting resolution 1987/17 of
2 September 1987, entitled “Study on treaties concluded between indigenous
peoples<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>States”.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
taking such action, the Sub-Commission was consistent with<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>its</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">resolution 1984/35 A of 30 August 1984, in which it
had decided to consider Mr. Martínez Cobo's conclusions, proposals and
recommendations as an appropriate source for its future work on the question of
discrimination against indigenous populations and for the work of its Working
Group on Indigenous Populations.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin-right: 55.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In its resolution 1987/17, the
Sub-Commission requested Mr. Miguel Alfonso Martínez to prepare, on the basis
of the opinions and data<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>in</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 18.7pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Mr. Martínez Cobo's report and the views expressed
on the issue in the Working Group and in the Sub-Commission, a document
analysing the general outline of such a study and the juridical,
bibliographical and other information sources on which such a study should be
based, and to submit the document to the</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Sub-Commission for consideration at its fortieth
session.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The Sub•Commission also
recommended that the Commission on Human Rights recommend, in turn, that the
Economic and Social Council authorize<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.4pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Sub-Commission to appoint Mr. Alfonso Martínez as
Special Rapporteur with the</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection5">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 76.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">mandate of preparing such a study, and to request
the Special Rapporteur to present a preliminary report to the Sub-Commission at
its forty-first session (1989).<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
recommendations contained in resolution 1987/17 were submitted to the
Commission on Human Rights for consideration at its forty-fourth session<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>(1988).</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 412.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">At its forty-fourth session, the
Commission adopted resolution 1988/56, in which a number of guidelines on the
matter<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span>were<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>established.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>These
would eventually become the terms of reference of the Special Rapporteur's
mandate for the present<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>study.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It should be noted that in
adopting resolution 1988/56, the Commission broadened to a considerable extent
the scope of the study originally envisaged by the Sub-Commission in its
resolution 1987/17, by recommending that the Economic and Social Council
authorize the appointment of Mr. Alfonso Martínez as Special Rapporteur of the
Sub•Commission with the mandate of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>preparing</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: .35pt; margin: 0.35pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">“an <u>outline</u> on the <u>possible</u> purposes,
scope and sources of a study to be conducted on the potential utility of
treaties, <u>agreements and other</u> <u>constructive arrangements</u> between
indigenous populations and Governments for the purpose of ensuring the
promotion and protection of the human rights and fundamental freedoms of
indigenous populations” (Emphasis added).</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.45pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 25.45pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">However, in resolution 1988/56 the
Commission only authorized the Special Rapporteur to prepare and submit to the
Working Group an outline of a possible study, not to undertake the study
proper, as recommended by<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 19.35pt; tab-stops: 124.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Sub-Commission.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In fact, it withheld its authorization, at
least until 1989, in order to decide on the appropriateness of commissioning
such a study by the Special<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>Rapporteur.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin-right: 67.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Commission resolution 1988/56 was
endorsed on 27 May 1988 by the Economic and Social Council in its decision<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>1988/134.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.1pt; margin: 5.1pt 0in 0in 58.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: -36.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The
Special Rapporteur submitted the requested outline </span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">4 </span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">to the<span style="letter-spacing: -2.05pt;"> </span>Working</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 43.35pt; margin-top: 1.0pt; margin: 1pt 43.35pt 0in 22.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Group and the Sub-Commission later in
1988. Both bodies endorsed that document. In addition, in its resolution
1988/20 of 1 September 1988, the</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 19.35pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Sub-Commission requested the Commission
and the Economic and Social Council to finally authorize the Special Rapporteur
to undertake the study referred to in Commission resolution 1988/56.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 148.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">At its forty-fifth session, the
Commission adopted, without either a debate or a vote, resolution 1989/41 of 6
March 1989, in which it endorsed all the recommendations submitted on the
matter by the Sub-Commission in its resolution<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">
</span>1988/20.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>They were thus
submitted to the Economic and Social Council for approval at its 1989 spring<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>session.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 37.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 37.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Finally, the Council, in its
resolution 1989/77 of 24 May 1989, confirmed the appointment of Mr. Alfonso
Martínez as Special Rapporteur and authorized him to carry out the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>study.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 58.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: -36.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">15.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Since
that date, the Special Rapporteur has submitted to the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>Working</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: auto; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection6">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: -.2pt; margin-top: 1.25pt; margin: 1.25pt -0.2pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Group and the Sub-Commission a preliminary report,
reports. </span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">6</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-column-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 1.05pt; margin: 1.05pt 0in 0in 3.95pt;"><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">5 </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">and three
progress</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection7">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">16.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">At its forty-ninth session, the
Sub-Commission, in its decision 1997/110 of 22 August 1997, urged the Special
Rapporteur to submit his final report in due time • preferably before the end
of 1997 • so as to allow it to be discussed by the Working Group at its
sixteenth session and by<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 19.35pt; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 19.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 322.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Sub-Commission at its fiftieth session,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>1998.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The present final report is submitted to the
consideration of both bodies, pursuant to the above•mentioned decision of the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>Sub-Commission.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin-right: 31.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">17.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">As to the contents of this final report,
it should be recalled, first, that the Special Rapporteur suggested from the
start of his mandate<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> </span>a</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">three-part
structure for the study as a whole:</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .55pt; margin: 0.55pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 93.2pt; margin-right: 32.55pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 32.55pt 0in 93.2pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo12; tab-stops: 93.2pt 93.25pt; text-indent: -35.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(i)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In the first part, the origins of
the practice of concluding treaties, agreements and other constructive
arrangements between indigenous peoples and States, that is, the role of
treaties in the history of European expansion overseas, were to be<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span>examined.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 93.2pt; margin-right: 20.55pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 20.55pt 0in 93.2pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo12; tab-stops: 93.2pt 93.25pt; text-indent: -41.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(ii)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The second part was to be devoted
to the contemporary significance of such instruments, including questions
regarding the succession of States, national recognition of treaties and the
views of indigenous peoples on these<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>issues.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .4pt; margin: 0.4pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 93.2pt; margin-right: 29.2pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 29.2pt 0in 93.2pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo12; tab-stops: 93.2pt 93.25pt 333.25pt; text-indent: -47.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(iii)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The third part would address the
potential value of all those instruments as the basis for governing the future
relationships between indigenous peoples<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>States.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Both
the form and substance of such instruments were to be considered in the final
stage of the study, as well as possible mechanisms to be institutionalized in
the future to secure their implementation.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">7</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 406.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">18.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">This final part, obviously, had to
be undertaken in the light of the actual situations in which indigenous peoples
find themselves coexisting today with other, non-indigenous segments of society
in<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span>many<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>States.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It
is the precarious nature of their existence almost everywhere that is<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>today</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-right: 25.35pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">provoking • as it did when Martínez Cobo's study
was commissioned and completed • growing concern in the international
community.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin-right: 61.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">19.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The Special Rapporteur's research
and analysis largely follow his initial plan as far as the first two parts of
the study are<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>concerned.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">20.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">At this final stage of the Special
Rapporteur's work on the study, particular attention will be given to the
potential value of all possible ways and means of achieving a new relationship
between the indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>and</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">non-indigenous sectors in multi•national societies
through adequate forward•looking, innovative mechanisms that would facilitate
conflict resolution when needed.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 106.4pt 160.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">21.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The fact that the Special
Rapporteur has been working on this study for nine years and that the present,
final report, should be able to stand on its own with respect to publication by
the United Nations has made certain inclusions<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">
</span>necessary.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Special
Rapporteur has therefore briefly recapitulated here the most important
provisional conclusions advanced in previous progress reports, as well as the
initial (or modified) reasoning behind<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>them.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He has also referred to key cases or general
situations<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span>reviewed</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection8">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 49.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 49.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 172.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">fully in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>those<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>reports.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Without
this background it would be difficult to grasp fully the sense and possible
merit of the conclusions and recommendations offered<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>here.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin-right: 43.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 382.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">22.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Consequently, chapter I deals with
four<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>main<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>topics:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the process of
selection (or elimination) of cases relevant to this study; treaty<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>and</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 19.35pt; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 19.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 112.4pt 238.45pt 388.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">treaty-making concepts; the importance of fully
understanding the evolution of the indigenous/non-indigenous relationship and
its present status and defining and differentiating between the categories
“indigenous peoples” and “minorities”.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
chapter II, the Special Rapporteur offers his views on the three juridical
situations selected for their pertinence to the goals of this study, focusing
on the individual cases/situations selected for review in consideration of
their<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>juridical/institutional<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>development.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Chapter III describes the overall process of domestication of
indigenous issues in its various manifestations during different stages and
links it to the present situation of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>societies.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Finally, in chapter IV, the Special Rapporteur brings all the
elements included in previous chapters together, to offer his conclusions and
recommendations for what he considers might be a constructive future<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>approach.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 31.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 412.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">23.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Lastly, a final remark about the
contents of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>this<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>report.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
Special Rapporteur is fully aware that he - and only he - is ultimately
responsible for the content of the conclusions and recommendations of the
present study. However, he is also aware that all human endeavour may contain
flaws and shortcomings, and thus can benefit from constructive<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>criticism.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 412.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">24.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In this context, it cannot be
overemphasized that in many aspects and cases reviewed, the final result of
these long years of work, as reflected in the present document, is based on the
research (including field work), the personal and professional experience, and,
in particular, the views on the available sources that have been developed by
two<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span>persons<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>only:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the
Special Rapporteur himself and his consultant, Dr. Isabelle Schulte-Tenckhoff -
to whom he once again expresses his gratitude for her invaluable<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>collaboration.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 31.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">25.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Hence, the Special Rapporteur will
highly welcome all critical opinions - not only from his colleagues but also,
in particular, from those indigenous peoples and Governments which did not
respond to his questionnaire - that may be proffered during the debate that
will be held<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>on</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 256.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">the subject of this final report at the forthcoming
1999 sessions of both the Working Group and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>Sub-Commission.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>These contributions will be duly taken
into account for potential utilization as additional elements of judgement to
be incorporated in this report before it becomes an official United Nations
publication.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 220.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">26.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In this final report, the Special
Rapporteur wishes to express gratitude to all the Governments that responded to
the questionnaire sent them in 1991 and 1992; in particular those of Australia
and Canada for the thoroughness with which they did so and the valuable
documentation provided either at their own initiative or<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>upon<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>request.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He also thanks the
Governments of Canada, Chile, Fiji, Guatemala, New Zealand, Spain and the
United States of America, for granting facilities for field research or for
participation in activities relating to indigenous questions in their
respective<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>countries.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection9">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">27.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The careful attention and
efficiency with which the New Zealand authorities prepared and coordinated the
Special Rapporteur's programme of activities during his official working visit
to that country in May 1997, and the fact that some of its highest authorities
(for example, the Ministers of Foreign Affairs and Justice) were gracious
enough to find time to receive him personally and discuss issues affecting the
Maaori people, merit his special recognition.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">28.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">This study could not have been
concluded without the cooperation of many indigenous peoples, organizations and
authorities, who have offered the Special Rapporteur, not only their invaluable
contributions (oral and written testimony, documentation and much needed
logistics of the most varied kind), but also constant encouragement in his<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>work.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 184.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">29.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Even at the risk of possible
regrettable omissions, it is fitting to mention here the support received from
the following indigenous organizations and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>institutional<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>bodies:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>American
Indian Law Alliance, Four Nations of Hobbema, Fund of the Four Directions,
Grand Council of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, <u>Consejo de Todas las Tierras
de la Nación Mapuche</u>, Grand Council of the Crees (of Québec), <u>Fundación
Rigoberta Menchú</u>, International Indian Treaty Council, Assembly of First
Nations (Canada), Western Shoshone National Council (United States), Maaori
Legal Services, Teton Sioux Treaty Council,<u> Ka'laui Hawaii</u>,
International Organization of Indigenous Resource Development, OXFAM and the
Information and Documentation Centre on<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>Indigenous</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Peoples
(DOCIP) (Geneva).</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 19.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">30.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The Special Rapporteur wishes to
express his gratitude also to the authorities (elders, <u>lonkos</u>, Grand
Chiefs and Chiefs, headmen, councillors and advisers) of diverse indigenous
nations/peoples or their organizations, among them Rigoberta Menchú Tum (Maya
Nation), the late Oren Lyons (Onondaga Nation), Matthew Coon Come and Ted Moses
(Crees [of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>Québec]),</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 18.7pt; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 18.7pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Tony Blackfeather (Teton Sioux/Lakota Nation), J.
Wilton Littlechild (Four Nations of Hobbema/Canada), Domingo Cayuquo, Manuel
Antilao, Jorge Pichinual, Juana Santander and Aucan Huilcamán (Mapuche Nation),
Ovide Mercredi (Assembly of First Nations/Canada), Cherrilene Steinhauer and
Carl Queen (Saddle Lake First Nation/Canada), Wallace Fox (Onion Lake First
Nation/Canada),</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Daniel Sansfrere, Michael Nadli, Felix Lockhart,
Pat Martel, Jonas Sangri, Rene Lamothe, Gerald Antoine and Francois Paulette
(Dene Nation/Canada), Sharon Venne (Lubicon Cree Nation-Joseph Bighead First
Nation-Treaty Six Nations/Canada), Juan León (Maya Nation), the late Ingrid
Washinawatok</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">(Fund of the Four Directions), Ken Deer (Mohawk
Nation), Lázaro Pari (Aymará Nation), Bill Means, Antonio González, Jimbo
Simmons and Andrea Carmen (IITC), Mililani Trask (Hawaii), Al Lameman (Beaver
Lake Tribal Administration),</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-right: 69.55pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Kent Lebsock (American Indian Law Alliance), R.
Condorí (CISA), Pauline Tiangora, Naniko, Aroha Pareake Meade, Moana Jackson,</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; tab-stops: 460.5pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Dr. Margaret Mutu, Sir Tipene
O'Regan, Sir R.T. Mahuta, Moana Erickson and Shane Solomon (Aotearoa/New
Zealand), and Leif Dunfield<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span>(Saami<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>Nation).<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>All
of them gave the Special Rapporteur most valuable information and insights on
their respective peoples/nations and organizations.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 31.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">31.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The Special Rapporteur cannot
leave unmentioned his gratitude to other indigenous and non-indigenous
individuals - all with recognized authority in diverse aspects of the
indigenous <u>problematique</u> and active, in general,<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span>in</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection10">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 108%; margin-top: 0.05pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">United Nations circles - who have lent their
knowledge, practical experience, and/or incisive, constructive criticism to the
Special Rapporteur's work.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">32.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Gudmundur Alfredsson (both in his
past functions in the Centre for Human Rights and in his capacity as a scholar
specializing in this question), Augusto Willemsen Díaz, Chief Justice E. Durie
(of the Waitangi Tribunal), Mario Ibarra, Jacqueline Duroure, the late Andrew
Gray, Paul<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>Coe,</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Renate Dominick, Robert Epstein, Florencia Roulet,
Sir Paul Reeves,</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 108%; margin-top: 1.25pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Anthony Simpson, Alberto Saldamando, and Professors
Vine Deloria, Héctor Díaz Polanco, Michael Jackson, Gaston Lyon, Glenn Morris,
C.M. Eya Nchama,</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 43.35pt; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 43.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 214.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Douglas Sanders, Mason Durie, Jim Anaya, José
Bengoa (his colleague in the Sub-Commission) and the late Howard Berman merit
special thanks for their worthy<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>academic<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>contributions.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>None of them, of course, bear any responsibility whatsoever for
the possible flaws in the various progress reports or in this final report of
the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>study.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 196.45pt 382.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">33.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Last but not least, the Special
Rapporteur expresses heartfelt gratitude for the specialized assistance,
patience and logistical cooperation provided by all those who have served on
the minuscule unit/task force to which the Centre for Human Rights or the
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights has assigned responsibility
for<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>affairs.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
diligence and the extreme professionalism with which they so effectively fulfilled
their functions in terms of this study (sometimes under extremely trying
conditions) have been<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>simply<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>exemplary.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In this regard, their head, Mr. Julian Burger
and his highly efficient colleague, Ms. Miriam Zapata have, over long years,
earned the total respect of the Special<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>Rapporteur.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 184.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 184.9pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 184.9pt 184.95pt; text-indent: -24.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">SOME KEY
POINTS OF<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>DEPARTURE</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .55pt; margin: 0.55pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 58.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: -36.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">34.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Given the
vast geographical, temporal and juridical scope of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 1.05pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">study, </span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">8 </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">the Special Rapporteur decided from the start to
confine detailed</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 19.35pt; margin-top: 1.0pt; margin: 1pt 19.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 208.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">analysis to a limited, representative number of
case studies ordered according to five<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>juridical<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>situations:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(i) treaties concluded between States
and indigenous peoples; (ii) agreements made between States or other entities
and indigenous peoples; (iii) other constructive arrangements arrived at with
the participation of the indigenous peoples concerned; (iv) treaties concluded
between States containing provisions affecting indigenous peoples as third
parties; and (v) situations involving indigenous peoples who are not parties
to, or the subject of any of the above-mentioned instruments.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">9</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">35.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It must be recalled that from the
geographical viewpoint, the Special Rapporteur has viewed his mandate as
universal, dealing with “any part of the world in which the historical or
contemporary existence of treaties, agreements and other constructive
arrangements is confirmed, or where they may still come into being in the
future through a process of negotiation and cooperation”.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">10</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">36.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Consequently, an extensive array
of cases from all regions of the world was examined relating to all five
juridical situations listed above, including cases in the United States and
Canada (Haudenosaunee, Mikmaq, the so-called Five Civilized Tribes, Shoshone,
Lakota, the indigenous signatories<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>of</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-right: 25.35pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Treaty No. Six, the James Bay Cree [of Québec], the
indigenous nations of British Columbia and California, the Lubicon Cree), the
Pacific (Maaori,</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 111%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection11">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 18.7pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 18.7pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Hawaii, French Polynesia), Latin America (Kuna
Yala, Mapuche, Yanomami, Maya), Aborigines and Islanders of Australia, the
Greenland Home Rule, and some African and Asian cases (Burma/Myanmar, the role
of European charter companies in South Asia and West Africa, the San of
Botswana, the Ainu of Japan and the indigenous peoples of Siberia).</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin-right: 19.45pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">37.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It is worth recalling in this
connection that some choices were made by the Special Rapporteur concerning the
guidelines adopted for the research as<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>a</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: auto; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection12">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">whole. </span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.45pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">11</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 1pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">work.</span></p>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-column-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 10.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Those
guidelines have been duly taken into account throughout his</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: auto; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection13">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .35pt; margin: 0.35pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: 5.3pt; margin: 5.3pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">38.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In the course of his work and in
light of the numerous cases/situations reviewed, the Special Rapporteur was led
to reconsider the relevance for the final report of the five juridical
categories listed at the beginning of this chapter</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .4pt; margin: 0.4pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">39.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Two of those juridical categories,
namely, agreements, insofar as these may differ fundamentally from treaties,
and <u>treaties</u> between non-indigenous powers affecting indigenous peoples
as third parties, will have limited impact on the conclusions and
recommendations to be formulated in the present final report.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">40.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Regarding, first of all, the
question of agreements, the Special Rapporteur has already stressed the need
for a casuistic approach, since “the decision of the parties to a legal
instrument to designate it as an 'agreement' does not necessarily mean that its
legal nature differs in any<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>way</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="tab-stops: 329.15pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">from those formally denominated as<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>'treaties'”.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">12<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">This reasoning<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>is</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: 1.0pt; margin: 1pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">consistent with the legal tradition codified into
contemporary international law by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.
</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">13</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 400.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">41.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The Special Rapporteur therefore
selected certain factors to be taken into account in determining which of the
instruments analysed should be viewed as a “treaty”, and which was to be
considered<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>“agreement”.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>These
factors are:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>who
the parties to the instrument are, the circumstances surrounding its
conclusion, and its subject matter.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">14</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 31.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 31.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">42.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The factors in question were
applied in the analysis of two particular instruments, namely, the Panglong
Agreement of 12 February<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>1947</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">(Burma/Myanmar),
later forgone by the State party; </span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">15 </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">and the
agreement</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 43.6pt; margin-top: 1.0pt; margin: 1pt 43.6pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">of 22 August 1788 between Captain Taylor on behalf
of the British Crown and the Chiefs of Sierra Leone, which does not constitute
an instrument of international law relevant to the study.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">16</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 49.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">43.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Some elements relating to other,
present-day cases or situations labelled as “agreements” - particularly in the
Canadian context - will be reviewed in chapter III of this<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>report.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">44.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Secondly, regarding the relevance,
for this study, of bilateral and multilateral treaties binding non-indigenous
powers but affecting indigenous peoples as third parties, it should be stressed
that lack of time and resources have prevented the Special Rapporteur from
ascertaining <u>in situ</u> the practical import of those instruments for
indigenous peoples and from further examining the existing documentation on the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>instruments.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection14">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in 58.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: -36.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">45.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Nonetheless,
at least one instrument already considered in the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>first</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.8pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">progress
report </span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">17 </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">clearly continues to be relevant, namely the
so-called Lapp</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 18.7pt; margin-top: 1.25pt; margin: 1.25pt 18.7pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Codicil to the 1751 border treaty between
Sweden/Finland and Norway/Denmark. This Codicil has never been abrogated and
continues to be the subject of legal interpretation regarding Saami rights
within the context of bilateral (Sweden/Norway) negotiations.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">46.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In this connection, it is worth
underscoring the role of the Saami parliament in both Norway and Sweden – but
especially in Norway where it seems to have a stronger impact than in Sweden -
and their potential contribution to the interpretation of the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>Codicil.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .4pt; margin: 0.4pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 328.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">47.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In addition, regarding
specifically the 1989 ILO Convention (No. 169) concerning Indigenous and Tribal
Peoples in Independent Countries, it remains to be seen to what extent
indigenous peoples have any direct access to (or possible effective input into)
the processes leading to the ratification of this Convention by the States in
which<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>they<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>live.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It
is worth noting that to date only a very limited number of those States have
actually ratified this instrument.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 130.45pt 196.45pt 280.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">48.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Although support for the
Convention has been expressed by a number of indigenous organizations (for
example, the Inuit Circumpolar Conference, the National Indian Youth Council
and the Saami Council), that support is far from being<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>unanimous.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
opposition to it by a number of indigenous organizations in the Canadian
context is proof<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>this.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
Canada, for instance, not all indigenous peoples – nor all sectors of the legal
establishment - support ratification of the Convention, since its provisions
appear to lag behind current<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>national<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>standards.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In other countries, where existing legislation regarding
indigenous peoples – or the indigenous labour force, for<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> </span>that</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 19.35pt; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 19.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 472.5pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">matter - is less advanced, indigenous peoples may
take a<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span>different<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>stand.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">Yet </span>again, a case-by-case approach is
called<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>for.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 268.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">49.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It follows that the issue of
treaties affecting indigenous peoples as third parties may continue to be
relevant insofar as they remain in force and insofar as indigenous peoples
already participate - or may in the future - in the implementation of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>their<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>provisions.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Among the 10 instruments<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>previously</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">considered for analysis,
</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">18<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">apart
from the Lapp Codicil, several others<span style="letter-spacing: -3pt;"> </span>would</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 19.65pt; margin-top: 1.0pt; margin: 1pt 19.65pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">warrant further scrutiny, among them the 1794 Jay
Treaty and the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, both of apparent special
significance for the indigenous nations along the borders of the United States
with Canada and Mexico respectively.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .4pt; margin: 0.4pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 31.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 166.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">50.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Consequently, the conclusions and
recommendations to be offered in the present report will mainly refer to three
of the five juridical situations originally<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">
</span>identified:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(i) where there is
proof of international treaties/agreements between indigenous peoples and
States, (ii) where there are no specific bilateral legal instruments to govern
relations between indigenous peoples and States; and (iii) situations relating
to the question of “other constructive<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>arrangements”.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 37.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">51.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">As to the role of these
constructive arrangements, the Special Rapporteur notes that activities
currently being undertaken at the national level - for example, in Mexico,
Canada and Guatemala under different<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>social</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection15">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 108%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 18.7pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 18.7pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">and political conditions • clearly illustrate some
of the fundamental problems he has been led to raise in the course of his
mandate, notably the issue of collective rights for indigenous peoples in
today's pluri-ethnic societies and the need in that context for mutually agreed
conflict-resolution mechanisms. </span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">19</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">52.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Also in connection with the three
situations outlined above, it must be stressed that treaties themselves and
treaty-making (in the broadest sense of this term) are matters that, in the
view of the Special Rapporteur, require further conceptual<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>elaboration.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .4pt; margin: 0.4pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 37.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 37.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 292.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">53.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The Special Rapporteur is of the
opinion that one should avoid making oneself a prisoner of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> </span>existing<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">
</span>terminology.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This
does not preclude in any way, however, the conclusions to be drawn from a
non-Eurocentric historiography of treaties/agreements between indigenous
peoples and States and the corresponding status of indigenous peoples in
international law – a historiography to which he devoted a crucial section of
his second<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>progress</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.05pt; tab-stops: 89.15pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">report.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">20<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">There are, basically, two sides to the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>issue.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .35pt; margin: 0.35pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 5.3pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 310.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">54.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Firstly, according to the
future-oriented aspects of this study, that is, the lessons to be drawn from
the study as to the potential for negotiating treaties and other consensual
legal instruments and practical mechanisms in order to ensure better relations
in the future between indigenous peoples and States, a narrow definition of “a
treaty” and “treaty-making” would hinder or pre-empt any innovative thinking in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>field.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Yet it is precisely innovative thinking
that is needed to solve the predicament in which many indigenous peoples find
themselves at<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>present.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 31.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">55.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Secondly, such a narrow definition
of treaties and treaty-making would impede (or even preclude) any proper
account of indigenous views on these issues, simply because of the widely•held
rationale that indigenous peoples are not “States” in the current sense of the
term in international law, regardless of their generally recognized status as
sovereign entities in the era of the Law of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>Nations.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 328.45pt 388.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">56.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It is worth reiterating that it
would be equally erroneous to assume that indigenous peoples have no proper
understanding of the nature, formalities and implications of treaties<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>treaty-making.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Some authorities on the issue, however,
attribute to them a total lack of understanding of the principles of such
instruments and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>their<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>“codes”.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nonetheless,
not only bibliographical sources but also direct testimony gathered by the
Special Rapporteur from indigenous sources provide ample proof to counter this
assumption.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">57.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It has been brought to his
attention from the start of his endeavours that the concept and practice of
entering into international agreements – that is, compacts between sovereign
entities, whether nations, “tribes” or whatever they choose to call themselves
- was widespread among indigenous peoples in the Americas, Aotearoa/New Zealand
and elsewhere before the arrival of the European colonizer and continues to be<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>so.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin-right: 49.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">58.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In addition, during field
research, many indigenous sources (oceans apart) consistently advised the
Special Rapporteur that, on a number<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>of</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection16">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 19.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 19.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 394.45pt 430.5pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">occasions in the course of negotiations, the
non-indigenous parties had failed to adequately inform their indigenous
counterparts (that is, the ancestors of those indigenous sources) of the cause
and object of the compact, frequently drafted only in the European languages
and then<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>orally<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>translated.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The linguistic difficulties this entailed for the indigenous parties
often prevented them from gaining a full understanding of the true nature and
extent of the obligations that, according to the non-indigenous version of
those texts (or construction of its provisions), they<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>had<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>assumed.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This situation was obviously not
conducive to free, educated consent by the indigenous parties to whatever compact
emerged from<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>those<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>negotiations.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It follows, then, that those instruments would be extremely
vulnerable in any court of law worthy of its<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">
</span>name.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .35pt; margin: 0.35pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 31.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">59.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The Special Rapporteur is of the
opinion that these accounts - particularly in cases involving the cession of
territories by indigenous parties - reflect the actual sequence of events,
considering, in particular, the inherent inalienable condition of their lands,
and the historical situations faced by many indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>nations.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">60.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Dealing also with the fundamental
principles governing treaty-making and its “codes”, Charles Alexandrowicz has
demonstrated, using the example of early African treaties with European Powers
(or with their successors for that matter), that, while specific concepts
regarding power, kingship and other matters of political organization may have
differed between the two parties, they nevertheless rarely failed to find
common ground as far as those principles were<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">
</span>concerned.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 70.4pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">61.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Among these commonly shared
fundamental principles of treaty-making, one </span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">finds:<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">the need for mandated
representatives to engage in negotiation, basic agreement on the subject matter
of treaties, and concepts relating to the need for ratification and the binding
power of any type of formally negotiated compact.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 190.45pt 220.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">62.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">However, it should be noted that
an exhaustive study of the indigenous viewpoint on a number of important
aspects of treaties and treaty-making, still remains to<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>undertaken.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Although it falls squarely under the Special
Rapporteur's mandate, sufficient resources have not been available for
completion of such<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>task.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nonetheless
- in accordance with Martínez Cobo's recommendations - he has endeavoured
wherever possible to take proper account of indigenous knowledge and
institutional set•up regarding the history of treaties and treaty-making, as
well as the lessons indigenous peoples themselves tend to draw from this
knowledge with a view to redefining their relationship with the States in which
they now<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>live.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 43.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 424.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">63.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In more theoretical terms, one
might argue that the principle of reciprocity represents a cross-cultural
feature<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>treaty-making.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">is </span>also borne out by the
understanding which various indigenous parties to treaties perpetuate regarding
the basic nature of the treaty<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>relationship.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">64.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">A case in point - but not the only
one - is the indigenous understanding of some of the numbered treaties in
present-day Canada, which has<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>become</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.45pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 383.15pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">easily accessible thanks
to recently published<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>research.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">21<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">In conjunction</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 1.2pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">with
the work of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples in that country, a</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection17">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 94.4pt 232.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">large number of accounts of indigenous treaty
interpretations have been submitted.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Unfortunately,
the Special Rapporteur has not had the opportunity to study these accounts<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>depth.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nonetheless, there is no doubt as to their
importance both for the handling of indigenous situations in Canada and his own
conclusions in this final<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>report.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 304.45pt 466.4pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">65.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">One final remark on the overall
issue of the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>treaty<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span><u>problematique</u>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>it has not been possible for the Special
Rapporteur to assess thoroughly all the possible connections between this <u>problematique</u>
and the general question of “the human rights of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>individuals”.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Obviously, this is a very different
notion from that of “the rights of indigenous peoples”, which is much broader
in scope and, in fact, includes those individual<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>rights.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 130.45pt 178.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">66.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Regarding the content of this
final report and in accordance with the terms of reference of the Special
Rapporteur’s mandate, the process of “domestication” of all issues relating to
indigenous peoples is of singular importance and obviously requires further
analysis and elaboration in this final stage of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>work.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>An extensive review of the origin of this
process is necessary to gain a full understanding of crucial juridical and
socio-economic elements of the present•day situation of these peoples, as
manifested in former European settler colonies (and the States which succeeded
them) when the relationship originated, and also as it now exists in relevant,
today multi-national, States in Latin America, Africa, Asia, the Pacific and
northern<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>Europe.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Consequently, this question will be dealt with
<u>in extenso</u> in the conclusions offered in chapter III of this final<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>report.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">67.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">On the other hand, the process of
the domestication of indigenous issues must be set off against that of
independence/decolonization in the Latin American, African, Asian and Pacific
countries (which differ greatly), since it raises a further and very pertinent
issue, namely that of the relevance of the concept of “indigenousness” with
reference to any possible case of “State•oppressed peoples”, including
“minorities”, in the particular context of present•day African, Asian and
Pacific<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>States.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 160.45pt 394.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">68.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In the latter countries, the era of
decolonization brought about a radical change in the concept of the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>qualifier<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>“indigenous”.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This was a
result of a new political context whose most visible symbol was the emergence
of a large number of new States under contemporary international law. Thus,
from a conceptual viewpoint, the Special Rapporteur considers it necessary to
re-establish a clear-cut distinction between indigenous peoples and national or<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>ethnic<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>minorities.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This differentiation of course is not
to be construed as implying lack of recognition of those minorities' collective
rights as distinct<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>societies.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .35pt; margin: 0.35pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">69.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In this connection, it should be
noted that in 1991, at the beginning of his work, and in establishing
guidelines for his research as a whole, the Special Rapporteur decided to
distinguish strictly between “minorities”<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span>and</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 173.15pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">“indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>peoples”.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">22<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">In
addition, it should be borne in mind, that<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>in</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 19.65pt; margin-top: 1.2pt; margin: 1.2pt 19.65pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">accordance with the criteria adopted by him in 1995
with respect to his future plan of work, in the final phase “the emphasis of
the study should be on cases </span><span style="mso-font-width: 103%;">and</span>
<span style="mso-font-width: 103%;">situations</span> <span style="mso-font-width: 103%;">in</span> <span style="mso-font-width: 103%;">which</span> <span style="mso-font-width: 103%;">the</span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-font-width: 40%;">'</span><span style="mso-font-width: 103%;">indigenous</span>
<span style="mso-font-width: 103%;">peoples'</span> <span style="mso-font-width: 103%;">category</span> <span style="mso-font-width: 103%;">is</span> <span style="mso-font-width: 103%;">already </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">established
beyond any doubt from a historical and modern•day point of</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">view”. </span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">23</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 5.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection18">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">70.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Years of research and reflection
at various levels of the United Nations system, especially by the Commission on
Human Rights and its Sub-Commission, have not yielded a generally accepted
definition of the term “minority”, nor of the qualifiers often associated with
it, such as “ethnic” or<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span>“national”.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 37.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">71.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The significance, on the other
hand, of the “working definition” of “indigenous peoples” formulated by Special
Rapporteur José Martínez Cobo in the last part of his study, lies in the fact
that his Conclusions have been recognized as “an acceptable basis of work” by
the Commission and its subsidiary<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>bodies.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">72.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Nevertheless • as has been argued
earlier in the progress reports of this study - in Martínez Cobo’s attempt to
extend his “working definition” to all cases brought to his attention in the
course of his mandate, he tended to lump together situations that this Special
Rapporteur believes should be differentiated because of their intrinsic<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>dissimilarities.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">73.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">These dissimilarities hinge on a
number of historical factors that call for a clear distinction to be made
between the phenomenon of the territorial expansion by indigenous nations into
adjacent areas and that of the organized colonization, by European powers, of
peoples inhabiting, since time immemorial, territories on other<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>continents.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">74.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Of particular concern to the
Special Rapporteur, vis•à•vis this study, was the fact that, in the context of
current United Nations practice and in accordance with existing international
legal instruments and standards, the securing of effective international
protection of minority rights remains very much confined to the realm of their
individual rights. In addition, this overall issue is mainly dealt with as a
matter pertaining to the internal jurisdiction of States, thus precluding any
alternative<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>approach.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 178.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">75.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Yet, indigenous peoples justly
attach considerable importance to the recognition, promotion and securing of
their collective rights, that is, their rights as<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>social<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>groups.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Equally, they seek the possible establishment
of international mechanisms for the resolution of conflicts with State
authorities, in particular, in connection with the rights recognized in, or
acquired by means, of instruments with acknowledged international status, such
as<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>treaties.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">76.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Consequently, the Special
Rapporteur has already expressed the view that indigenous peoples, although
they may constitute numerical minorities in a number of the countries in which
they now live, are not “minorities” in accordance with United Nations usage and
for the purposes of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>possible</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 341.15pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">practical action on the
part of the<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>Organization.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">24<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">By the same token,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">
</span>ethnic</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 108%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: 1.2pt; margin: 1.2pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">and/or national minorities are not to be considered
“indigenous peoples” in the United Nations context.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">77.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It is worth pointing out that
United Nations policy on this point is now well established; especially since
1994 with the establishment of the Working Group on Minorities under the
Sub-Commission, by decision of the Economic and Social Council upon the recommendation
of both the Commission and the Sub•Commission itself.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">25</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection19">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">78.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In the course of his conceptual
reflections, the Special Rapporteur was also led to underscore that, in the
African and Asian contexts, the<u> problematique</u> of indigenous communities
is rarely coextensive with that of<span style="letter-spacing: -2.1pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">treaty relationship, </span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">26<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">although it may well be that, among others, the
case<span style="letter-spacing: -3pt;"> </span>of</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 108%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: 1.2pt; margin: 1.2pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">the Maasai is an exception warranting further
scrutiny, given their role in the negotiations leading to Kenya's independence.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">79.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It remains nevertheless true that
communities which could be regarded as indigenous in the context of Martínez
Cobo’s study, given their lifestyles and habitat - but excluding other factors,
such as their “indigenousness” condition today as compared with the
“indigenousness” of other communities coexisting with them in the post-colonial
era in the territory of practically all States on the African and Asian
continents - tended not to be parties to treaties or agreements either with the
colonial powers or with the States that succeeded those powers after
decolonization and independence.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">27</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">80.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It must be underlined, however,
that the Special Rapporteur has not been in a position to assess all possible
overlaps and contradictions of every treaty-related issue and the overall
indigenous <u>problematique</u> in the African and Asian<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>contexts.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">81.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Moreover in this connection, it
can be validly argued that the legacy of “protected” tribal areas in Africa and
Asia (especially in regions formerly included in the British colonial empire,
for example in India and southern Africa) has raised a number of specific
problems - particularly when reflected in the work of some international
organizations, such as the International Labour Organization and the
Organisation of American States - that has contributed to the confusion on the
issue of the well-established, clear-cut minorities/indigenous dichotomy.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">82.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Despite important lacunae in this
respect, the Special Rapporteur has been led to draw some tentative ground
rules from these particular issues, in particular regarding the status and
situation of indigenous peoples not yet parties to any formal and consensual
bilateral juridical<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>instrument.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 346.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">83.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It should be recalled that many
representatives of what they describe as State-oppressed
groups/minorities/peoples in Africa and Asia have brought their case before the
Working Group on Indigenous Populations for lack of other venues for the
submission of<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>their<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>grievances.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This situation is now being remedied with the establishment of
the Working Group on<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>Minorities.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">84.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It follows that, while their
particular situation may qualify as a matter for general consideration within
the framework of United Nations activities on the overall issues of the
prevention of discrimination and the protection of minorities, its relevance is
either tangential, extremely limited, or non-existent in a contemporary context
regarding the issue of treaties/agreements and constructive arrangements
between indigenous peoples and States - including their role in view of future
agreements between indigenous and non-indigenous parties - and particularly for
the present study in the light of the terms of reference of the Special
Rapporteur’s mandate under Commission on Human Rights resolution<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>1988/56.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection20">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">85.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In this final phase of the study,
the emphasis, as explained earlier, is therefore to be only on situations
where, in the view of the Special Rapporteur, the category of indigenous
peoples has been established beyond doubt.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 400.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">86.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Concerning this important
question, the Special Reporter considers it his duty to point out that • as was
to be expected • the contents of this last part (paras. 66•85 above) of chapter
I of his final report aroused critical reactions on the part of a number of
participants in the sixteenth session of the Working Group, in 1998, when the
present report was circulated in its unedited version (and in English only) as
a<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>working<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>document.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Both
in their interventions during the debate on the subject and in conversations
outside the meeting room, as well as in communications they sent to him later,
various participants from Asia and Africa made known to the Special Rapporteur
their complete disagreement with the content of the above•mentioned<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>paragraphs.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 31.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 31.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">87.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">As he had undertaken to do at the
end of the debate that took place at the sixteenth session of the Working Group
(see<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1998/16,</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 19.35pt; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 19.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 448.5pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">para. 102), the Special Rapporteur gave serious
consideration to those comments, particularly those contained in the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>written<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">
</span>communications.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>Leaving
<span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">aside certain unacceptable (because
unsubstantiated) invective contained in some of these communications • such as
attributing to him a prevalence of “colonial and possibly even racists values”
in his outlook and his methodological approach towards the question • the
Special Rapporteur came to the conclusion that the arguments put forward
therein were not sufficient to make him alter the basic views set out in the
above•mentioned paragraphs of this report; all of which he reiterates on the
present<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>occasion.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .35pt; margin: 0.35pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">88.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Such reiteration is basically
justified, given that in none of the communications he received was a serious
counter•argument put forward to refute the obvious fact that in post•colonial
Africa and Asia autochthonous groups/minorities/ethnic groups/peoples who seek
to exercise rights presumed to be or actually infringed by the existing
autochthonous authorities in the States in which they live cannot, in the view
of the Special Rapporteur, claim for themselves, unilaterally and exclusively,
the “indigenous” status in the United Nations<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">
</span>context.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 298.45pt 430.5pt 436.5pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">89.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">As mentioned previously, and given
the exclusive character that the term “indigenous” has in this context, other
groups, minorities, ethnic groups or peoples who live alongside them on the
territory of a present•day multi•national or multi•ethnic African or Asian
State • whose (sometimes aberrant) frontiers are the result of a colonial
situation, perhaps legally defunct but which continues to cast its shadow on
the present • would thus be excluded from this category<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>“indigenous”.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>These States • whose existence as such is, in
the majority of cases, very recent • have not only the right but also the duty
to preserve their fragile<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>territorial<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>integrity.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The risk to such States of breaking up (or
“balkanization”) which such unilateral claims to “indigenousness” imply
naturally cannot be<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>taken<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>lightly.<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>It
should be said that, with perhaps less defensible historical circumstances,
many developed States, with centuries of existence as nation•States behind
them, demonstrate the same reticence with respect to such a possibility,
however remote it might be in<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>fact.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection21">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 130.4pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">90.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">To<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>sum<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>up:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the Special Rapporteur firmly maintains his
view that the situations described above, the scenario of which is African or
Asian States, should be analysed in other forums of the United Nations than
those that are currently concerned with the problems of indigenous peoples; in
particular in the Working Group on Minorities of the Sub•Commission on
Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">
</span>Minorities.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 364.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">91.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It needs to be reiterated also
that the Special Rapporteur is not defending the absurd position of denying the
existence on the African and Asian continents • as was affirmed in some of
those statements and communications • of populations who are ethnic groups,
minorities, peoples or autochthonous groups; on the contrary, all of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>them<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">
</span>are.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Therefore,
except in certain cases mentioned in the present report (or a few others which
could be considered in greater depth on the basis of further information), the
term “indigenous” • exclusive by definition • is particularly inappropriate in
the context of the Afro•Asian <u>problematique</u> and within the framework<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>of</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">United
Nations activities in this field.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">92.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Lastly with respect to several
other criticisms of opinions put forward in the present report on this issue,
the Special Rapporteur would point out that the great value of, and the respect
he has for, the views advanced on the subject by Mr. Martínez Cobo and by the
distinguished Chairperson•Rapporteur of the Working Group, Ms. Erika Irene Daes
in their respective studies do not mean that he is necessarily obliged to share
those views.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 214.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 214.9pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 214.9pt 214.95pt; text-indent: -30.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">SUMMARY
OF<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>FINDINGS</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .55pt; margin: 0.55pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 37.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">93.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In the three progress reports
submitted until now, the Special Rapporteur has endeavoured to address not only
the various aspects of the question of treaties between indigenous peoples and
States as identified<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>by</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Mr.
Martínez Cobo, </span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">28 </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">but also those same aspects in connection with
agreements</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: 1.0pt; margin: 1pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">and other constructive arrangements as mandated by
the Commission and the Economic and Social Council.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .35pt; margin: 0.35pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 31.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">94.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Those issues are, among others,
the areas covered by such instruments, their present-day legal standing, their
implementation or lack thereof, and the consequences this might entail for
indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>peoples.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin-right: 49.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">95.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">These aspects were addressed on
the basis of manifold sources and documentation, including the responses
received to the two<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>questionnaires</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">circulated
twice at the beginning of the mandate; </span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">29 </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">the results of
field and</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: 1.0pt; margin: 1pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">archival research conducted either by the Special
Rapporteur or his consultant; and extensive documentation and other materials
submitted by interested parties, whether States, indigenous peoples or
organizations, scholars and other individuals concerned.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .4pt; margin: 0.4pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 334.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">96.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The sheer volume and diversity of
these documents have led the Special Rapporteur to devote particular attention
to the overall approach of the study and its methodological and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>theoretical<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>challenges.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The main
approaches<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>taken</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: auto; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection22">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">in this regard were spelled out in his first
progress report. </span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">30</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 1.2pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">summarized
as follows.</span></p>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-column-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 10pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">They can be</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection23">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 67.45pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 67.45pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 107%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">97.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The Special Rapporteur insisted
from the start on the need for a transdisciplinary approach – albeit with a
strong juridical focus.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">31</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">98.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Any attempt to explore and
understand indigenous representations and traditions regarding treaties,
agreements and other constructive arrangements must be carried out so as to
favour a decentred view on culture, society, law and history, and to deal
critically with ethnocentrism, eurocentrism and the evolutionist<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>paradigm.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.45pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 25.45pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 274.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">99.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Moreover, the close connection
between the indigenous <u>problematique</u> and the phenomena of colonialism,
domination and assimilationist policies had to be thoroughly reviewed<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>acknowledged.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This is a connection also made in the academic
disciplines involved (such as anthropology), as well as in the legal discourse
and in positive law.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">32</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">100.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">There are numerous historical
examples of law as an instrument of colonialism, such as the doctrine of <u>terra
nullius</u>, the <u>encomienda</u> and<u> repartimiento</u> systems instituted
in Latin America by the Spanish Crown in the sixteenth century, the so-called
“removal treaties” imposed on the indigenous nations of the south•eastern
United States under President Jackson<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>in</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 18.7pt; margin-top: .35pt; margin: 0.35pt 18.7pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">the 1830s, and various types of State legislation
encroaching on (or ignoring) previously recognized indigenous jurisdiction,
such as the Seven Major Crimes Act and the Dawes Severalty Act passed by the
United States Congress in</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-right: 25.35pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">the 1880s, the federal Indian Act in Canada,
post-Mabo legislation in Australia and many pieces of legislation throughout
Latin America.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">101.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Yet, with rare exceptions, the
discourses of law itself, including that on treaties and treaty-making in the
context of European expansion overseas and that of their successors in the
territories conquered, are not impervious to anachronism and <u>ex post facto</u>
reasoning, thus condoning discrimination of indigenous peoples rather than
affording them justice and fair<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>treatment.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">102.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">A critical historiography of
international relations clearly shows the dangers of this particular kind of
reasoning, which projects into the past the current domesticated status of
indigenous peoples as it evolved from developments that took place mainly in
the second half of the nineteenth century under the impact of legal positivism
and other theories advocated by European colonial powers and their<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>continuators.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 37.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">103.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In his second progress report, the
Special Rapporteur endeavoured,<u> inter alia</u>, to assess the contribution
of that historiography to a better understanding of treaties and other legal
instruments mutually agreed to by indigenous peoples and States, considering in
particular the works of Charles H. Alexandrowicz and other relevant authors.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">33</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin-right: 79.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">104.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">As established above (para. 55),
the main finding that emerges from these works relates to the widespread
recognition of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>“overseas</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">peoples” • including indigenous peoples in the
current sense of the term - as sovereign entities by European powers and their
successors, at least during the era of the Law of Nations.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .35pt; margin: 0.35pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin-right: 37.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">105.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Consequently, the <u>problematique</u>
of indigenous treaties and other juridical instruments today affecting the
lives of these peoples, hinges<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>on</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection24">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">what the Special Rapporteur has termed <u>a process
of retrogression</u>, by which they have been deprived of (or saw greatly
reduced) three of the four essential attributes on which their original status
as sovereign nations was grounded, namely their territory, their recognized
capacity to enter into</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.9pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 437.15pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">international agreements,
and their specific forms of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>government.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">34<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Not to</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: 1.0pt; margin: 1pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">mention the substantial reduction of their
respective populations in many countries around the world, due to a number of
factors including, assimilationist policies.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">106.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">This aspect can hardly be
overemphasized, especially since the ultimate purpose of the study pertains to
the potential utility of yet another process of reversal that would eventually
lead toward renewed recognition of indigenous peoples as distinct
collectivities, allowing these peoples redress for decades - if not centuries -
of discrimination and forced<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>integration.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 37.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">107.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It is against this backdrop that
the following summary of the Special Rapporteur’s findings regarding the three
main categories of juridical instruments retained for study (see para. 93
above) ought to be<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>considered.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 98.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 98pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 98.0pt 98.05pt; text-indent: -24.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Treaties/agreements
between indigenous peoples and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>States</span></u><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .35pt; margin: 0.35pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 5.3pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">108.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In his initial research, the
Special Rapporteur focused, by force of circumstance, on the situation of
former European settler colonies, especially in North America and the Pacific,
given the extensive practice of treaty•making in the context of British and
French colonial<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>policy.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .4pt; margin: 0.4pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">109.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It should be noted that, although
the Special Rapporteur affirmed initially that few, if any, treaties could be
traced back to colonial times<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>in</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Latin
America, </span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">35 </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">further research has led him to reconsider this
assumption.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 19.35pt; margin-top: 1.0pt; margin: 1pt 19.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 346.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">This modified approach is documented in the third
progress report, especially with the example of the Mapuche<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span><u>parlamentos</u><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>(Chile).<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>At
this final stage of his work, the Special Rapporteur is inclined to accept that
the origin, causes and development of these juridical instruments can be compared,
prima facie and in some aspects, to those of certain indigenous treaties in
British and French North America.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">36</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">110.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In establishing formal legal
relationships with peoples overseas, the European parties were clearly aware
that they were negotiating and entering into contractual relations with
sovereign nations, with all the international legal implications of that term
during the period under consideration.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">37</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">111.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">This remains true independently of
the predominance, nowadays, of more restricted, State-promoted notions of
indigenous “self-government”, “autonomy”, “nationhood” and “partnership” - if
only because the “legitimization” of their colonization and trade interests
made it imperative for European powers to recognize indigenous nations as
sovereign<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>entities.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">112.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In the course of history, the
newcomers then nevertheless attempted to divest indigenous peoples, as pointed
out above, of their sovereign attributes, especially jurisdiction over their
lands, recognition of their forms of societal organization, and their status as
subjects of international law.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection25">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 49.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 49.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">113.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The various ways and means
utilized in the process of domesticating relations with indigenous peoples in
the context of those former European settler colonies were addressed both in
the second progress<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>report</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">(New Zealand, Australia and the unique case of Hawaii)
</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">38 </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">and in the</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 1.05pt; tab-stops: 383.15pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">third progress report (Canada, United States and<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>Chile).<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">39<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">For
a more<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>general</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: 1.0pt; margin: 1pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">and detailed review of this process and its
consequences, see chapter III below.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 31.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 31.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">114.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Nonetheless, it is important to
stress at this point that the passage, for indigenous peoples, from the status
of sovereign nations to that of State•domesticated entities raised a certain
number of questions and posed specific challenges from the point of view of
this<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>study.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 55.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">115.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">First of all, in the case of
treaty relations, one notes a general tendency to contest whether treaties
involving indigenous peoples have a standing, nowadays, in international law.
This point of view, which<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span>is</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">widespread
among the legal establishment and in scholarly literature, </span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">40 </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">has</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 19.35pt; margin-top: 1.0pt; margin: 1pt 19.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 388.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">been basically grounded alternatively on<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>three<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">
</span>assumptions:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>either it is held
that indigenous peoples are not peoples according to the meaning of the term in
international law; or that treaties involving indigenous peoples are not
treaties in the present conventional sense of the term, that is, instruments
concluded between sovereign States (hence the established position of the
United States and Canadian judiciary, by virtue of which treaties involving
indigenous peoples are considered to be instruments <u>sui generis</u>); or
that those legal instruments have simply been superseded by the realities of
life as reflected in the domestic legislation of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>States.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .35pt; margin: 0.35pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">116.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Whatever the reasoning followed,
the dominant viewpoint - as reflected, in general, in the specialized
literature and in State administrative decisions, as well as in the decisions
of the domestic courts - asserts that treaties involving indigenous peoples are
basically a domestic issue, to be construed, eventually implemented and
adjudicated via existing internal mechanisms, such as the courts and federal
(and even local)<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>authorities.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 472.5pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">117.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It is worth underlining, however,
that this position is not shared by indigenous parties to treaties, whose own
traditions on treaty provisions and treaty-making (or on negotiating other
kinds of compacts) continue to uphold the international standing of such
instruments. Indeed, for many indigenous peoples, treaties concluded with
European powers or their territorial successors overseas are, above all,
treaties of peace and friendship, destined to organize coexistence in - not
their exclusion from - the same territory and not to regulate restrictively
their lives (within or without this same territory), under the overall
jurisdiction of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span>non-indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>authorities.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In their view, this would be a
trampling on their right to self-determination and/or their other
unrelinquished rights as<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>peoples.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .4pt; margin: 0.4pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">118.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">By the same token, indigenous
parties to treaties have rejected the assumption held by State parties, that
treaties provided for the unconditional cession of indigenous lands and
jurisdiction to the settler<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>States.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">119.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It is worth noting in this regard
that indigenous views on treaties have begun to receive increased attention in
some countries, such as<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>Chile,</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.3pt; tab-stops: 172.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">New Zealand<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>Canada.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Thus,
in its recent Final Report, the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>Royal</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection26">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, established by
the Government of Canada, recommended that the oral history of treaties, orally
transmitted from generation to generation among indigenous peoples, should be
used to supplement the official interpretation of treaties based on the written
document. </span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">41</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">120.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Nevertheless, the contradictions
one notes regarding the historiography and interpretation of treaties,
depending on whether one is dealing with State-promoted views on this matter,
the established academic legal discourse or the traditions upheld by indigenous
peoples themselves, in their practical consequences undoubtedly create a
conflict situation.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 43.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 214.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">121.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In addition, these contradictions
place a formidable burden on the formulation and realization of future negotiated
legal instruments between indigenous peoples<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>States:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the difficulties of negotiating those new
instruments without having previously identified and settled key questions need
not be<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>stressed.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 76.4pt 100.4pt 340.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">122.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">This observation clearly pertains
to all treaty/agreement-related issues.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>One
example is the alleged opposition, in the Canadian context, between treaties of
peace and friendship (concluded in the eighteenth century and earlier) and
so-called numbered treaties of “land surrenders” (especially from the second half
of the nineteenth<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>century<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>on).<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This
opposition is contradicted by indigenous parties to numbered treaties, who
consider that they are parties to treaties of peace, friendship and alliance
and that they did not cede either their territories or their original juridical
status as sovereigns.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Similar
discrepancies are to be noted in the United States and New<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>Zealand.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 31.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 31.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">123.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Closer scrutiny of the provisions
of treaties concluded between indigenous peoples and States also reveals that
in most cases the subject of such treaties is common in international law,
whatever the historical period considered; thus such treaties deal with
questions of war/peace, trade provisions, protection of the subjects/citizens
of each signatory party, and so<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>forth.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 31.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">124.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Furthermore, while the predominant
present•day legal discourse holds that treaties fall primarily within the
domestic realm of States, the manner in which treaties are dealt with in
municipal law and by the national courts nevertheless also raises a number of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>questions.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">125.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In this connection, failure of
State parties to comply with, or their violation of, the obligations assumed
under existing treaties, the unilateral abrogation of the treaty itself (or
parts thereof), via State law or other mechanisms and even the failure of State
parties to ratify treaties negotiated with indigenous peoples were problems
identified, at an early stage of his work, by the Special Rapporteur regarding
the significance of treaties/agreements at the national<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>level.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">126.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Such problems are, in one way or
another, connected with most juridical situations retained by the Special
Rapporteur for study; moreover, they are not limited to historical situations
but also arise with respect to more modern compacts.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">42</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection27">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 82.4pt 148.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">127.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It follows that the enforcement
and implementation of existing, recognized treaties involving indigenous
peoples today can hardly be taken for granted.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Furthermore,
it remains to be seen what burden this state of affairs places on the
modalities of future negotiated agreements between indigenous peoples<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>States.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Obviously, this also has a number of
practical consequences for the status and legal personality of indigenous
peoples, both at the national and at the international<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>level.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 176.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 176pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 176.0pt 176.05pt; text-indent: -24.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Other
constructive<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>arrangements</span></u><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .35pt; margin: 0.35pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: 5.3pt; margin: 5.3pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">128.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Turning now to the quasi-juridical
term “other constructive arrangements”, it must be recalled that this was
defined by the Special Rapporteur from the start as “any legal text or other
documents that are evidence of consensual participation by all parties to a
legal or quasi-legal relationship”.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">43</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 316.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">129.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The main example examined under
the heading of “other constructive arrangements” concerns the Greenland<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>Home<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>Rule.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>At the
start of his mandate, on the basis of various submissions made by the
Greenlandic delegates and the Government of Denmark to the Working Group, the
Special Rapporteur thought it appropriate to assess whether the kind of
procedure instituted by<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>Denmark</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">in 1979 could be useful for the realization of
improved relations between indigenous and non-indigenous parties. </span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">44</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .4pt; margin: 0.4pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.1pt; margin: 5.1pt 0in 0in 58.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: -36.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">130.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">His more
recent, detailed analysis of Greenland Home Rule, </span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">45<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">showed</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 19.35pt; margin-top: 1.0pt; margin: 1pt 19.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 124.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">proof, in the view of the Special Rapporteur, that
the arrangement in question entails a number of restrictions for the indigenous
population of the island, both in terms of the process which led to its
establishment and the effects of its<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>provisions.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>For example, since the Danish Constitution
has full effect in Greenland, the Home Rule authorities must abide by all
constitutional provisions in crucial fields such as foreign policy and the
obligations arising from international agreements entered into by<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>Denmark.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">131.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">This could have had certain
grounds of legitimacy - in terms of the real exercise by Greenlanders of the
right to self-determination - had the effective input of the indigenous
population of Greenland into the formulation and implementation of Home Rule not
been<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>limited.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .4pt; margin: 0.4pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 37.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 388.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">132.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The Special Rapporteur is of the
opinion that the type of “autonomy regime” provided for under Home Rule does
not amount to the exercise of the right to self-determination by the population<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>Greenland.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>By the same token, he believes that the way in
which the discussions took place between Greenlandic and Danish officials prior
to the introduction of Home<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>Rule</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">in 1979 can in no way be described as a
constructive example of the full exercise of that inalienable right.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 430.5pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">133.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In other countries, discussions
are currently taking place with a view to establishing (or implementing)
autonomy regimes, or adopting measures to recognize a distinct legal status for
indigenous peoples, whether these are to be decreed by law or to be enshrined
in the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>national<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>constitution.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Prominent examples addressed by the Special Rapporteur concern the
Kuna Yala in<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>Panama</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 269.15pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">and the Atlantic region
in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>Nicaragua.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">46<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">One
should also take cognizance<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>of</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 1.2pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">the
new developments taking place in Guatemala in the past few years.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection28">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 148.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">134.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">These autonomy regimes have
brought (or may bring) certain advantages to indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>peoples.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>For example, in
the case of Panama, autonomy has allowed for the recognition by the State of
the traditional political authorities of the Kuna Indians, especially the Kuna
General Congress, and some control over development policies within the
indigenous territory.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">135.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The Special Rapporteur notes,
however, that recognition of “autonomy” for indigenous peoples within the State
(whatever powers or restrictions thereto are established), most probably will
neither automatically end States' aspirations to exert eventually the fullest
authority possible (including integrating and assimilating those peoples) nor
nullify whatever inalienable rights these people may have as<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>such.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">136.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Moreover, the mechanisms through
which “autonomy regimes” for indigenous peoples are being formulated and
implemented must be assessed, on a case•by•case basis, for proof of free and
informed consent by all parties concerned, especially indigenous peoples.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">47</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">137.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Similar concerns might be raised
about other juridical situations that could be described by some sources as
“constructive arrangements” - most prominently the James Bay and Northern
Québec Agreement (<u>Convention</u> in its French version), the first in a
series of so-called “comprehensive land claims settlements” in Canada - which
were addressed by the Special Rapporteur in his third progress report.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">48</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">138.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">These concerns refer to, <u>inter
alia</u>, the fact that, in this particular case, treaty negotiations were only
set in motion after considerable turmoil in connection with a vast,
government-sponsored hydroelectric project. Moreover, the amount of litigation
the agreement in question has generated led the Special Rapporteur to ponder
very seriously the efficacy of treaty negotiations in a situation of economic,
environmental and political duress resulting from one-sided government<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>policies.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">139.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Given the actual prevalence of the
policy of comprehensive land claims settlement in Canada and the avalanche of
documentation requiring review in this regard, the Special Rapporteur is not in
a position, at present, to hold anything more than tentative views on other
cases regarding this particular type of “constructive<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>arrangement”.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 124.45pt 262.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">140.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Discussions and negotiations
currently taking place in several countries (not only in Canada), warrant
further, long-term analysis of the mechanisms envisaged and applied to arrive
at a settlement, and the modalities of their implementation.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It should be noted in this regard that the
completion of several land claims settlements and so-called “modern treaties”
in Canada raises a number of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>interesting<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>issues.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Among
them is the wide variety of parties (indigenous nations, provincial
authorities, and the federal Government) involved in such treaty•making
processes.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 31.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 31.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">141.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The significance and international
relevance of developments in Canada cannot be overstressed, if only because
they highlight the importance<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>and</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection29">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 19.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 19.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 298.45pt 364.45pt 406.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">potential utility of establishing sound, equitable
“ground rules” for the negotiations required to draft and conclude
“constructive arrangements”, as well as for the efficient performance of the
mechanisms for their practical implementation which are so necessary for
developing new approaches to indigenous problems, not only in Canada, but also in
all other multi-national countries with the same or<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>similar<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>problems.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Indeed, all this will be put to the test in the
vast array of “comprehensive land claims settlement” and treaty negotiations
that are currently taking place in various regions of Canada, for example, in
British Columbia - where a first agreement was reached with the Nishga in 1996
- and in the Northwest Territories - where one notes the particular
difficulties encountered by<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>peoples.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Thus,
after negotiations with the Déné nation as a whole broke up in the late 1980s,
the State party decided to negotiate with<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>individual<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>bands.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To
date, two settlements have been reached, namely with the Sahtu and the
Gwich’in.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">49</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 376.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">142.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Such fragmentation of indigenous
entities via the negotiation process also occurred in other cases, for example
that of the Lubicon Cree, in which, according to the information available to
the Special Rapporteur, a new band was created - under questionable conditions,
according to some indigenous sources - to facilitate a partial land<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>claims<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">
</span>settlement.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To
date, however, the Lubicon case itself has not been settled, mainly because the
indigenous party is unwilling to accept the complete extinguishment of native
title as a prerequisite for<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>settlement.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 37.45pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">143.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In all situations - whether or not
governed by treatries/agreements • the issue of possible extinguishment of
indigenous rights to their lands, either by treaty/agreement or “constructive
arrangements”, is of crucial importance, since it imposes duress on the
indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>party.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">144.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It follows that the category of
“other constructive arrangements”, while added belatedly to the mandate of the
Special Rapporteur, has revealed itself to be of particular significance as far
as how to identify and duly establish solid bases for a new, more equitable
future relationship between the indigenous and non-indigenous sectors of
society is<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>concerned.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">145.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">At this stage it is important to
note that contrary to treaties (especially so-called “historical” treaties),
constructive arrangements – and this applies to all examples considered to date
under the mandate of the Special Rapporteur - are intended, per se, to be dealt
with exclusively within the municipal<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>setting.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 214.45pt 454.5pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">146.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">From the abundant information
recently received, in situ, by the Special Rapporteur, it seems clear that in
the Canadian context, constructive arrangements such as “comprehensive land
claims settlements” and so-called “modern treaties” are basically conceived as
a means of settling all outstanding<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>claims.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>According
to this information, they mostly concern areas in which indigenous peoples are
not parties<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>treaties.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
general it remains to be seen in what manner the enforcement and implementation
of the provisions of possible constructive arrangements of this type can be
ensured, especially for the indigenous parties to such<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>agreements.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection30">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 82.4pt; margin-right: 79.4pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 79.4pt 0in 82.4pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 82.4pt 82.45pt; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><u><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Situations lacking specific
bilateral legal instruments to govern relations between indigenous peoples and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>States</span></u><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: 5.3pt; margin: 5.3pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">147.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">From the start, the Special
Rapporteur decided that, in order to fulfil his mandate, it was imperative to
review the situation of indigenous peoples that are not parties to any of the
instruments covered by the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>study.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">148.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Lacking such a review, it would be
impossible for him to assess whether or not treaty-making (again, in the
broadest sense of this term) can be considered as an appropriate juridical tool
to improve the situation of indigenous peoples in general, to set the pattern
for eradicating any discriminatory treatment against them and to gradually put
an end to the present•day antagonistic nature of the relationship between
indigenous and non-indigenous peoples living together in many<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>countries.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 190.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">149.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Regarding the categories of
indigenous peoples falling under the present section, the Special Rapporteur
identified the following general situations in his first<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>progress<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>report:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(a) indigenous peoples who have never entered
into consensual relations with any State; (b) indigenous peoples parties to
instruments that were unilaterally abrogated - either formally or by way of
outright non-implementation - by the State party; (c) indigenous peoples who
participated in the negotiation and adoption of instruments that were never ratified
by the competent State bodies; and (d) indigenous peoples living in countries
where, as the result of an effective process of acculturation, the municipal
legislation lacks specific provisions guaranteeing distinct status to them and
protection of their rights as<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>peoples.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .45pt; margin: 0.45pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">150.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Peoples falling into one or more
of these groupings include, of course, those who, because of the lack of
recognition of their indigenous status by the State, have been denied any
possible redress - either in law or by formal negotiation - in conflict
situations relating, precisely, to this status.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">50</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">151.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">First and foremost, it must be
pointed out that, at present – and with very few exceptions - national and
international legal texts having a bearing on the living conditions of indigenous
peoples are enacted and enforced by State institutions without direct
indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>input.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">152.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The cases initially retained for
study under this heading included the Aborigines and Islanders in Australia,
the Gitksan and Wet’suwet’en in British Columbia (Canada), the Yanomami of
Brazil, the indigenous Hawaiians, the Mapuche (Argentina and Chile), the Maya
of Guatemala, the Lubicon Cree of Alberta (Canada), the San (Botswana), the
Ainu (Japan), the people of the so•called <u>rancherías</u> in California
(United States) and the Kuna of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>Panama.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">153.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Having completed his research, the
Special Rapporteur considers that it may be useful to review the above list, so
as to determine - at least provisionally - what would be the most practical and
fruitful<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>means</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">(i.e. treaty/agreement renegotiation and/or proper
implementation, “constructive arrangement”, resort to international bodies, or
some other formula) of constructively approaching, in the future, the wide
array of current situations confronting those peoples mentioned above.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection31">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 31.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 31.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">154.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In all cases, the historical
development of each of their individual predicaments must be duly considered,
since it may provide definite clues as to the suitability of the possible
available<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>solutions.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 472.5pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">155.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It should be stressed, however,
that any decision concerning such a solution must be reached with full
participation of the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span>indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>party.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">No </span>other approach may lead to a
much-needed process of confidence-building and thus to consensual legal<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>instruments.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">156.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The Special Rapporteur has already
indicated changes suggested regarding the treaty situation in Latin<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>America.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .35pt; margin: 0.35pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 37.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 184.45pt 340.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">157.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Thus, the Mapuche can be included
in the category of peoples who have already participated in a process<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>treaty-making.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Others, like the Kuna, may gain protection
through “constructive arrangements”, a process that is apparently<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>still<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">
</span>ongoing.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The case of the
Maya and Yanomami are discussed below.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">158.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Furthermore, at this final stage
of his research, the Special Rapporteur is in a position to approach the other
cases in question according to the pattern described<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>below.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 37.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">159.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">A first series of situations,
including those of the Lubicon Cree and the Gitksan and Wet’suwet’en in Canada,
should be considered under the category of possible constructive arrangements,
provided certain aspects of their situation can be resolved at an early stage
in mutually acceptable terms.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 19.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">160.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The case of the indigenous peoples
of Australia might be addressed through a process of treaty-making, assuming
the <u>Makarrata</u> (or treaty), called for by the indigenous parties since
1980 remains a running issue. </span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">51</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Nevertheless,
this <u>Makarrata</u> should also be viewed not only against the backdrop of
the so-called reconciliation process launched by the Australian federal
Government in 1991 by virtue of the Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation Act,
but also in the light of recent judicial and legislative developments, most
prominently the Mabo (No. 2) judgement of the Australian High Court (1992) and
the Native Title Act enacted at the federal<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;">
</span>level</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">in
1993.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 19.4pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 19.4pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">161.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In the case of the <u>rancherías</u>
in California, its relevance hinges mainly on the failure of the State party to
ratify texts already negotiated with the peoples concerned and should therefore
also be considered as a situation of eventual re•emergence and proper
implementation of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>treaties.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .4pt; margin: 0.4pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">162.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Considering the above, the Special
Rapporteur has been led to believe that other cases of the failure of State
bodies to ratify treaties negotiated at some point in history with indigenous
parties ought to be re-examined at the appropriate level, with a view to
determining the possibility of bringing the ratification process to<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>completion.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 31.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 31.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">163.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">By virtue of the so-called Apology
Bill enacted by the Congress of the United States (P.L. 103-150, of 1993),
among other reasons, the situation<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>of</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection32">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 19.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 19.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 388.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">the indigenous Hawaiians takes on a special<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>complexion<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>now.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Apology Bill
recognizes that the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy in 1898 was unlawful. By
the same token, the 1897 treaty of annexation between the United States and
Hawaii appears as an unequal treaty that could be declared invalid on those
grounds, according to the international law of the time.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 37.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">164.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It follows that the case of Hawaii
could be re-entered on the list of non-self-governing territories of the United
Nations and resubmitted to the bodies of the Organization competent in the
field of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>decolonization.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">165.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Still in connection with the list
of cases considered above, to the knowledge of the Special Rapporteur, the
Yanomami of Brazil, the Maya of Guatemala, the San (Botswana) and the Ainu
(Japan) are the only examples of indigenous peoples who never entered into
consensual juridical relations with any<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>State.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 19.45pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 19.45pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">166.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The question of whether, and in
what manner, each of these indigenous peoples should seek a negotiated
agreement, or any other freely agreed-to formula, with the States in which they
now reside remains to be addressed on a case-by-case basis with adequate indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>input.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">167.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Particular consideration should be
given, in these cases, to the practical day-to-day consequences (sometimes
grave) of the lack of such agreements for the juridical and political status of
the peoples concerned in the mixed societies in which they now live, and for
the preservation, promotion and effective realization of their historical
rights as peoples, including their human rights and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>freedoms.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 130.4pt; margin-right: 97.4pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 97.4pt 0in 130.4pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 130.4pt 130.45pt 274.45pt; text-indent: -36.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">A LOOK AT<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>THE<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>PRESENT:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>ORIGIN, DEVELOPMENT AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE
DOMESTICATION<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>PROCESS</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">168.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In establishing the mandate of the
Special Rapporteur, both the Commission on Human Rights and the Economic and
Social Council instructed<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>him</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-right: 18.7pt; tab-stops: 479.15pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">“[to take into proper account] the
social-economic realities of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"> </span>States”.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">52<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">is therefore imperative for him to review the
present•day situation<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>of</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 9.9pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 370.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">indigenous peoples now
inhabiting<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>multi-national<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>States.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>However,
the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>current</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 108%; margin-top: 1.2pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">situations cannot be fully understood if the
origins and development of the process of domestication of indigenous issues
are not examined as well.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">169.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Any attempt, at the end of the
twentieth century, to arrive at a general approach to the vast, complex, and
more than 500•year•old <u>problematique</u> of the indigenous peoples, should
not - and cannot - ignore a fundamental fact:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>their initial contacts with “non-indigenous” peoples from other parts of
the world, dating back to the late fifteenth century, were the result of the
launching and development of European colonial<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">
</span>expansion.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 31.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 352.45pt 430.5pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">170.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">This expansion was inherent to the
new mode of production emerging in Europe during the final part of the late<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>Middle<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">
</span>Ages.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>By
the last decade of the fifteenth century, this new economic model had already
developed enough scientific, technological and financial wherewithal to allow
the successful launching of exploration companies, “discovery” expeditions and
colonization in the search for new trade routes and markets in<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>far•off<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">
</span>regions.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection33">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">theatre of these operations encompassed the
Americas, Asia, Africa, the vast expanses of the Pacific and even certain parts
of the periphery of Europe itself.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 76.4pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">171.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">At a later stage, other
contributing factors to this expansionism were: religious intolerance,
oppression based on national origin and the economic and social marginalization
of certain sectors of the European population, as well as antagonism and
confrontation between the European powers in various epochs.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>All this would, in later centuries, foster
both the establishment of new initial contacts in the hinterlands of the
territories “discovered”, and the further development and consolidation of the
colonial phenomenon as a whole.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">172.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Despite the surfeit of pious
excuses that has been found to justify ethically the launching of this overseas
colonial enterprise, and the pseudo•juridical (sometimes even openly
anti-juridical) reasoning which has attempted to defend it “legally”, there is
irrefutable evidence that its clearly•defined goals had nothing either
“humanitarian” or “civilizing” about them.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 130.45pt 268.45pt 376.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">173.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Its first <u>raison d’être</u> was
to guarantee a permanent presence of the overseas power, either settler
populations or mere trading posts, in territories inhabited by<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>other<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>peoples.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Secondly, the overseas power sought to
acquire the rights to exploit the natural resources existing there and to
secure these new markets for the import and<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;">
</span>export<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>needs.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Thirdly, it coveted those new
strongholds to strengthen its position in the struggle with other European<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>powers.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Finally,
it sought to safeguard what had been acquired by imposing its political, social
and economic institutions and modalities on the peoples inhabiting these<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>lands.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .35pt; margin: 0.35pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 43.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 43.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">174.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Those goals were to be
accomplished at any cost, even - should it be necessary and possible - that of
the destruction of often highly advanced cultures, socio-political institutions
and traditional economic models developed over centuries by the indigenous
peoples.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 238.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">175.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">As has been reasoned before in a
previous report, submitted in 1995, the overseas colonial undertaking differed
completely from the very common phenomenon of expansion into adjacent
territories (at the expense of their neighbours) practised by the peoples in
those “new” territories before the arrival of the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>European<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>colonizer.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The inherent nature of
the colonial undertaking, the exploitative, discriminatory and dominating
character of its “philosophy” as a system, the methods employed and the final
results it had on very dissimilar societies mark the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>difference.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 31.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 256.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">176.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">These dissimilarities have today
acquired, as a result of the still unfinished decolonization process, an even
greater dimension as far as Asia, the Pacific and Africa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>are<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>concerned.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As a direct result of decolonization, the gap
left by the “non-indigenous” colonial political powers in those continents has
been filled by population sectors whose “indigenous” (or “autochthonous”)
condition is indisputable by any of today’s<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>standards.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection34">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 19.4pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 19.4pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">177.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It must be borne in mind that,
according to all available information, the terms “indigenous”, “native”, “<u>mitayo</u>”,
“Indian”, “autochthonous populations” and others of a similar cast do not come
from the lexicon of those whom we today label “indigenous peoples”, but from
the vocabulary utilized by the “discoverers”/<u>conquistadores</u>/colonizers
and their descendants, to differentiate themselves • in a relationship of
superiority/inferiority • from the original inhabitants of the new territories
being added to the European<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>crowns.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 19.45pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 19.45pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 304.45pt 412.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">178.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The initial encounters were, of
course, varied<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>nature.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Some
were guided solely by the logic of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>outright<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>force.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We
must recall that the sword • efficiently backed by the cross • has for more
than 500 years sealed the fate of tens of millions of the original inhabitants
of Latin America and the Caribbean and that of their<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>descendants.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">179.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The right emanating from force and
imposed by it as an instrument of assimilation/marginalization policies was
also the basis of the “asymmetrical” bilateral relations between indigenous
peoples and the <u>criollos</u> established in the new Latin American republics
after independence from Spain and Portugal. The victory of Ayacucho meant
little or nothing for the original inhabitants, who simply found themselves
subject to the domination of new<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>rulers.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 394.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">180.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">This has been, in general, the
situation in the Latin American region, both in those countries that were fully
colonized before independence was obtained and in those where it was left to
the new republic, for example in the cases of Argentina and Chile, to complete
domination of the indigenous population, also by force, in every corner of the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>new<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>State.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Only in an extremely
limited number of cases (when no way could be found around an effective refusal
to submit, as in the <u>parlamentos</u> in the Chilean Araucania) are there
vestiges of juridical obligations assumed (although rarely met) with “the
Indians” through negotiation and legally binding<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>instruments.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .35pt; margin: 0.35pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 70.4pt 436.5pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">181.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">However, in other latitudes of the
Americas, as well as in other areas of the world, these first contacts were not
marked exclusively by military </span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">force.<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">On the one hand, this was related to
then-predominating political and juridical discourse in the societies from
which the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>outsiders<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>came.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>On
the other, it reflected the balance of forces that originally existed between
the newcomers and the well•organized societies that had populated these “new”
territories for centuries, a balance that was to change radically as the
colonization process<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>progressed.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 250.45pt 268.45pt 340.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">182.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">A case in point is Britain’s
progressive colonization - and that further advanced by its successors in the
original 13 colonies (the kernel of the United States) at the end of the
eighteenth century - of the vast tracts of land today comprising Canada and the<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>United<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">
</span>States.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There, a “juridical
factor” (i.e. treaties)<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>was<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>introduced.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To a certain degree, this form of initial
contact can also be seen in the French colonial endeavours in parts of these
same territories at<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>time.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>During
the progressive advance from the Atlantic to the Pacific, military might
coexisted with negotiations and juridical instruments as the basis of relations
between the colonizer and the indigenous peoples<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>encountered.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection35">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 184.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">183.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In the general run of late cases,
especially in Africa and in certain areas of the Pacific, the initial colonial
presence and implantation also began with a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>low<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>profile.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This
can be seen, for example, in British behaviour both in Africa and in New<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>Zealand.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 94.4pt 310.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">184.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In many places, successive waves
of settler migration from the metropolis (in the case of Hawaii) or of royal
trading companies’ representatives (frequent in the “East Indies”), and certain
legal modalities (some highly “innovative”, such as the “perpetual leasing” of
territories) emerged alongside the traditional juridical forms (bilateral
agreements and treaties).<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>All,
however, sought the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>same<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>end:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>to
secure colonial<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> </span>domination.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 31.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">185.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">These various options were
employed according to the needs and possibilities of the alien powers in each
specific case, whether the purpose was to formalize, <u>ex post facto</u>, the
acquisitions already made or to smooth the path for any future military action that
might be<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>required.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 382.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">186.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">However, something must be said
about the juridical instruments that emerged after the initial contacts in the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>various<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">
</span>periods.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Their
intrinsic nature, form and content make it clear that the indigenous and
non-indigenous parties mutually bestowed on each other (in either an explicit
or implicit manner) the condition of sovereign entities in accordance with the
non•indigenous international law of the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>time.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 304.45pt 448.5pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">187.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It must be stressed that certain
States had a very powerful motivation for making these treaties or other
international instruments of a contractual nature requiring the consent<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>participants.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Furthermore, this motivation (in the direct
interest of the non-indigenous party) was<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>quite<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>clear:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>to
legitimize (via the acquiescence of the autochthonous sovereign of the
territories in question) any “right” (real or intended) with which they could
counter opposing claims advanced by other colonial powers vying for control of
those<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>lands.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 31.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 88.4pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">188.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">However, to acquire such “rights”
via derivative title (since they clearly lacked original title, or because the
legality of their presence in those areas was being questioned), required that
they seek the agreement of the legitimate holder of the original title, i.e.,
the indigenous nation in question.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
latter would have to do this by the formal cession of their lands (or their
sale, or a concession of acquisitive possession or any other type of valid<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>transfer).</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 124.45pt 442.5pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">189.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In accordance with European legal
tradition and formalities, this transfer should appear in a document that could
be presented as proof before the colonizing power’s equals in the “concert of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>civilized<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>nations”.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The ideal
instrument for this, according to the international law of the epoch, was<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>treaty.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Furthermore, the only entities with the
juridical capacity to make treaties were (like today), precisely, international
subjects possessing sovereignty - their own or delegated by other sovereigns -
through the exercise of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>it.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">190.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In a second phase of the
colonization project and until it peaked - during its “classical” manifestation
or a variation thereof, and especially as of the second third of the nineteenth
century - there was a visible<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>increase</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection36">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.05pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">in the use of military force to acquire vast tracts
of “new” territories.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 19.35pt; margin-top: .95pt; margin: 0.95pt 19.35pt 0in 22.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">This shift was very much in line with
the enormous power already being wielded by the traditional European imperial
powers and by others who emerged later to begin their own expansionism.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 19.45pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 88.4pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">191.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The newcomers’ descendants
increased their military and economic capacity.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>That
of the indigenous peoples remained (in the best of cases) the same or (most
frequently) decreased rapidly, which resulted in both cases in a growing
vulnerability of these peoples to the machinations of the non•indigenous, with
whom they had possibly made treaties/agreements, but who now wished to ignore
their sovereignty and impose a “new order” on their ancestral<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>homes.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 76.4pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">192.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Thus began the process that the
Special Rapporteur has preferred to call (without any claim to originality) the
“domestication” of the “indigenous question”, that is to say, the process by
which the entire <u>problematique</u> was removed from the sphere of
international law and placed squarely under the exclusive competence of the
internal jurisdiction of the non-indigenous States.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In particular, although not exclusively, this applied to
everything related to juridical documents already agreed to (or negotiated
later) by the original colonizer States and/or their successors and indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>peoples.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">193.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It may be argued that in the light
of international law today, and particularly on the basis of Article 2,
paragraph 7, of the Charter of the United Nations, such a claim for the
reserved domain of domestic jurisdiction could, prima facie, find juridical<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>backing.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">194.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">However, to legitimize beyond any
doubt the ways and means used to take issues that originally belonged to the
realm of international law away from it and to justify making them subject
solely to domestic legislation unilaterally passed by the States and
adjudicated by domestic non-indigenous courts, States should produce
unassailable proof that the indigenous peoples in question have expressly and
of their own free will renounced their sovereign<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>attributes.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">195.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It is not possible to understand
this process of gradual but incessant erosion of the indigenous peoples'
original sovereignty, without considering and, indeed, highlighting the role
played by “juridical tools”, always arm in arm with the military component of
the colonial<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>enterprise.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 244.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">196.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In practically all cases, both in
Latin America and in other regions mentioned above, the legal establishment can
be seen serving as an effective tool in this process<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>domination.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jurists (with their conceptual elaborations),
domestic laws (with their imperativeness both in the metropolis and in the
colonies), the judiciary (subject to the “rule of [non-indigenous] law”),
one-sided international law (its enforcement assured by military means) and
international tribunals (on the basis of existing international law) were all
present to “validate” juridically the organized plunder at the various stages
of the colonial<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>enterprise.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .35pt; margin: 0.35pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 286.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">197.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">There are abundant examples<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>this:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the 1898 Joint Resolution under which the U.S.
Congress, after using force to impose a treaty, consummated the outright
annexation of the sovereign State of Hawaii (which had manifold international
juridical relations with other “civilized” nations), and<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection37">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 19.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 19.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 358.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">“scramble for Africa” formalized at the 1885 Berlin
Congress by the colonial powers of the epoch are just two of the<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>many<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>examples.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Others also
supporting this assertion can be found in the progress reports submitted
earlier by the Special<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>Rapporteur.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">198.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The concept of the “rule of law”
began to traverse a long path, today in a new phase, towards transformation
into “the law of the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>rulers”.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .35pt; margin: 0.35pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">199.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Yet, one cannot fail to mention
the role played by decisions taken by some indigenous peoples themselves in
this same process of domestication, most of them, however, taken under
extremely difficult conditions or in a clear “state of necessity”, to use a
juridical<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>expression.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 328.45pt 352.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">200.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Nevertheless, the Special
Rapporteur has chosen to state his views on this matter keeping very much in
mind the forward-looking aspects of his mandate, and highly aware of the
significance of the lessons to be drawn from history, <u>mutatis mutandis</u>,
in the process of building a new, more just, and solid relationship of
coexistence between the indigenous and non•indigenous sectors in a considerable
number of<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>modern<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>societies.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>History
is an excellent source of knowledge for shaping<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>political<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>action.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To ignore history would make it incredibly
difficult to understand fully the present, and practically impossible to face
the future<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>wisely.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .35pt; margin: 0.35pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 88.4pt 202.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">201.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In this context, let it be said
that the Special Rapporteur’s historical research has shown, in his view, that
not all indigenous nations made the wisest choices at<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>all<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>times.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>That is to say, at some crucial moments in
their history, some indigenous nations were not capable of putting the need to
unite among themselves over their individual interests, even though unity was
necessary to confront properly encroachment on their sovereign attributes. This
was true even when the ultimate intentions of the newcomers were already
apparent.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The terrible consequences
inherent in allowing themselves to be divided appear not to have been totally<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>perceived.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .35pt; margin: 0.35pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 388.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">202.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In addition, on more than one
occasion they seem not to have recognized the advantages and disadvantages, in
all their dimensions, nor the final consequences, of a policy of alliance with<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>European<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>powers.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This
can be said both of those who adopted this policy in line with their ongoing
fratricidal struggles and of those who decided to favour one of the
non-indigenous powers over the others in the military confrontations that took
place in their ancestral<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>lands.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 31.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 31.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">203.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Further, it is also apparent that
they could not fully appreciate (or that they widely underestimated) the
questionable role played, and still played in many cases, by religious
denominations or their representatives as effective instruments of the colonial
enterprise in its various<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>stages.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .4pt; margin: 0.4pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">204.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It is easy to see the negative
effects for indigenous peoples of such a combination of endogenous and
exogenous factors, not only on their initial sovereign condition, but also on
their overall international juridical status. These effects also included the
extinction (or substantial reduction) of their territorial base and undermined
their political, economic, juridical, cultural and social order in general, and
even their survival as a distinct<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>society.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection38">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 31.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 31.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">205.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">These negative effects are
perceptible, to a greater or lesser degree, whether or not the relations
between these peoples and the colonizers were juridically formalized by means
of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>treaties/agreements.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">206.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The most lethal of these effects
has been, of course, the extinction of these peoples as social entities with
distinct identities that has already occurred (or presumably will soon<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>occur).</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 82.4pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">207.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It is impossible to determine with
any certainty, in 1998, the number of indigenous peoples which have become
extinct since the time of their first encounter with the “discoverers”, as the
result of the “civilization” imposed on<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>them.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nor is it possible to say how many more will
disappear in the not so distant future, unless the circumstances in which they
live in multi•national States today do not<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>change.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 124.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">208.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">To cite just two known examples,
according to all indications, the original inhabitants of Catalina Island off
the coast of California and the Yanomamis of Roraima should be included in the
category of “peoples in danger of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>extinction”.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The relentless carving away of their lands as
a result of the most varied actions, their expulsion from these lands (either
through the use of direct force by the new State or because they could not
obtain the resources to continue practising their traditional economic
activities or to continuing tilling the soil), draconian restrictions on the
use of their own languages and on the practice of their religious beliefs (or
the prohibition of one or both) have contributed, historically and currently to
this situation.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .45pt; margin: 0.45pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 88.4pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">209.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The effective exercise of their
attributes as international subjects had already been effectively liquidated by
around the third decade of the twentieth century in all areas of the world in
which bilateral treaties between indigenous and non-indigenous peoples had been
relatively frequent in the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>past.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This process echoed the United States Senate
decision at the beginning of the 1870s, to discontinue treaty-making with
indigenous nations and to refuse treaty status to the instruments still
awaiting<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span>ratification.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 49.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">210.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In this respect, one must also
recall the indigenous peoples’ unsuccessful attempts (despite President Woodrow
Wilson’s “14 points”) to re•establish recognition of their international status
by the League of Nations; or to gain access, in their own right as peoples, to
the International Court of Justice, established under the Charter of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 19.35pt; margin-top: .35pt; margin: 0.35pt 19.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 442.5pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">United Nations as the principal judicial organ of
the new world organization that emerged as a result of the Axis defeat in the
Second<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>World<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>War.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">was </span>so despite the large number of
indigenous soldiers who had contributed to the Allied victory in that war and
despite the Preamble to its Charter which declares that the United Nations was
established by “the <u>peoples</u> of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>the</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 31.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 31.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 226.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">United Nations” who through their Governments
declared themselves in 1945 “determined to establish conditions under which <u>justice</u>
and <u>respect for the</u> <u>obligations arising from treaties and other
sources of international law can</u> <u>be maintained</u>”<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>(emphasis<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>added).<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Furthermore,
this was the situation even though the Charter, in formulating one of the
purposes of the Organization, recognizes the importance of respect for “the
principle of equal rights and self•determination of peoples” (Art. 1.2), a
simple, direct and unqualified way of saying all peoples, bar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>none.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection39">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">211.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In the current contemporary
context and in the framework of this same provision of the Charter, it is worth
underlining, at least in passing, the patent incongruity in the position of
those who used this Charter reference as a basis for legitimizing the decision
by some nations formerly part of the today-extinct Soviet Union (for example,
the so-called Baltic countries) to secede from it, claiming their status as
fully sovereign nations, while at the same time objecting to even a mention of
that same right in the context of debates on indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>issues.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in 58.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: -36.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">212.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">This is
not the only example of the double•standard<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">
</span>treatment</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 19.35pt; margin-top: 1.2pt; margin: 1.2pt 19.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 172.45pt 424.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">indigenous peoples are receiving currently in the
United Nations, although the Organization has devoted much greater attention to
this issue since 1982, with the establishment of the Working Group on<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>Indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>Populations.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
insurmountable obstacles confronting their efforts to represent themselves
fully in bodies of the United Nations system other than the Working Group
should be kept<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>mind.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Such
was the case in 1989, when ILO discussed and adopted Convention No. 169, which
is directly related to their daily living conditions.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 256.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">213.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Moreover, similar difficulties
blocked the much•needed full participation of indigenous organizations in the
Working Group established by the Commission on Human Rights to elaborate a
draft United Nations declaration on the rights of indigenous populations, a
forum for which strict rules for participation were instituted that, in fact,
limit to a considerable degree the indigenous input into<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>debate.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>No similar rules were applied for
non•governmental organizations without recognized status with the Economic and
Social Council in the case of another working group established by the
Commission, that dealing with the rights and responsibilities of “human rights
defenders”.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 238.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">214.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The constant reduction (or total
disappearance) of the territorial base of indigenous peoples not only affected
their capacity to survive as peoples but is the source of the most crucial
aspect of the “indigenous question” in its current context, that of the right
of these peoples to the use, enjoyment, conservation, and transmission to
future generations of their ancestral lands; in peace, without outside
interference, in accordance with their own uses, customs, and norms of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>social<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>life.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We shall come back to this<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>issue.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">215.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Once the work of the initial <u>conquistadores</u>/colonizers
or their successors was completed, the colonial process advanced towards the
gradual or rapid dispossession of indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>lands.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 124.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">216.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It is not the task of the Special
Rapporteur in this final report to describe in detail the harsh impact on
indigenous peoples of being subjected to a new and totally alien social,
economic, and political•juridical order. Much has been published on the subject
by both indigenous and non-indigenous sources (including official government
bodies in the States now inhabited by these<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">
</span>peoples).<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He will only attempt to
summarize its most relevant effects, some still lingering on even at the end of
the twentieth century, and in particular those touching on land<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>rights.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">217.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It must be stressed, in this
regard, that for these peoples their land (from whence they came or where they
live today) holds singular spiritual<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>and</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection40">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 19.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 19.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 94.4pt 130.45pt 238.45pt 340.45pt 376.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">material<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>values.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It contains for them the essential elements of
their cosmogony.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It is the ultimate
source of life<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>wisdom.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>They
believe in the collective enjoyment of what it provides; in the inalienability
of something not “owned” but “preserved” for<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;">
</span>future<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>generations.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It plays an irreplaceable role in their<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>religious<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>practices.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In short,
their understanding of the land was (and is) singularly different from that
imported by the newcomers and their successors, whose approach, logically,
reflected (although not always exactly) the predominant values of their
respective<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>societies.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 31.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 31.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">218.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><u><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Grosso modo</span></u><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">, the newcomers and their successors imbued (and imbue) the land with an
essentially patrimonial value, making it subject to exclusive individual
appropriation (and, thus, capable of being passed on to others at the will of
the title holder), a source of material wealth and a basis for political and
economic<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>power.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 370.45pt 412.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">219.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The process that took the
indigenous peoples’ lands from them left behind very limited and debilitating
alternatives<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>survival:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>vassalage
(or servitude in its diverse forms), segregation in reduced areas “reserved”
for them, or assimilation into the non-indigenous sector of the new
socio•political entity created without<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>input.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
last alternative meant the social marginalization and discrimination prevalent
in these mixed societies, about which little or nothing could be done despite
praiseworthy efforts by certain non-indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">
</span>sectors.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 340.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">220.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Various methods were utilized to
achieve dispossession of the land. They, unquestionably, included treaties and
agreements, at least if we accept the non-indigenous interpretation of these
documents (and, in general, that version is the only one available in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>written<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">
</span>form).<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This issue will be
returned to<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>later.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 31.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">221.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Coercion - either by armed force
or by judicial and legislative means, or both - was very frequently resorted
to. This was true whether or not its employment was preceded by formal
juridical commitments to the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>contrary.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 37.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 37.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 190.45pt 202.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">222.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It went<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>extremes.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>An example is the forced exodus in the 1830s
to the other side of the Mississippi of the “five civilized tribes” of the
south•eastern<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>United<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>States.<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>This
is the first documented case of “ethnic cleansing”.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 442.5pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">223.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Another method frequently employed
to attain dispossession in cases in which no juridical instruments of any sort
had been compacted was to take advantage of the inability of the indigenous
peoples (or individuals) to show “property deeds” considered valid under the
new,<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>non-indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>law.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This
made their ancestral lands vulnerable to seizure by non-indigenous individuals
holding such documents (acquired by the most diverse - and, most often, less
than honourable - means) or by the central or local authorities, who claimed
them as public property (or as lands belonging to the Crown or federal lands)
subject to their<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>jurisdiction.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .35pt; margin: 0.35pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 202.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">224.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The total or partial dispossession
of indigenous peoples of their lands (a basic life source in all categories)
created new forms of dependency or sharpened<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">
</span>pre-existing<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>ones.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>First, it notably affected the ability<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>of</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection41">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 37.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 37.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 226.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">indigenous authorities to exercise their functions
effectively and also the capacity of indigenous societies to be self-sustaining
by way of their traditional<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>economic<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>activities.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>All this had a traumatic impact on their social<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>framework.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 118.45pt 364.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">225.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The new non-indigenous authorities
hastened to create a distinct political-administrative order to replace the
traditional indigenous authorities and the decision•making mechanisms that had
guided these societies for<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>centuries.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This was a
generally<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>successful<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>effort.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>However,
in multiple cases it could only be achieved with the participation of certain
segments of the indigenous societies, already subject to stresses of all<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>types.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 31.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 238.45pt 298.45pt 304.45pt 394.45pt 412.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">226.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Similarly, in recent times, the
possibility of indigenous participation, as such, in certain aspects of the
non-indigenous established political order has opened up some<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>multi-national<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>societies.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This is
particularly true in the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>parliamentary<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>area.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Examples
can be found in Colombia and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>New<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>Zealand/Aotearoa.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Special Rapporteur welcomes these developments, which
appear to be steps in a<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span>positive<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>direction.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This is particularly true in the case of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>New<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>Zealand.<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Its electoral law gives the Maaori
population the option (to be freely taken) of registering on the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.7pt;"> </span>list</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 19.35pt; margin-top: .35pt; margin: 0.35pt 19.35pt 0in 22.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">reserved for them. Still it remains to
be seen just how much of a real impact this type of measure will have in the
enormous effort required to achieve more just relations between both sectors of
these societies.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 76.4pt 442.5pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">227.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In economic terms, the loss or
substantial reduction of their territorial base had lamentable consequences for<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>peoples.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
impossibility of their continuing their traditional economic activities (or the
necessity of carrying them out in greatly reduced areas) generated a constant
migration to non-indigenous economic centres, in particular to large cities.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>For very many communities this has meant the
loss or severe reduction of their demographic base and, in general,
acculturation and progressive loss of indigenous identity by a significant
number of their<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>members.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 358.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">228.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Today, in lands still not affected
by dispossession - in particular, in those cases where no treaties or
agreements exist - there is a continuing and visible impact on the traditional<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>economic<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>activities.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This is so
because of the juridical insecurity (according to non-indigenous law) of their
effective possession of the land and the inroads made by alien technology for
the exploitation of natural resources (including the subsoil, rivers, forests
and fauna).</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 214.45pt 232.45pt 460.5pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">229.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The list of such cases is long and
varied and it is impossible to eumerate them all in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>this<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>report.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It is enough to point out that the great
majority of these people eke out an existence in<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span>precarious<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>conditions.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">This </span>is
due to a number<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>factors:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the
direct threat of forced eviction, in some cases; the obligation at times to
obtain licences or permits from non•indigenous administrative authorities to be
able to engage in their traditional economic activities (or to be limited by
restrictive quotas that do not cover their needs); the obligation, in other
cases, to seek authorization from these authorities to make use of natural
resources, even when their ownership has been recognized even under
non-indigenous law; or, generally, the effects of modern technology on their
traditional<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>habitat.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection42">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">230.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The general situation of the
Australian aborigines - even after the well-known decision in the Mabo case -
and the situations of the Lubicon Cree and Hobbema peoples/nations in Alberta
(Canada), the Dene (Navajo) in Arizona (United States), the Crees in James Bay,
Québec, many segments of the Maaori peoples in Aotearoa/New Zealand, and the
Mapuche in southern Chile are some tangible examples of indigenous peoples
living in the precarious economic conditions referred to<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>above.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">231.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In this respect, it should be mentioned
that during his field work among the Cree of Québec (1993) and the Mapuches
(1998), the Special Rapporteur was able to confirm, both from personal
observation and from vivid testimony, the enormous irreversible damage already
caused to, or threatening, the indigenous habitat because of the rerouting or
damming of large rivers (such as the upper Bio-Bio or the Great Whale river
basin) to build large•scale hydroelectric plants, whose output, by all
accounts, is earmarked for consumption by<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">non-indigenous
population (even in other countries).</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">232.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">As can be inferred from all of the
above, every aspect of the indigenous peoples’ socio-cultural life, including,
obviously, their religion, has been negatively affected by the overall process
of “domestication” (which touches on all areas), as well as by its obligatory
corollary, dispossession of and the loss of effective control over their
ancestral<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>lands.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">233.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Whether subject to a system of
direct servitude or to a sort of judicial guardianship (or trusteeship) similar
to that applied to minors; whether assimilated (or on the way to being
assimilated) and marginalized in the new societies; or restricted to small
areas surrounded by another, powerful, aggressive and alien culture, or living
in other lands on the periphery - in flight from the non-indigenous authority
(having lost their own), these peoples have witnessed multiple attacks on their
rich social<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>fabric.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 418.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">234.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">First, it is important to note the
forced separation of families, as children and adolescents were sent, for long
periods during their formative years, to religious schools far from their<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>original<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">
</span>environment.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In those institutions,
they were rewarded for accepting assimilation, while any expression of their
original identity (such as speaking in their own language) would draw severe
punishment, including corporal<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>punishment.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 148.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">235.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Indigenous peoples also saw the
destruction of many manifestations of their historical-cultural heritage and
the desecration of their cemeteries and other<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">
</span>sacred<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>sites.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Their archaeological treasures and even
the bones of their ancestors are still exhibited today in numerous
non-indigenous museums around the world, despite the efforts to recover them,
the national laws passed to protect them and the protests of many international<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>organizations.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 292.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">236.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Over the remains of demolished
temples there stand impressive cathedrals or other manifestations of the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>new<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>culture.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In addition,
the Special Rapporteur has received sound information on at least two attempts
in recent years to build golf courses on lands of recognized religious value to
indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>peoples.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 424.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">237.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">On no few occasions, and during
long periods, their customs, ceremonies and religious practices were simply and<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>categorically<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>prohibited.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Moreover,</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection43">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 19.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 19.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 70.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">in many cases they lost access, for diverse
reasons, to the places where, according to their traditions, these practices
and ceremonies should take place.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In one
or another of these situations, they have been forced either to celebrate them
clandestinely at the risk of serious sanction (the case of <u>Sundance</u> in
North America), or (like the slaves brought from Africa to the Caribbean and
Brazil) to disguise them ingeniously in alien liturgy, such as that of the
Catholic religion, a common phenomenon in Latin<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>America.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 31.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 394.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">238.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Their institutions and cultures
were considered “inferior”, “archaic”, and “inefficient and impractical” by<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>non-indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>sectors.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>These
negative views were promoted daily and <u>urbi et orbis</u> by the most diverse
methods (“scientific” literature or simply by word of mouth) and quickly became
part of the “conventional wisdom” in large sections of the political and
academic world, as well as for vast segments of the population at large, in the
plurinational societies in which indigenous peoples continue to live<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>today.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 268.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">239.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Thus, there should be nothing
surprising about the desire of a number of indigenous individuals to
assimilate, nor about their acceptance of the ethical or material values of the
alien society by which they are surrounded. The common root of this evident threat
to their survival as distinct peoples can be found in the obvious erosion of
self-esteem afflicting certain sectors of diverse indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>peoples<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">
</span>nowadays.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This is even true at a
stage such as the present one, in which there is also a highly noticeable,
vigorous process of recovery and development of these peoples’ traditional<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>values.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 322.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">240.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In this regard, it should be
pointed out that the lack of employment opportunities and, in general, the
inability, in the current circumstances, to achieve sustainable development
according to their own traditions has contributed heavily to this loss<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>self-esteem.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This is particularly the case for peoples
caught in the “indigenous reserves” system established in the United States and
Canada, as well as in other situations in northern Europe and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>Greenland.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 358.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">241.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">All too frequently, the daily
reality of indigenous peoples feeds the belief that their survival is possible
thanks only to the “subventions” and “services” provided by the State on which<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>they<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">
</span>depend.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>These services may be
of greater or lesser quality and coverage, and the assistance may be direct or
indirect, but what all these instances have had in common for centuries is that
their cost is always, by definition, less than the value of the benefits
accrued by the non-indigenous sector with whom they share the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>society.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 31.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 256.45pt 262.45pt 310.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">242.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Finally, it must be stressed that
in practically all cases in which indigenous peoples live in modern
multi•national States their social development indexes are lower, or less
favourable, than those of the non•indigenous sectors with whom<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>they<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>coexist.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This is true for some of the most important<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>socio-economic<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>indexes:<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>employment,
annual income, prenatal and infant mortality, life expectancy, educational
level, percentage of the prison population, suicide<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>rate,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>etc.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Quite regularly, the official figures provided
by the competent sources in these countries provide proof of the above<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>assertion.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .35pt; margin: 0.35pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">243.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">All of the above explains why for
more than 15 years the Sub-Commission and the Working Group have dealt with indigenous
issues under an item<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>entitled</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection44">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 31.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 31.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 370.45pt 382.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">“Discrimination against indigenous peoples”, the
same title carried by the seminal study by Mr. Martínez Cobo published 16<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span>years<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">
</span>ago.<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Not
much of substance has changed for indigenous peoples<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>since<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>then.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The basic
elements of their relationships with the non-indigenous world remain<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>unchanged.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 31.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">244.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Nor is it by chance that the
Commission, on the very date on which it established the Special Rapporteur’s
mandate, recognized (in impeccable diplomatic parlance) that “in various
situations, indigenous peoples are unable to enjoy their inalienable human
rights and fundamental freedoms” (Commission resolution 1989/34 of 6 March
1989, sixth preambular<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>paragraph).</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 130.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 130.9pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 130.9pt 130.95pt 226.9pt; text-indent: -30.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">IV.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">LOOKING<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>AHEAD:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>CONCLUSIONS
AND<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>RECOMMENDATIONS</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .55pt; margin: 0.55pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 37.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 112.4pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">245.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The Special Rapporteur has a
number of elements to be duly taken into account at the time of formulating
conclusions and recommendations in this final<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">
</span>report.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The most important are
the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>following:</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin-right: 49.4pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 94.4pt 94.45pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">His own mandate, as established in
Commission on Human Rights resolution 1988/56 and Economic and Social Council
decision<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>1988/134;</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 94.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.1pt; margin: 5.1pt 0in 0in 94.4pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 94.4pt 94.45pt; text-indent: -36.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The
outline of the study </span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">53
</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">submitted to the Working Group’s<span style="letter-spacing: -2.15pt;"> </span>parent</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 1pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">bodies
and explicitly or implicitly endorsed by them; and</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .55pt; margin: 0.55pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 94.4pt 94.45pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The issues mentioned in the 1982
Martínez Cobo report as possible questions to be elucidated in a study such as
the one now being<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>concluded.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">246.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">As far as his mandate is
concerned, it must be recalled that the main purpose of the study is to analyse
the potential utility of treaties, agreements and other constructive
arrangements between indigenous peoples and Governments for the purpose of
ensuring the promotion and protection of the human rights and fundamental
freedoms of those peoples.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 31.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 406.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">247.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">His terms of reference also
instructed the Special Rapporteur to give “particular attention to the ongoing
development of universally relevant standards and the need to develop
innovative, forward-looking approaches to relationships between indigenous
populations<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>Governments”.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In doing so, he was to take into account the inviolability of
the sovereignty and territorial integrity of States, as well as their
socio-economic realities. The mention of “the ongoing development of
universally relevant standards” obviously referred to the process of
elaborating a draft declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples, begun in
the Working Group in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>1985.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .35pt; margin: 0.35pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 208.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">248.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Regarding the draft declaration,
the Special Rapporteur has taken its provisions as a basic point of reference
for his conclusions and recommendations, notwithstanding the fact that the
process of its final adoption is<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>still<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>unfinished.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He has taken very much into account the fact that its text, as it
now stands, was adopted after long years of deliberation both in the Working
Group and, for some time, in the Sub-Commission as well, with the ample
participation of both indigenous representatives and government delegations.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 61.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 61.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">249.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">As far as issues recognized in the
1988 outline as elements to be addressed at the end of the study are concerned,
the Special<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>Rapporteur</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection45">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 19.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 19.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 196.45pt 226.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">identified the role of treaties in European
expansion overseas (addressed in chapter III above); the contemporary
significance of treaties, agreements, and other constructive arrangements,
including questions relating to State succession, national recognition of such
instruments, and the views held by indigenous peoples<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>them.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In addition, the outline identified
three main sources that were to guide both the process of data gathering and
his conclusions<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>recommendations:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>public international law; the municipal law of present-day States
(including decisions by municipal courts); and indigenous juridical views (in
particular, on societal authority, treaties, and treaty-making in<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>general).</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">250.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Special Rapporteur Martínez Cobo
thought it convenient to explore further issues as relevant as the areas
covered today by the provisions of treaties and other international legal
instruments involving indigenous peoples, whether or not they are observed, the
consequences of their implementation or lack thereof for indigenous peoples (an
issue also addressed in chapter III above), as well as the present status of
those legal instruments involving indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">
</span>peoples.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 184.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">251.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">At this point, the Special
Rapporteur is prepared to offer, first, some general conclusions applicable to
the issues of the study as a whole; and then to provide more specific
conclusions regarding the two main categories of currently existing situations
in which indigenous peoples live in multi•national<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>societies:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>those in which
treaties, agreements or other constructive arrangements exist, and those
lacking such juridical<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;"> </span>instruments.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">252.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The first general conclusion
concerns the issue of recognition of indigenous peoples’ right to their lands
and their resources, and to continue engaging, unmolested, in their traditional
economic activities on those lands. This is the paramount problem to be
addressed in any effort to establish a more solid, equitable and durable
relationship between the indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>and</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 19.35pt; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 19.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 340.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">non-indigenous sectors in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>multi•national<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>societies.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Owing to their special relationship,
spiritual and material, with their lands, the Special Rapporteur believes that
very little or no progress can be made in this regard without tackling, solving
and redressing - in a way acceptable to the indigenous peoples concerned - the
question of their uninterrupted dispossession of this unique resource, vital to
their lives and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>survival.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">253.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The primacy of this issue is
reflected not only in the data gathered for the study and in the personal
testimony heard by the Special Rapporteur, but also in the debates held in the
Working Group and other international forums. The fact that more than a dozen
articles of the draft declaration deal with the question of land rights, and
the concerns recently expressed by<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span>Vatican</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">sources </span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">54 </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">on the
violence and discrimination exerted, up to the present,</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 108%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: 1.2pt; margin: 1.2pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">against indigenous peoples to deprive them of their
lands, are also proof of its primacy.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 322.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">254.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Another conclusion, closely
related to the previous one, is that not only the land rights issue, but, in
general, the entire indigenous<u> problematique</u> and its possible overall
solution cannot be approached exclusively on the basis of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>juridical<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">
</span>reasoning.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
problems confronted in a sizeable number of multi•national States are
essentially political in essence. Thus, considerable political will is required
from all the parties<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>concerned,</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection46">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 19.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 19.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 100.4pt 160.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">but in particular from the non-indigenous political
leadership of modern States, if these problems are to be resolved through
forward-looking new approaches.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Juridical
discussions and argumentation simply take too long, require copious resources
(which the indigenous side almost always lacks or has only in limited amounts),
and in many cases are prejudiced by centuries of sedimented<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>rationale.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In addition, the urgency of the existing problems simply leaves no
room to engage, at the threshold of the twenty•first century, in the type of
juridico-philosophical debates which Las Casas and Sepúlveda pursued in the
sixteenth<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>century.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .35pt; margin: 0.35pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 112.4pt 118.45pt 172.45pt 310.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">255.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The Special Rapporteur is fully
convinced that the overall indigenous<u> problematique</u> today is also
ethical<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>nature.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He believes
that humanity has contracted a debt with indigenous peoples because of the
historical misdeeds against<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>them.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Consequently, these must be
redressed on the basis of equity and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>historical<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>justice.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He
is also very much aware of the practical impossibility of taking the world back
to the situation existing at the beginning of the encounters between indigenous
and non-indigenous peoples five centuries<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>ago.<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>It is not possible to undo all that has been done
(both positive and negative) in this time•lapse, but this does not negate the
ethical imperative to undo (even at the expense, if need be, of the
straitjacket imposed by the unbending observance of the “rule<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>of</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: .35pt; margin: 0.35pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">[non-indigenous] law”) the wrongs done, both
spiritually and materially, to the indigenous peoples.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 31.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 328.45pt 400.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">256.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The Special Rapporteur also
harbours no doubts concerning the much debated issue of the right<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>self-determination.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Indigenous
peoples, like all peoples on Earth, are entitled to that<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>inalienable<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>right.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Article 1 of the Charter of the
United Nations gives blanket recognition of this right to all peoples
(enshrining it as a principle of contemporary international law, as does
article 1 common to both International Covenants on Human<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>Rights.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 19.35pt; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 19.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 166.45pt 364.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">This right is also expressly recognized for
indigenous peoples in article 3 of the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>draft<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>declaration.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In the view of the Special Rapporteur, any contradiction that may
emerge between the exercise of this right by indigenous peoples in present-day
conditions and the recognized right and duty of the States in which they now
live to protect their sovereignty and territorial integrity, should be resolved
by peaceful means, first and foremost negotiations; through adequate
conflict-resolution mechanisms (either existing or to be established);
preferably within the domestic jurisdiction; and always with the effective
participation of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>peoples.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We
shall return to this issue at a later stage in the present<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>chapter.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">257.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Regarding the question of whether
or not indigenous peoples can be considered as nations - in the sense of
contemporary international law - in the context of countries where some
indigenous peoples have been formally recognized as such (by non-indigenous
nations at the beginning of their contacts or at a later stage) through
international legal instruments, such as treaties, and other peoples/nations
have not, the Special Rapporteur believes it is pertinent to distinguish
between those two situations, although the final analysis may lead to the same<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>conclusion.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin-right: 43.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">258.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In reviewing the cases he has
selected for analysis the Special Rapporteur has been led to conclude that the
vast majority either<span style="letter-spacing: -1.7pt;"> </span>describe</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection47">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 31.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 31.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 340.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">situations of actual conflict between the
indigenous and non-indigenous sectors of society, or contain the seeds of a
conflict that could erupt unexpectedly because of issues that have been
simmering without appropriate solution for a long period, perhaps<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>even<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>centuries.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The developments in Oka (Québec) in 1991,
Chiapas (Mexico) in 1994 and in various communities in Australia in 1997 are
examples of that<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>potential.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 49.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">259.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Another general conclusion to be
made is that, as recognized in the draft United Nations declaration on the
rights of indigenous peoples submitted by the Working Group to the
Sub-Commission and adopted by<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">latter,
</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">55<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">all
the human rights and freedoms recognized in<span style="letter-spacing: -2.9pt;">
</span>international</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 18.7pt; margin-top: 1.0pt; margin: 1pt 18.7pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">instruments - either legally binding norms or
non-binding standards - accepted by the State in which they now live, are
applicable to indigenous peoples and</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.45pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 287.15pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">individuals living within
their<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> </span>borders.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">56<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">This also applies to all<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>rights</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: 1.2pt; margin: 1.2pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 400.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">and freedoms recognized in the domestic legislation
of the State concerned, for all individuals and social groups under<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>its<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>jurisdiction.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In the view of
the Special Rapporteur, this is so provided that the manner in which those
rights and freedoms are recognized in the instruments in question is consistent
with indigenous customs, societal institutions and legal traditions.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">260.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">On the other hand, the Special
Rapporteur is inclined to argue in favour of the proposition that
treaties/agreements or constructive arrangements have the potential to become
very important tools (because of their consensual basis) for formally
establishing and implementing not only the rights and freedoms alluded to in
the preceding paragraph, but also inalienable ancestral rights, in particular
land rights, in the specific context of a given<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>society.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">261.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">On the basis of a vast amount of
documentation, the work of the Working Group and oral testimony, the Special
Rapporteur has reached the conclusion that there is an almost unanimous opinion
among geographically-dispersed indigenous peoples that existing State
mechanisms, either administrative or judicial, are unable to satisfy their
aspirations and hopes for<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>redress.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 214.45pt 316.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">262.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">He also has reasons to conclude
that there is a widespread desire on the indigenous side to establish (or
re•establish) a solid, new, and different kind of relationship, quite unlike
the almost constantly adversarial, often acrimonious relationship it has had
until now with the non-indigenous sector of society in the countries where<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>they<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>coexist.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In the view of the indigenous
peoples, this can only be achieved either by the full implementation of the
existing mutually agreed-upon legal documents governing that relationship (and
a common construction of their provisions), or by new instruments negotiated
with their<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>full<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>participation.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This perception is shared by the appropriate government officials in
a number of countries, including Canada, New Zealand and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>Guatemala.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .45pt; margin: 0.45pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">263.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Finally, the Special Rapporteur is
strongly convinced that the process of negotiation and seeking consent inherent
in treaty-making (in the broadest sense) is the most suitable way not only of
securing an effective indigenous contribution to any effort towards the
eventual recognition or restitution of their rights and freedoms, but also of
establishing much needed practical mechanisms to facilitate the realization and
implementation of their<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;"> </span>ancestral</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection48">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 412.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">rights and those enshrined in national and<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span>international<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>texts.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It is thus the
most appropriate way to approach conflict resolution of indigenous issues at
all levels with indigenous free and educated consent.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 37.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">264.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In his view, it is also the most
suitable way for Governments to implement effectively the appeal addressed to
them by the 1993 Vienna World Conference on Human Rights to ensure the full and
free participation of indigenous peoples in all aspects of society,
particularly in matters of concern to them.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">57</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 250.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">265.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In the case of indigenous peoples
who concluded treaties or other legal instruments with the European settlers
and/or their continuators in the colonization process, the Special Rapporteur
has not found any sound legal argument to sustain the argument that they have
lost their international juridical status<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>nations/peoples.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The treaty provisions which, according to the
non-indigenous version and construction, contain express renunciations by
indigenous peoples of their attributes as subjects of international law
(particularly, jurisdiction over their lands and unshared control of their
political power and institutions) are strongly challenged by most indigenous
peoples whom he has<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>consulted.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">266.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Their rejection of those
provisions is based either on the existence of invalid consent obtained by
fraud and/or of induced error as to the object and purpose of the compact, or
on their ancestors’ total lack of knowledge of the very existence of such
stipulations in the compact, or on the fact that their ancestral traditions and
culture simply would not allow them to relinquish such attributes (particularly
those relating to lands and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>governance).</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 142.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">267.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The State parties to those
compacts • which have benefited the most from gaining jurisdiction over former
indigenous lands - argue that those attributes were indeed relinquished, on the
basis of provisions of their domestic legislation and decisions of their
domestic courts, as well as on the realities of today’s world, and of the
historical developments leading to the present<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">
</span>situation.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>However, the
principle that no one can go against his own acts goes back to ancient Rome and
was valid as a general principle of law at the time of the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>dispossession.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in 58.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: -36.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">268.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In this
connection, the Special Rapporteur is very aware of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: 1.05pt; margin: 1.05pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 232.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">non-retroactivity of the 1969 Vienna Convention on
the Law of Treaties, </span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">58 </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">which entered
into force<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>1980.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A
considerable number of States with indigenous peoples living within their
current borders are parties to it. Nonetheless, he has also borne in mind that
the text adopted in Vienna has to do not only with the development of new rules
and concepts in international law, but also with the codification of those
which had survived the test of time and were, in 1969, already part and parcel
of international law, either as customary law or as positive law as embodied in
a number<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>of</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">already-existing
bilateral and/or multilateral international instruments.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">269.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">He believes that the content of
article 27 of the Vienna Convention (“A party may not invoke the provisions of
its internal law as justification for its failure to perform a treaty ...”) was
already a rule of international law at the time when the process leading to the
disenfranchisement<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>and</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection49">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">dispossession of indigenous peoples’ sovereign
attributes was under way, despite treaties to the contrary concluded with them
in their capacity as recognized subjects of international<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>law.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 43.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">270.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">This leads to the issue of whether
or not treaties and other legal instruments concluded by the European settlers
and their successors with indigenous nations currently continue to be instruments
with international status in the light of international<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>law.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">271.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The Special Rapporteur is of the
opinion that those instruments indeed maintain their original status and
continue fully in effect, and consequently are sources of rights and
obligations for all the original parties to them (or their successors), who
shall implement their provisions in good<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>faith.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .4pt; margin: 0.4pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 238.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">272.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The legal reasoning supporting the
above conclusion is very simple and the Special Rapporteur is not breaking any
new ground in this respect. Treaties without an expiration date are to be
considered as continuing in effect until all the parties to them decide to
terminate them, unless otherwise established in the text of the instrument
itself, or unless they are duly declared to be null<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>void.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This is a notion that has been deeply
ingrained in the conceptual development, positive normativity and consistent
jurisprudence of both municipal and international law since Roman Law was at
its zenith more than five centuries ago, when modern European colonization
began.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">273.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">As a result of his research, the
Special Rapporteur has ample proof that indigenous peoples/nations who have
entertained treaty relationships<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>with</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 19.35pt; tab-stops: 436.5pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">non-indigenous settlers and their
continuators strongly argue that those instruments not only continue to be
valid and applicable to their situation today but are a key element for their
survival as<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>distinct<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>peoples.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>All
those consulted - either directly in mass meetings with them or in their
responses to the Special Rapporteur’s questionnaire, or by direct or written
testimony - have clearly indicated their conviction that they indeed remain
bound by the provisions of the instruments that their ancestors, or they
themselves, concluded with the non-indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">
</span>peoples.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .4pt; margin: 0.4pt 0in 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin-right: 55.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">274.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Competent authorities in some
countries, for example, Canada and New Zealand, have also told the Special
Rapporteur that their<span style="letter-spacing: -1.7pt;"> </span>respective</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Governments too consider that their treaties with
indigenous peoples remain fully valid and in effect (although, they differ
radically from their indigenous counterparts regarding construction of the
content of those treaties).</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">275.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Nonetheless, the Special Rapporteur
has been able - in the course of his research and through <u>in situ</u>
observation, to ascertain a large number of obvious serious violations of the
legal obligations undertaken by State parties to those instruments (in
particular, to the so-called “historic treaties” and to legal commitments
involving indigenous lands) at practically all stages of the process of
domestication described in chapter III, particularly in the second half of the
nineteenth<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>century.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin-right: 43.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">276.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Probably the most blatant case in
point is the United States federal Government’s taking of the Black Hills (in
the present•day state<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>of</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection50">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 108%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 19.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 19.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 82.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">South Dakota) from the Sioux Nation during the
final quarter of the nineteenth century.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
lands which included the Black Hills had been reserved for<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>the</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt; tab-stops: 449.15pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">indigenous nation under provisions of the 1868 Fort
Laramie<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span>Treaty.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">59<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">It<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>is</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 1pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">worth
noting that in the course of the litigation prompted by this action, the</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 1.05pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Indian Claims Commission declared </span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">60 </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">that “A more
ripe and rank case of</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 18.7pt; margin-top: 1.0pt; margin: 1pt 18.7pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">dishonorable dealing will never, in all
probability, be found in our history”, and that both the Court of Claims, in
1979, and the Supreme Court of that</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.45pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">country </span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">61 </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">decided that
the United States Government had unconstitutionally</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 31.35pt; margin-top: 1.2pt; margin: 1.2pt 31.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 184.45pt 424.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">taken the Black Hills in violation of the United
States Constitution. However, United States legislation empowers Congress, as
the trustee over Indian lands, to dispose of the said property including its
transfer to the United<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>States<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>Government.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Since the return of lands
improperly taken by the federal Government is not within the province of the
courts but falls only within the authority of the Congress, the Supreme Court
limited itself to establishing a $17.5 million award (plus interest) for<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>Sioux.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The indigenous party,
interested not in money but in the recovery of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;">
</span>lands</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 19.65pt; margin-top: .35pt; margin: 0.35pt 19.65pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">possessing a very special spiritual value for the
Sioux, has refused to accept the monies, which remain undistributed in the
United States Treasury, according to the information available to the Special<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>Rapporteur.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin-right: 37.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">277.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It is well known that fulfilment,
in good faith, of legal obligations that are not in contradiction with the
Charter of the United<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>Nations</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 37.35pt; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 37.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 220.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">(Art. 2.2) is considered one of the tenets of
present•day positive international law and one of the most important principles
ruling international relations, being, as it is, a peremptory norm of general
international law<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>(<u>jus<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>cogens</u>).<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Of course, article 26 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of
Treaties has enshrined the principle of <u>pacta sunt</u> <u>servanda</u> as
the cornerstone of the law of treaties, and mention has already been made above
of the importance of article 27 of that<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>Convention.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 184.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">278.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It should also be borne in mind
that the draft United Nations declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples
expresses the same concept with<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>particular<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>emphasis.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
article 36, it establishes that “Indigenous peoples have the right to the
recognition, observance and enforcement of treaties, agreements and other
constructive arrangements concluded with States or their successors, according
to their original spirit and intent, and to have States honour and respect such
treaties, agreements and other constructive arrangements”.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 142.45pt 256.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">279.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">On the other hand, the unilateral
termination of a treaty or of any other international legally binding
instrument, or the non-fulfilment of the obligations contained in its
provisions, has been and continues to be unacceptable behaviour according to
both the Law of Nations and more modern international<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>law.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The same can be
said with respect to the breaching of treaty<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">
</span>provisions.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>All these actions
determine the international responsibility of the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>State<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>involved.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Many nations went to war over this type of
conduct by other parties to mutually agreed upon compacts during the period
(from the sixteenth to the late nineteenth century) when the colonial expansion
of the European settlers and their successors was at its<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>peak.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 31.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">280.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The Special Rapporteur has also
concluded that a number of current conflict situations concerning indigenous
treaty/agreement issues have to do with substantial differences in the
construction of their provisions,<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>in</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection51">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 43.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 43.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 88.4pt 400.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">particular those relating to the object and purpose
of the compact in question.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A relevant
case is that of the Treaty<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>Waitangi.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
Maaori and Pakeha constructions of it differ in matters as crucial as the
alleged “transfers” of governance/sovereignty powers and “land title” to<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> </span>the</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">non-indigenous
settlers, as well as on the actual purpose of the compact</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.8pt; tab-stops: 76.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">itself.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A
well•known scholar </span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">62 </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">has described how the main British<span style="letter-spacing: -2.2pt;"> </span>negotiator,</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 31.35pt; margin-top: 1.25pt; margin: 1.25pt 31.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 376.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">having been instructed to secure British
sovereignty over Maaori lands in order to exercise exclusive control over them
so as to proceed with peaceful colonization, deliberately blurred the meaning
of the term “sovereignty” and hid from the Maaori parties the fact that the
cession they were agreeing to would ultimately mean a significant loss of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>Maaori<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">
</span>power.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Despite, the
Maaori's confident belief that the treaty had confirmed their right to
property, even the more important rights of <u>rangatiratanga</u> would ultimately
have to give way to Crown<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>authority.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 58.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: -36.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">281.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Account
should be taken of the fact that indigenous practices<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>of</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: 1.25pt; margin: 1.25pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 130.45pt 196.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">treaty-making were totally oral in nature and there
were no written documents in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>this<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>process.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
addition, it was extremely difficult for the indigenous parties to follow all
aspects of the negotiations fully through translators (who most likely were not
always perfectly accurate), not to mention the fine print in the written
version submitted to them, in an alien language, by the non-indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>negotiators.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Further, it was impossible for them, in most instances, to produce a
written version of their understanding of the rights and obligations
established in the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>instruments.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 43.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 76.4pt 124.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">282.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The Special Rapporteur considers
it important to stress that his research revealed that treaties, in particular,
concluded with indigenous nations, have frequently played a negative role with
respect to indigenous rights.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>On many
occasions they have been intended - by the non-indigenous side - to be used as
tools to acquire “legitimate title” to the indigenous lands by making the
indigenous side formally “extinguish” those and other rights<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>well.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In a document submitted personally by one<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>respected</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">indigenous
chief, </span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">63 </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">on behalf of his nation, it is noted that treaties
on</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: 1.0pt; margin: 1pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">occasion are used to force indigenous peoples to
bargain away their ancestral and treaty rights.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 31.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">283.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Finally, considering the very
limited data available to him, at this final stage of the study, with respect
to treaties between States affecting indigenous peoples as third parties, the
Special Rapporteur can offer only the preliminary conclusion that, according to
all the evidence, there is no acceptance by the affected indigenous parties of
the obligations included<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>in</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: auto; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection52">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.9pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">the provisions, </span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">64</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 1.2pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">treaties.</span></p>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-column-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in 3.95pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">nor
any participation by them in the implementation, of such</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: auto; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection53">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .35pt; margin: 0.35pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 5.3pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 76.4pt 220.45pt 286.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">284.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Something must now be said with
respect to the situation of indigenous peoples who have never been formally
recognized as nations by means of negotiated formal international juridical
instruments with non-indigenous States.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Particular
attention should be paid to the issue of whether or not they continue today to
retain their status as nations in the light of contemporary<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>international<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>law.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The key question to
be posed in this respect, in the view of the Special<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> </span>Rapporteur,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>is:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>by what means could they possibly have been
legally deprived of such status, provided their condition as nations was
originally unequivocal and has not been voluntarily<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>relinquished?</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection54">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 208.45pt 262.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">285.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The Special Rapporteur is of the
opinion that to link the determination of the “original” legal status of
indigenous peoples as nations (in the contemporary sense of international law)
or as “non-nations” to the single factor of whether or not they have formalized
relations with non-indigenous colonizing powers,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>faulty.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Not only does it go
against the tenets of natural law, but it is<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;">
</span>also<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>illogical.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The fact that some of them
did not have juridical relations with the colonial powers - in many cases,
during the early stages of a colonizing project, simply because the newcomers
did not happen to cross their path - does not appear sufficient reason to
establish such a drastic differentiation between their rights and the rights of
those who<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>did.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .4pt; margin: 0.4pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin-right: 85.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">286.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It is important to recall that
modern non-indigenous law long ago dispelled the theory which advocated that
the absence of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"> </span>formal</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 82.4pt 334.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">legal/political recognition by one sovereign entity
(or a group of them) could determine either the existence or the juridical
international status of another.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
theory was thrown out as an aberration vis•à•vis the principles of the
sovereignty and equal rights of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>all<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>States.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>International
entities, unrecognized by some members of the international community,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>continue</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 19.35pt; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 19.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 88.4pt 388.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">nevertheless to exercise their attributes as
subjects of international law and in doing so may entertain relations with all
other interested international subjects.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>All
that is required for this is that the entities possess the necessary elements
to be considered<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>international<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>subjects:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>territory,
population, an institutionalized form of government and, thus, the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span>capacity</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">to
conclude international agreements.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 31.4pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 31.4pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 352.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">287.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In addition, other non-juridical
theories serving as the basis for depriving indigenous peoples, in general, of
their original international status have also been discarded in the light of
the new perceptions and theoretical elaborations of modern<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>international<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>law.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>For example, the
concept of <u>terra nullius</u> was formally put to rest by the International<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>Court</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.85pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">of Justice in its advisory opinion in the <u>Western
Sahara</u> case, </span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">65 </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">as well as by</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 1.05pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">the well-known 1992 <u>Mabo v. Queensland</u> decision </span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">66 </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">handed down by Australia's</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 31.35pt; margin-top: 1.0pt; margin: 1pt 31.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 100.4pt 376.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">High<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>Court.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Further, the international community has
widely repudiated the deprivation of such a status by conquest and<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>armed<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">
</span>force.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
provisions to that effect in the Charter of the Organization of American States
and in Article 2.4 of the Charter of the United Nations prove that contemporary
international law rejects the notion that force and conquest may bestow rights.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 31.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 31.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 214.45pt 364.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">288.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Hence, the Special Rapporteur is
of the opinion that should those indigenous people who never entered into
formal juridical relations, via treaties or otherwise, with non-indigenous
powers (as did other indigenous peoples living in the same territory) wish to
claim for themselves juridical status also as nations, it must be presumed
until proven otherwise that they continue to enjoy<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>such<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>status.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Consequently, the burden to prove otherwise
falls on the party challenging their status<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;">
</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>nations.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In any possible adjudication of such an
important issue, due attention should be given to an evaluation of the merits
of the juridical rationale advanced to support the argument that the indigenous
people in question have somehow lost their original<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>status.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection55">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">289.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Having presented, in the first
part of this chapter, the conclusions of this study, the Special Rapporteur
will proceed to his final recommendations. As was the case when drafting his
conclusions, the Special Rapporteur deems it necessary to recall certain
general points of reference - advanced at earlier stages of his work - that
should now guide the formulation of these recommendations.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">290.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The Special Rapporteur considers
it useful to recall that, according to his mandate, this study was not to be
limited to an analysis of past legal instruments and their contemporary
significance, nor to a review of whether or not they are being currently implemented,
regardless of the value that such a review might have for both the present and
the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>future.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">291.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">If such an historical overview has
been given it is because the Special Rapporteur felt this would help to obtain
a well-informed foward•looking approach to the key issue, that is, the need to
evaluate the extent to which the conclusion of new treaties, agreements and
other constructive arrangements between indigenous populations and States may
contribute effectively to the development of more solid, lasting and equitable
bases for the relationships that will necessarily have to continue to exist
between indigenous populations and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>States.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">292.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It should also be borne in mind
that the Special Rapporteur has identified the ultimate purpose of his mandate
as offering elements towards the achievement, on a practical level, of the
maximum promotion and protection possible, both in domestic and international
law, of the rights of indigenous populations and especially of their human
rights and fundamental freedoms, </span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">67</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">by means of
creating new juridical standards, negotiated and approved by all the interested
parties, in a process tending to contribute to the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>building</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">of mutual trust </span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">68 </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">based on good
faith, mutual understanding of the other</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 43.35pt; margin-top: 1.2pt; margin: 1.2pt 43.35pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">parties' vital interests, and deep commitment from
all of them to respect the eventual results of the negotiations. </span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">69</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 220.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">293.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">At this juncture, it is useful to
reiterate a point noted earlier in this chapter (para.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>257<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>above):<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>most of the cases/situations reviewed by
the Special Rapporteur are either actual conflict situations by definition, or
have the potential to erupt into a conflict situation at any time and under the
most unexpected<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>circumstances.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 322.45pt 328.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">294.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In this context, the need to
encourage and nurture a process of confidence-building can never<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>overemphasized.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It is a
process that requires the taking of positive steps as well as the avoidance of
actions that would exacerbate existing<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>conflictual<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>situations.<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>The first recommendation of the Special Rapporteur has to do
with this much needed<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>process.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 67.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 67.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">295.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Steps such as the one taken years
ago by the then Prime Minister of Australia, Robert Hawke, recognizing the
misdeeds committed by<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; tab-stops: 220.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">first settlers against the
Aborigines, the recent admission by the Vatican concerning certain aspects of
the role played by the Catholic Church at various stages of the colonization of
Latin America and the 1993 Apology Bill passed by the United States Congress
with respect to Hawaii are positive developments in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>direction.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Governments
of those States should<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>be</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection56">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 43.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 43.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 436.5pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">encouraged to undertake effective follow-up to
those<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>initial<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>steps.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>Other
<span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Governments in similar circumstances are
called upon to be bold enough to undertake like steps in their specific
societal<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>context.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 382.4pt 430.5pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">296.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">By the same token, actions that
predictably will aggravate existing confrontational situations, or create new
conflicts, should be avoided, or should be the subject of an immediate <u>sine<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>die</u><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">
</span>moratorium.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Examples of what
should not be done, in the view of the Special<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;">
</span>Rapporteur,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>abound:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>forced evictions (as in the case of the
Navajo nation in Arizona), the creation of conditions of duress for indigenous
peoples to induce them to accept conditions for negotiating (among others, the
case of the Lubicon Cree in Alberta), the fragmentation of indigenous nations
to pit them against each other (as in cases in the North Island of Aotearoa/New
Zealand), the ignoring and bypassing of the traditional authorities by
promoting new authorities under non-indigenous regulations (as in a number of
cases in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 19.35pt; margin-top: .35pt; margin: 0.35pt 19.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 208.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">United States), the continuation of “development
projects” to the detriment of the indigenous habitat (as in the case of the
Bio-Bio River in Chile), attempts to launch major diversions to redirect focus
to individual rights as opposed to collective-communal rights (as denounced by
the Haudenosaunee Confederacy) and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>many<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>others.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>All
such actions should be carefully<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>avoided.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 31.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 31.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">297.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">This approach is consistent with
one of the key traits of the original approach of the Special Rapporteur to
what was to be the thrust of his conclusions and recommendations, namely to
contribute to fostering new relationships based on mutual recognition, harmony
and cooperation, instead of an attitude of ignoring the other party,
confrontation and<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>rejection.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin-right: 61.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">298.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Regarding recommendations to
ascertain fully and channel properly the recognized potential of
treaties/agreements and other<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span>constructive</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 19.35pt; tab-stops: 148.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">arrangements, as well as of
treaty-making (again in its broadest sense), as elements for the regulation of
more positive and less antagonistic future relationships between indigenous
peoples and States, due account should be taken of two processes already
addressed by the Special Rapporteur in the course of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>work:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(i) the history of treaty relations between
indigenous peoples and States, especially the lessons to be drawn from an
analysis of the process of domestication in former European settler colonies
(see chap. III above); and (ii) the rationale behind ongoing negotiations and
certain political processes developing between States and indigenous peoples in
various<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>countries.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 220.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">299.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">As far as the first of the two
processes mentioned above is concerned, the main lesson to be drawn from
history concerns the problems of treaty enforcement<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>implementation.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Special Rapporteur will offer a number
of recommendations on this key<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>issue.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 136.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">300.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It is only too obvious that the
problem in this area does not lie in the lack of provisions but rather in the
failure of the State party to comply with those<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>provisions.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A case in
point is that of the United States, the country with the largest number (approximately
400) of acknowledged treaties concluded with indigenous nations, most of them
forced into oblivion by unilateral actions on the part of either the federal
authorities or the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>Congress.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection57">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">301.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">History demonstrates the existence
of a wide array of means at the disposal of State bodies, including the
judiciary, to disregard unilaterally treaty provisions that place a burden on
the State, a disregard that goes hand in hand with the observance of provisions
that are favourable to the State party.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 64.4pt 238.45pt 334.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">302.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Regarding the rationale of
present-day negotiations and other political contacts between States and
indigenous peoples, two observations need to be made.<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>The first has to do with what may be termed
“non-negotiables”, for example the principle of extinguishment of so-called
native title as a condition for the settlement of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>claims.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It remains to be seen to what extent the
existence of such “non-negotiables” - if imposed by State negotiators -
compromises the validity not only of the agreements already reached but also of
those<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>come.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The free consent of
indigenous peoples, essential to make these compacts legally sound, may be
seriously jeopardized by this particularly effective form of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>duress.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 478.5pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">303.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The second observation concerns
the issue of “self-government” and “autonomy” offered in certain cases as a
substitute for the full exercise of ancestral rights relating to governance,
which are now to<span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>extinguished.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">In </span>order to avoid
new problems in the future, the Special Rapporteur feels the need to recommend
that the possible advantages and disadvantages of such regimes be carefully
assessed by both parties - but in particular by the indigenous side - in the
light of the history of treaty-making and treaty implementation and observance
resulting from past negotiations between indigenous nations and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>States.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .35pt; margin: 0.35pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">304.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">For the same reasons, it is
especially important to assess fully (or to reassess), from the same point of
reference, the relevance and potential utility of the quasi-juridical category
of “constructive arrangements” for indigenous peoples still deprived of any
formal and consensual relationship with the States in which they now happen to<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>live.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 49.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">305.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Regarding recommendations on yet
another issue crucial to the forward-looking aspects of this study, it must be
noted that the Special Rapporteur, at the beginning of his work, singled out
three elements that deserved investigation with respect to mechanisms of
conflict<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>resolution.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 31.35pt; tab-stops: 190.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Those three<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>elements<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>were:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(i) the actual capability of existing
mechanisms to deal promptly and, preferably, in a preventive manner with
conflict situations; (ii) the “sensitive issue” of national versus
international jurisdiction; and (iii) the manner in which the effective
participation in these mechanisms of all parties concerned - in particular that
of indigenous peoples - is to be secured.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">70</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 31.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 250.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">306.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Earlier in the present report
(para. 261) the Special Rapporteur noted the generalized opinion that, in the
light of the situation endured by indigenous peoples today, the existing
mechanisms, either administrative or judicial, within non-indigenous spheres of
government have been incapable of solving their<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>difficult<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>predicament.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This forces him to advance a
number of recommendations on this<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>subject.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 49.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 49.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">307.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">He first recommends the
establishment within States with a sizeable indigenous population of an
entirely new, special jurisdiction to<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>deal</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection58">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">exclusively with indigenous issues, independent of
existing governmental (central or otherwise) structures, although financed by
public funds, that will gradually replace the existing
bureaucratic/administrative government branches now in charge of those issues.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin-right: 49.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">308.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">This special jurisdiction, in his
view, should have four distinct specialized branches (permanent and with
adequate professional<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>staffing):</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .35pt; margin: 0.35pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 93.2pt; margin-right: 20.55pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 20.55pt 0in 93.2pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo12; tab-stops: 93.2pt 93.25pt; text-indent: -35.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(i)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">an advisory conflict-resolution
body to which all disputes, including those relating to treaty implementation,
arising between indigenous peoples and non-indigenous individuals, entities and
institutions (including government institutions) should be mandatorily
submitted, and which should be empowered to encourage and conduct negotiations
between the interested parties and to issue the recommendations considered
pertinent to resolve the controversy;</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 93.2pt; margin-right: 20.55pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 20.55pt 0in 93.2pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo12; tab-stops: 93.2pt 93.25pt 165.2pt; text-indent: -41.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(ii)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">a body to draft, through
negotiations with the indigenous peoples concerned:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(a) new juridical bilateral, consensual, legal instruments with
the indigenous peoples interested and (b) new legislation and other proposals
to be submitted to the proper legislative and administrative government
branches in order gradually to create a new institutionalized legal order
applicable to all indigenous issues and that accords with the needs of
indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>peoples;</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 93.2pt; margin-right: 38.55pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 38.55pt 0in 93.2pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo12; tab-stops: 93.2pt 93.25pt 165.2pt; text-indent: -47.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(iii)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">a judicial collegiate body, to
which all cases that after a reasonable period of time have not been resolved
through the recommendations of the advisory body, should be mandatorily
submitted.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Such a body should be empowered
to adjudicate these cases and should be capable of making its final decisions
enforceable by making use of the coercive power of the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>State;</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 93.2pt; margin-right: 38.55pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 38.55pt 0in 93.2pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo12; tab-stops: 93.2pt 93.25pt; text-indent: -41.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(iv)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">an administrative branch in charge
of all logistical aspects of indigenous/non•indigenous relations.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 70.4pt 250.45pt 268.45pt 352.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">309.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The Special Rapporteur is fully
aware of many of the obstacles that such an innovative, far-reaching approach<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>might<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>encounter.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To mention only one, it is not
difficult to appreciate the many vested interests that might be affected by the
redundancy of the structures now existing to deal with indigenous issues in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>many<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>countries.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Only strong political
determination, particularly on the part of the leadership of the non-indigenous
sector of the society, can make this<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>approach<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>viable.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>One
other essential element is also </span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">clear:<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">the effective participation of indigenous peoples -
preferably on a basis of equality with non-indigenous people - in all four of
the recommended branches is absolutely central to the “philosophy” presiding
over the Special Rapporteur's overall approach to this<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>question.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .4pt; margin: 0.4pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 166.45pt 208.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">310.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It is obvious that the above is a
mere sketch of the new institutionality<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>recommended.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Much lies ahead in terms of filling in its
quite<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>visible<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>lacunae.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>While the Special
Rapporteur does not lack ideas on how to fill some of the gaps, he has
considered it wise to allow for the required fine-tuning to be done at a later
stage, around a negotiating<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>table,</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection59">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 31.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 31.35pt 0in 22.4pt; tab-stops: 418.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">by the interested parties themselves in the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>different<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>countries.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The way in
which such a negotiation process is organized and conducted may well be the
true litmus test eventually of the merits of his recommendation and of the
viability of the structure proposed in a given socio-political<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>context.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">311.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In advancing the recommendations
set forth above, the Special Rapporteur has benefited from the highly
interesting ideas on the same subject formulated in the final report (1996) of
the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples established by the Government of
Canada.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">71</span><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">312.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">While it is generally held that
contentious issues arising from treaties or constructive arrangements involving
indigenous peoples should be discussed in the domestic realm, the international
dimension of the treaty <u>problematique</u> nevertheless warrants proper<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>consideration.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">313.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">A crucial question relates to the
desirability of an international adjudication mechanism to handle claims or
complaints from indigenous peoples, in particular those arising from treaties
and constructive arrangements with an international<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>status.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .4pt; margin: 0.4pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 394.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">314.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The Special Rapporteur is quite
familiar with the reticence expressed time and again, by States towards the
question of taking these issues back to open discussion and decision-making by<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>international<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>forums.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In fact, he might
even agree with them that for certain issues (for example, disputes not related
to treaty implementation and observance) it would be more productive to keep
their review and decision exclusively within domestic jurisdiction until this
is completely<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>exhausted.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 31.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">315.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">However, he is of the opinion that
one should not dismiss outright the notion of possible benefits to be reaped
from the establishment of an international body (for example, the proposed
permanent forum of indigenous peoples) that, under certain circumstances, might
be empowered - with the previous blanket acquiescence, or acquiescence on an ad
hoc basis, of the State concerned - to take charge of final decision in a
dispute between the indigenous peoples living within the borders of a modern
State<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>and</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">non-indigenous
institutions, including State institutions.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .55pt; margin: 0.55pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 58.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: -36.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">316.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">At any
rate, the Special Rapporteur recommends that a</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 18.7pt; margin-top: 1.25pt; margin: 1.25pt 18.7pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">United Nations-sponsored workshop be convened, at
the earliest possible date and within the framework of the International Decade
of the World's Indigenous People, to open an educated discussion on the
possible merits and demerits of the establishment of such an international
body.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 82.4pt 250.45pt 298.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">317.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">One last point on<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>subject:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>with the growing international concern about
all human rights and related developments, one element appears very clear in
the mind of the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>Special<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>Rapporteur:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the more effective and developed the national mechanisms for
conflict resolution on indigenous issues are, the less need there will be for
establishing an international body for that purpose.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The opposite is<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>also<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>true:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the
non-existence,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>malfunctioning,</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">anti-indigenous
discriminatory approach or ineffectiveness of those national institutions will
provide more valid arguments for international<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;">
</span>options.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.4pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">This may be one of the strongest arguments possible
for the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>establishment</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection60">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 49.35pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 49.35pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">(or strengthening) of proper, effective internal
channels for the implementation/observance of indigenous rights and conflict
resolution of indigenous-related issues.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 31.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">318.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Another recommendation which it
seems timely to address to State institutions empowered to deal with indigenous
issues is that, in the decision-making process on issues of interest to
indigenous peoples, they should apply and construct (or continue to do so) the
provisions of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.7pt;"> </span>national</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 18.7pt; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 18.7pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">legislation and international standards and
instruments in the most favourable way for indigenous peoples, particularly, in
cases relating to treaty rights. In all cases of treaty/agreement/constructive
arrangement relationships, the interpretation of the indigenous party of the
provisions of those instruments should be accorded equal value with
non-indigenous interpretation of the same provisions.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt 274.45pt 370.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">319.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The Special Rapporteur also
recommends the fullest possible implementation in good faith of the provisions
of treaties/agreements between indigenous peoples and States, where they exist,
from the perspective of seeking both justice<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>reconciliation.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In the event that the very
existence (or present•day validity) of a treaty becomes a matter of dispute, a
formal recognition of that instrument as a legal point of reference in the
State's relations with the peoples concerned would contribute greatly to a
process of confidence-building that may bring<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;">
</span>substantial<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>benefits.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In this context, the completion of the
ratification process of draft treaties/agreements already fully negotiated with
indigenous people is strongly recommended by the Special Rapporteur.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .45pt; margin: 0.45pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 19.45pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">320.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">In the case of obligations
established in bilateral or multilateral treaties concluded by States - to
which indigenous peoples are third parties - that may affect those peoples, the
Special Rapporteur recommends that the State parties to such instruments seek
the free and educated acquiescence of the indigenous parties before attempting
to enforce those<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>obligations.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 49.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.4pt 58.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">321.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The Special Rapporteur further
recommends State authorities not to take up or continue to engage in
development projects that may impair the environment of indigenous lands and/or
adversely affect their traditional economic activities, religious ceremonies or
cultural heritage, without previously commissioning the appropriate ecological
studies to determine the actual negative impact those projects will have.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 37.35pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 58.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">322.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Finally, in connection with the
indigenous affairs•related activities of the Office of the United Nations High
Commissioner for Human Rights, the Special Rapporteur<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>recommends:</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin-right: 37.35pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 94.4pt 94.45pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">A substantial permanent increase
in the staff assigned to carry out such<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>activities;</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 94.4pt 94.45pt 262.45pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The establishment, at the earliest
possible date, of a section within the United Nations Treaty Registry with
responsibility for locating, compiling, registering, numbering and publishing
all treaties concluded between indigenous peoples<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>States.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Due attention should be given in this
endeavour to securing access to the indigenous oral version of the instruments
in<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>question;</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection61">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 94.4pt 94.45pt 256.45pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">The convening, in the framework of
the Programme of Action for the International Decade of the World's Indigenous
People and at the earliest possible date, of three<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>workshops<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>on:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the establishment of an international
conflict-resolution mechanism on indigenous issues; modalities for redressing
the effects of the historical process of land dispossession suffered by indigenous
peoples; and the implementation/observance of indigenous treaty rights;</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 25.35pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 94.4pt 94.45pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(d)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Promoting the creation of an
Internet page exclusively dedicated to indigenous issues and the United Nations
activities relating to indigenous interests.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 110%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 61.8pt; margin-right: 57.75pt; margin-top: 7.85pt; margin: 7.85pt 57.75pt 0in 61.8pt; text-align: center;"><u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Notes</span></u></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: 5.45pt; margin: 5.45pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">1.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1986/7/Add.4 (also available as
United Nations publication, Sales No. E.86.XIV.3).</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">2.Ibid.,
paras. 388•392.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">3.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1987/22,
annex I (Recommendations to the Sub•Commission), Recommendation 3.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .55pt; margin: 0.55pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">4.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1988/24/Add.1.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .45pt; margin: 0.45pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">5.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .45pt; margin: 0.45pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">6.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32,
E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27 and E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/23.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .45pt; margin: 0.45pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">7.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1988/24,
Add.1, paras. 21•23.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .45pt; margin: 0.45pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">8.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33,
paras. 92•93, 106•107, and 110•114.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">9.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32,
para. 169.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .45pt; margin: 0.45pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">10.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1988/24/Add.1,
para. 12; E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33, para. 92.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-right: 19.35pt; tab-stops: 250.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">11.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33, paras.
95•100; for implementation, see E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>paras.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>48•129.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It must be mentioned that the language
barrier made it impossible for the Special Rapporteur to review the scanty
information available to him in the case of the indigenous peoples of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>Siberia.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">12.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32,
para. 326.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">13.1155 United Nations, <u>Treaty
Series</u>, vol. 1155, No. 331, article 2 1 (a).</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .45pt; margin: 0.45pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">14.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32,
para. 332.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .45pt; margin: 0.45pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">15.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27,
paras. 288, 293.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection62">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">16.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27,
para. 314.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .45pt; margin: 0.45pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">17.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32,
paras. 367•370.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 97%; margin-right: 37.35pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 40.45pt 118.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">18.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">These<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>were:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, the 1713
Treaty of Utrecht, the 1751 Border Treaty between Sweden/Finland and
Norway/Denmark, the 1763 Treaty of Paris, the 1794 Jay Treaty, the 1819
Adam-Onis Treaty,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 73.55pt; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 73.55pt 0in 22.4pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">1848 Treaty of Guadelupe-Hidalgo, the 1867 Purchase
of Alaska, the 1916 Migratory Birds Convention and the 1989 ILO Convention (No.
169) concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries (see
E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32, paras.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>363-390).</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 97%; margin-right: 31.35pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 40.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">19.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Further review of issues relating to this type of consensual compact will
be made in chapter II.B of this<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>report.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">20.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27,
paras. 140•171.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-right: 25.35pt; tab-stops: 322.45pt 418.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">21.<u>E.g.</u> Sharon
Venne, “Understanding<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>Treaty<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>Six:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>indigenous
perspective”, in<u> Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada</u> (M. Asch<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>Ed.)<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>(Vancouver:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>University of British
Columbia Press, 1996), pp. 173-204; Treaty Seven Elders and Tribal Council, <u>The
Original Spirit and Intent of Treaty Seven</u>, Montreal and Kingston,
McGill-Queen’s University Press,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>1996.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-right: 37.4pt; tab-stops: 250.45pt 262.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">22.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33, para.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>98;<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>for<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>implementation, see E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>paras.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">
</span>48•129.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Compare also <u>infra</u>,
chapter II<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>below.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">23.E/CN.4/1995/27, para.
126.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .45pt; margin: 0.45pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">24.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27,
para. 116.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 210%; margin-right: 163.35pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">25.Sub•Commission resolution 1994/4 of 19 August
1994. 26.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, paras. 116, 128.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">27.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, para. 307.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 97%; margin-right: 19.45pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 40.45pt 46.4pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 97%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">28.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><u><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Study of the Problem of
Discrimination Against Indigenous Populations</span></u><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">, vol. V:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“Conclusions, proposals and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>recommendations”,</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.65pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">document E/CN.4/Sub.2/1986/7/Add.4, paras. 388•392.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 97%; margin-right: 19.45pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 40.45pt 118.45pt 124.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 97%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">29.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">It should be noted, however, that
the Special Rapporteur has from the beginning repeatedly deplored (see for
example, E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, para. 32.), the very limited response to his
questionnaire from indigenous nations/organizations, a situation which improved
considerably after 1995 as a result of the efforts by some organizations, such
as the International Indian Treaty<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>Council.<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>In addition, he has also had to
contend with the widespread lack of response from Governments concerned to
their version of the questionnaire.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Of
the very few replies received, some were of a merely general or formal nature,
with little<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>substance.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">30.Cf.
E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32, para. 392.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .45pt; margin: 0.45pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">31.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33,
para. 89.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection63">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">32.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32,
paras. 32,<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>40.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .45pt; margin: 0.45pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">33.Cf.
E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, para.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>336.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .45pt; margin: 0.45pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">34.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27,
para. 133.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 97%; margin-right: 37.35pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 40.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">35.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">He had nevertheless identified a small number of documents relating to
situations in South America which “date back to early republican days in at
least two countries”; see E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33, paras.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>103•104.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 97%; margin-top: 0.05pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 40.45pt 172.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">36.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/23, paras. 145•170. In February 1998, Mapuche
authorities in their lands in the present•day Chilean province of Cautín
solemnly submitted copious documentation relating to a number of those <u>parlamentos</u>
to the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>Special<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>Rapporteur.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Until June 1998, only an initial review of that documentation had
been<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>possible.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.65pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">37.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32, paras. 138•139; see also
E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, para.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.65pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">130.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .45pt; margin: 0.45pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">38.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27,
paras. 176•201, 202•237 and 238•249.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">39.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/23,
paras. 27•79, 81•115 and 145•170.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-right: 31.4pt; tab-stops: 406.45pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">40.E.g. Sébastien Grammond, <u>Les traités entre
l'Etat canadien et les peuples autochtones</u>, Cowansville, Québec, Editions
Yvon<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>Blais,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>1995;<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Francis
P. Prucha, <u>American Indian Treaties, The History of a Political Anomaly</u>,
Berkeley, University of California Press,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>1994.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-right: 25.35pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">41.<u>Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal
Peoples</u>, vol. 2, “Restructuring the Relationship”, Part One, Recommendation
2.2.2, Ottawa, Minister of Supply and Services, 1996, p. 49.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">42.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27,
paras. 130•311; E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/23, paras. 27•209.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .45pt; margin: 0.45pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">43.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33,
para. 96.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">44.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32,
para. 347.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .45pt; margin: 0.45pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">45.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/23,
paras. 171•196.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .45pt; margin: 0.45pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">46.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/23,
paras. 117•125 and 126•144.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .45pt; margin: 0.45pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">47.Cf.
E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32, para. 338.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 97%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 40.45pt 268.45pt 328.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">48.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/23,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>paras.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>85•115.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
the view of the Special Rapporteur, the fact that a non•State negotiator (the
Canadian province of Québec) later became a “party” to this instrument cannot
be construed as depriving it of its basic<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>international<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>standing.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>On
the other hand, indigenous parties to it had never ceded their sovereign
attributes before the existence of this Convention, and their participation in
this treaty•making process cannot and should not be considered as an action
depriving them of such attributes and original<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">
</span>status.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 97%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection64">
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .3pt; margin: 0.3pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 97%; margin-right: 31.35pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 40.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">49.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">By the same token, the Special Rapporteur wishes to correct an error of
generalization he made in paragraph 87 of his third progress report
(E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/23), regarding the Déné and Métis of the Mackenzie Valley
(Northwest<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>Territories).</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">50.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32,
para. 359.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .45pt; margin: 0.45pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">51.Cf.
E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, para. 225.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-right: 25.35pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">52.Commission on Human Rights resolution 1988/56,
para. 2, and Economic and Social Council decision 1988/134.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">53.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1988/24/Add.1.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 97%; margin-right: 49.4pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 40.45pt 76.4pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">54.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Pontificio Consejo “Justicia y Paz”, <u>Para una Mejor Distribución de la
Tierra:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>El reto de la reforma agraria</u>,
Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Vatican City, 1997, para.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>55.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 210%; margin-right: 115.4pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 40.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 210%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">55.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 210%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Sub•Commission resolution 1994/45 of 26 August 1994, annex. 56.See
article 1 of the draft<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>declaration.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 210%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 97%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.4pt; margin-right: 25.35pt; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 25.35pt 0in 22.4pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 40.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">57.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action adopted by the World
Conference on Human Rights on 25 June 1993 (A/CONF.157/23), Part II, para.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>31.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 40.4pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 40.45pt 220.45pt; text-indent: -18.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 8.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">58.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Article 4
of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>Convention.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>See note 13<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>above.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">59.U.S. Stat. 635
(1868).</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .45pt; margin: 0.45pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">60.207 Ct. Cl. at 241,
518 F.2d at 1302 (1975).</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .45pt; margin: 0.45pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in 40.4pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 40.45pt; text-indent: -18.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">61.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">United
States v. Sioux Nation of Indians</span></u><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">, 448 U.S. 371<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>(1980).</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 97%; margin-right: 37.4pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 40.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 97%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">62.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Claudia Orange, <u>The Treaty of
Waitangi</u>, Allen & Unwin, Wellington, 1987, pp. 32-33 and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>122.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; margin: 0.1pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 97%; margin-right: 61.35pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 40.45pt 352.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 97%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">63.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Chief Oren Lyons of the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>Haudenosaunee<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>Confederacy.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The document
was submitted personally to the Special Rapporteur in February<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>1998.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 97%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 40.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 97%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">64.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Article 35 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties makes such an
acceptance indispensable for an obligation to be established for third parties
to any<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>treaty.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .15pt; margin: 0.15pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 97%; margin-right: 25.55pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 40.45pt 364.45pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 97%; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">65.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><u><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Western Sahara, Advisory Opinion of
16<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>October<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>1975:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I.C.J. Reports
1975</span></u><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">, p.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>12.</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .55pt; margin: 0.55pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">66.175 C.L.R. 1 (1992).</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .45pt; margin: 0.45pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">67.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1988/24/Add.1,
para. 10, and E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33, para. 71.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .45pt; margin: 0.45pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">68.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1988/24/Add.1,
para. 14.</span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">69.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33,
para. 85.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .45pt; margin: 0.45pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">70.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33,
para. 118.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin-right: 25.35pt;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">71.<u>Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal
Peoples</u>, vol. 2, “Restructuring the relationship”, Part One, Ottawa,
Minister of Supply and Services, 1996.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25pt; margin: 0.25pt 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 61.8pt; margin-right: 57.75pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 57.75pt 0in 61.8pt; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">•••••</span></p>
<style>@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:none;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";}p.MsoBodyText, li.MsoBodyText, div.MsoBodyText
{mso-style-priority:1;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-link:"Body Text Char";
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:22.4pt;
mso-pagination:none;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:9.5pt;
font-family:"Courier New";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";}p.MsoListParagraph, li.MsoListParagraph, div.MsoListParagraph
{mso-style-priority:1;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:19.35pt;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:22.4pt;
mso-pagination:none;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";}span.BodyTextChar
{mso-style-name:"Body Text Char";
mso-style-priority:1;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:"Body Text";
mso-ansi-font-size:9.5pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt;
font-family:"Courier New";
mso-ascii-font-family:"Courier New";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New";}p.TableParagraph, li.TableParagraph, div.TableParagraph
{mso-style-name:"Table Paragraph";
mso-style-priority:1;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
margin-top:6.55pt;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;
text-align:right;
mso-pagination:none;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";}.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:11.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}.MsoPapDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-pagination:none;
text-autospace:none;}div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}div.WordSection2
{page:WordSection2;}div.WordSection3
{page:WordSection3;}div.WordSection4
{page:WordSection4;}div.WordSection5
{page:WordSection5;}div.WordSection6
{page:WordSection6;}div.WordSection7
{page:WordSection7;}div.WordSection8
{page:WordSection8;}div.WordSection9
{page:WordSection9;}div.WordSection10
{page:WordSection10;}div.WordSection11
{page:WordSection11;}div.WordSection12
{page:WordSection12;}div.WordSection13
{page:WordSection13;}div.WordSection14
{page:WordSection14;}div.WordSection15
{page:WordSection15;}div.WordSection16
{page:WordSection16;}div.WordSection17
{page:WordSection17;}div.WordSection18
{page:WordSection18;}div.WordSection19
{page:WordSection19;}div.WordSection20
{page:WordSection20;}div.WordSection21
{page:WordSection21;}div.WordSection22
{page:WordSection22;}div.WordSection23
{page:WordSection23;}div.WordSection24
{page:WordSection24;}div.WordSection25
{page:WordSection25;}div.WordSection26
{page:WordSection26;}div.WordSection27
{page:WordSection27;}div.WordSection28
{page:WordSection28;}div.WordSection29
{page:WordSection29;}div.WordSection30
{page:WordSection30;}div.WordSection31
{page:WordSection31;}div.WordSection32
{page:WordSection32;}div.WordSection33
{page:WordSection33;}div.WordSection34
{page:WordSection34;}div.WordSection35
{page:WordSection35;}div.WordSection36
{page:WordSection36;}div.WordSection37
{page:WordSection37;}div.WordSection38
{page:WordSection38;}div.WordSection39
{page:WordSection39;}div.WordSection40
{page:WordSection40;}div.WordSection41
{page:WordSection41;}div.WordSection42
{page:WordSection42;}div.WordSection43
{page:WordSection43;}div.WordSection44
{page:WordSection44;}div.WordSection45
{page:WordSection45;}div.WordSection46
{page:WordSection46;}div.WordSection47
{page:WordSection47;}div.WordSection48
{page:WordSection48;}div.WordSection49
{page:WordSection49;}div.WordSection50
{page:WordSection50;}div.WordSection51
{page:WordSection51;}div.WordSection52
{page:WordSection52;}div.WordSection53
{page:WordSection53;}div.WordSection54
{page:WordSection54;}div.WordSection55
{page:WordSection55;}div.WordSection56
{page:WordSection56;}div.WordSection57
{page:WordSection57;}div.WordSection58
{page:WordSection58;}div.WordSection59
{page:WordSection59;}div.WordSection60
{page:WordSection60;}div.WordSection61
{page:WordSection61;}div.WordSection62
{page:WordSection62;}div.WordSection63
{page:WordSection63;}div.WordSection64
{page:WordSection64;}div.WordSection65
{page:WordSection65;}ol
{margin-bottom:0in;}ul
{margin-bottom:0in;}</style><p></p>chantlacahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15255116987351106636noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6069514271337748470.post-29595482574013627682021-05-17T19:43:00.004-07:002023-08-25T08:05:05.778-07:00Indigenous Nations’ Rights in the Balance - Introduction to the Spanish translation January 2021<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span>Indigenous Nations’
Rights in the Balance</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">An Analysis of the Declaration on the
Rights of Indigenous Peoples</span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">By Charmaine White Face, Zumila Wobaga</span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Spokesperson, Sioux Nation Treaty
Council</span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxBOsBSp2EEjrqVlSjZd-NRpUTHF-doqZ7Re0DlCjqB-qg1jjAsN31jsw_v2ZyePZJQ2EIBF9tehAqtybX0ZTXL2uKQriLvoawFFeR2bMEu4dE0BWHKwsripuJh7ma8MUJ_rcRKwEPL8g/s2048/5E20252B-E0CA-4535-8175-C7EF5342AF0D_1_201_a.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1536" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxBOsBSp2EEjrqVlSjZd-NRpUTHF-doqZ7Re0DlCjqB-qg1jjAsN31jsw_v2ZyePZJQ2EIBF9tehAqtybX0ZTXL2uKQriLvoawFFeR2bMEu4dE0BWHKwsripuJh7ma8MUJ_rcRKwEPL8g/w480-h640/5E20252B-E0CA-4535-8175-C7EF5342AF0D_1_201_a.jpeg" width="480" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><p></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i>Introduction to the Spanish
translation</i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i>January 2021</i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>The narrative and comparative analysis in
this fundamental study of the <a href="https://livingjusticepress.directfrompublisher.com/catalog/book/indigenous-nations-rights-balance" target="_blank"><b>UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous
Peoples</b> </a>by Charmaine White Face, provides critical context for the battle
for self-determination that the <b>Original Nations</b> of <b>Indigenous Peoples</b>
face today in the global arena of shifting geopolitical powers. The original
English language edition of this book was published in 2013.<span> </span>Now, with this Spanish translation being made
available to the leadership of the Indigenous Peoples of the world at a
climactic turning point in the history of world affairs, the <b>Mandate of the Indigenous
Peoples</b> emerges once again in power and purpose with a message for all
humanity.<span> </span><span> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>The final text of the Declaration as adopted
by the UN General Assembly on September 13, 2007, was preceded by two other
versions.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>In 1994 the <b>Sub-Commission on the
Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities</b> approved the <b>Original
Text</b> of the declaration which was the product of many years of deliberation
that allowed for a degree of meaningful and decisive participation of
Indigenous Peoples from around the world.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><span> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>In 2006, the <b>UN Human Rights Council</b>
adopted a version of the declaration submitted by an individual official of the
UN system, the Chairman-Rapporteur of the <b>Working Group on the Draft
Declaration</b>, Sr. Luis Enrique Chavez.<span>
</span>After the <b>African Union</b> inserted changes to this version, the <b>UN
General Assembly</b> then included nine additional changes in the final version
of the text which was approved in 2007.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>The presentation of the version as adopted by
the General Assembly was challenged on November 29, 2004 by a five-day prayer
fast/hunger strike by six indigenous delegates to the Working Group on the
Draft Declaration at UN headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland.<span> </span>With support and solidarity of Indigenous
Peoples from around the world, the demand was that the <b>Original Text </b>as
approved by the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and
Protection of Minorities be recognized as the <b>only legitimate version</b> of
the declaration that would be advanced on the floor of the UN General
Assembly.<span> </span>With assurances from
representatives of the <b>UN Commission on Human Rights</b> (also called the
CHR) that if no consensus could be achieved by the end of the 2004 session of
the Working Group, the only version of the declaration that would be submitted
to the full Commission would be the Sub-Commission Text as approved in 1994,
the hunger strike/prayer fast came to an end.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>This agreement was subsequently violated, and
then betrayed.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Following the adoption of the final text UN
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) in 2007 the UN system
moved methodically forward to continue the process of systematic reductions in
the international protocols and procedures for the recognition and respect for
the human rights of Indigenous Peoples, as <b><i>Peoples, equal to all other
peoples</i></b>. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><br />
In 2008, the text of UNDRIP was folded into the establishment of the <b>Facilitative
Working Group</b> (FWG) of the <b>Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples
Platform</b> of the <b>UN Convention on Climate Change</b>.<span> </span>The UN system began an extractive process of
establishing a global indigenous bureaucracy with representatives from
organizations of Indigenous Peoples, one from each of the seven sociocultural
regions identified by the United Nation system. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><br />
The next step was the convening of a <b>High-Level Plenary Meeting</b> in 2014
of the <b>UN General Assembly</b>, where only member states of the UN system
can vote, and fraudulently calling this special assembly of government states
the <b>UN World Conference on Indigenous Peoples</b>.<span> </span>Adopting the outcome document from this
session of the High-Level Plenary Meeting on Indigenous Peoples, the UN
instituted a <b>System-Wide Action Plan </b>in November of 2015 administered by
the<b> </b>Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs. In
fulfillment of the twisted text of the final UN Declaration on the Rights of
Indigenous Peoples as adopted, the System-Wide Action Plan<b> </b>attempts to
domesticate and diminish the inherent collective human rights of Indigenous
Peoples as articulated in the UNDRIP to delegated privileges to be defined by
the constitutional frameworks of each individual state.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>The process lurched forward again on December
16, 2020, when the UN General Assembly adopted another resolution on the <b>Rights
of Indigenous Peoples</b>, this time contextualizing the concept within the
development framework of the <b>2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development</b>, and
constrained by the <b>2018 Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular
Migration.</b></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><br />
</span>This book by Charmaine
White Face provides the inside story of how this trajectory of incidents of international
consequence for Indigenous Peoples' rights came to pass, how the<b> 1894</b> <b>Sioux
Nation Treaty Council</b> and other Original Nations of Indigenous Peoples have
continued the struggle for recognition, respect, and guarantees of protection
for Indigenous Peoples' rights, including our human rights, in defense of the <b>Territorial
Integrity of Mother Earth</b>, now and unto the future generations.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span>Tupac Enrique Acosta, Huehuecoyotl</span></i></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfo6YfbUQA0oawBrvasqrgqAkZkLQNbL-SksTerOqSiUY6x6vjYIWewabAeqx5E1mAdn7bRdZzy-UbOYwwVpHBYqhihnGU78pauwsRtwDmGfVXPLDlZZ-hd9REsj4XIKs-Ttayag1MspM/s2048/1TIME+.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1559" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfo6YfbUQA0oawBrvasqrgqAkZkLQNbL-SksTerOqSiUY6x6vjYIWewabAeqx5E1mAdn7bRdZzy-UbOYwwVpHBYqhihnGU78pauwsRtwDmGfVXPLDlZZ-hd9REsj4XIKs-Ttayag1MspM/w488-h640/1TIME+.jpg" width="488" /></a></span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"></span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"></span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"></span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"></span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"><br /> Living Justice Press<br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://livingjusticepress.org/product/indigenous-nations-rights-in-the-balance/">Indigenous Nations’ Rights in the Balance</a></span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"><br /><a href="https://livingjusticepress.org/product/indigenous-nations-rights-in-the-balance/">An Analysis of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</a><br /><a href="https://livingjusticepress.org/product/indigenous-nations-rights-in-the-balance/">By Charmaine White Face, Zumila Wobaga</a></span></b><br /></div><div><br />
<p><style>@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073732485 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Verdana;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1593833729 1073750107 16 0 415 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}</style></p></div>chantlacahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15255116987351106636noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6069514271337748470.post-36130814399752947252021-02-28T22:09:00.005-08:002021-02-28T22:09:49.754-08:00Draft UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (1994)<p>
</p><div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="2" style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;" valign="bottom">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
United Nations </span></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;" valign="bottom">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<br />
E/CN.4/Sub.2/1994/ </span></p>
</td>
<td rowspan="4" style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;" valign="bottom">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="1" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.gif" width="25" /></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td colspan="4" style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="2" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image002.gif" width="33" /></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="un logo" height="81" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image003.gif" width="91" /></span></span></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 247.5pt;" width="330">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
The Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of
Minorities <br />
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="1" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.gif" width="33" /></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 97.5pt;" width="130">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="1" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.gif" width="33" /></span>26 August 1994 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td colspan="4" style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;" valign="top">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="black line" height="2" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image002.gif" width="33" /></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="0">
<td style="border: none;" width="126"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="166"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="166"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="137"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="39"><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hide: all;"> </span></p>
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="3" style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="5" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.gif" width="33" /></span></span></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
[Adopted without a vote] </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1994/45.
Draft United Nations declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples </span></p>
</td>
<td rowspan="3" style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="5" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.gif" width="33" /></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td rowspan="2" style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="5" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.gif" width="33" /></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="5" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.gif" width="15" /></span><i>The Sub-Commission on
Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities</i>, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="5" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.gif" width="15" /></span><i>Recalling</i> its resolutions
1985/22 of 29 August 1985, 1991/30 of 29 August 1991, 1992/33 of 27 August
1992, 1993/46 of 26 August 1993, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="5" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.gif" width="15" /></span><i>Taking into account</i>, in
particular, paragraph 3 of its resolution 1993/46, in which it decided to
postpone until its forty-sixth session consideration of the draft United
Nations declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples agreed upon by the
members of the Working Group on Indigenous Populations, to request the
Secretary-General to submit the draft declaration to the appropriate services
in the Centre for Human Rights for its technical revision, and to submit, if
possible, the draft declaration to the Commission on Human Rights with the
recommendation that the Commission adopt it at its fifty-first session, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="5" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.gif" width="15" /></span><i>Recalling</i> Commission on
Human Rights resolution 1994/29 of 4 March 1994, in which the Sub-Commission
was urged to complete its consideration of the draft United Nations
declaration at its forty-sixth session and to submit it to the Commission at
its fifty-first session together with any recommendations thereon, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="5" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.gif" width="15" /></span><i>Bearing in mind</i> General
Assembly <a href="http://www.un-documents.net/a47r75.htm"><span style="color: blue;">resolution 47/75</span></a> of 14 December 1992, paragraph
12 of Commission on Human Rights resolution 1993/30 of 5 March 1993,
paragraph 6 (a) of Commission resolution 1993/31 of 5 March 1993 and
paragraph II.28 of the <a href="http://www.un-documents.net/ac151-23.htm"><span style="color: blue;">Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action (A/Conf.157/23)</span></a>,
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="5" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.gif" width="15" /></span><i>Having considered</i> the report
of the Working Group on Indigenous Populations on its *twelfth session
(E/CN.4/Sub.2/1994/30 and Corr.1), in particular the general comments on the
draft declaration and the recommendations contained in chapters II and IX
respectively of the report, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="5" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.gif" width="15" /></span><i>Taking into account</i> the
technical review of the draft declaration prepared by the Centre for Human
Rights (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1994/2 and Add.1), </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.
<i>Expresses</i> its satisfaction at the conclusion of the deliberations on
the draft United Nations declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples by
the Working Group on Indigenous Populations and the general views of the
participants as reflected in the report of the Working Group on its twelfth
session; </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.
<i>Expresses</i> its appreciation to the Chairperson-Rapporteur of the
Working Group, Ms. Erica-Irene Daes, and to the present and former members of
the Working Group for their contributions to the process of elaboration of
the draft declaration; </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.
<i>Expresses</i> its appreciation to the Centre for Human Rights for its
technical revision of the draft declaration; </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.
<i>Decides</i>: </span></p>
<ol start="1" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To
adopt the draft United Nations declaration on the rights of indigenous
peoples agreed upon by members of the Working Group as contained in the
annex to the present resolution; </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To
submit the draft declaration to the Commission on Human Rights at its
fifty-first session with the request that it consider the draft as
expeditiously as possible; </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To
request the Secretary-General to transmit the text of the draft
declaration to indigenous peoples and organizations, Governments and
intergovernmental organizations and to include in the note of
transmittal the information that the draft declaration is to be
submitted to the Commission on Human Rights at its fifty-first session; </span></li></ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.
<i>Recommends</i> that the Commission on Human Rights and the Economic and
Social Council take effective measures to ensure that representatives of
indigenous peoples are able to participate in the consideration of the draft
declaration by these two bodies, regardless of their consultative status with
the Economic and Social Council. </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;" valign="top">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="annex"></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Annex </span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Draft
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="5" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.gif" width="15" /></span><i>Affirming</i> that indigenous
peoples are equal in dignity and rights to all other peoples, while
recognizing the right of all peoples to be different, to consider themselves
different, and to be respected as such, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="5" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.gif" width="15" /></span><i>Affirming also</i> that all
peoples contribute to the diversity and richness of civilizations and
cultures, which constitute the common heritage of humankind, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="5" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.gif" width="15" /></span><i>Affirming further</i> that
all doctrines, policies and practices based on or advocating superiority of
peoples or individuals on the basis of national origin, racial, religious,
ethnic or cultural differences are racist, scientifically false, legally
invalid, morally condemnable and socially unjust, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="5" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.gif" width="15" /></span><i>Reaffirming also</i> that
indigenous peoples, in the exercise of their rights, should be free from
discrimination of any kind, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="5" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.gif" width="15" /></span><i>Concerned</i> that indigenous
peoples have been deprived of their human rights and fundamental freedoms,
resulting, inter alia, in their colonization and dispossession of their
lands, territories and resources, thus preventing them from exercising, in
particular, their right to development in accordance with their own needs and
interests, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="5" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.gif" width="15" /></span><i>Recognizing</i> the urgent
need to respect and promote the inherent rights and characteristics of
indigenous peoples, especially their rights to their lands, territories and
resources, which derive from their political, economic and social structures
and from their cultures, spiritual traditions, histories and philosophies, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="5" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.gif" width="15" /></span><i>Welcoming</i> the fact that
indigenous peoples are organizing themselves for political, economic, social
and cultural enhancement and in order to bring an end to all forms of
discrimination and oppression wherever they occur, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="5" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.gif" width="15" /></span><i>Convinced</i> that control by
indigenous peoples over developments affecting them and their lands,
territories and resources will enable them to maintain and strengthen their
institutions, cultures and traditions, and to promote their development in
accordance with their aspirations and needs, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="5" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.gif" width="15" /></span><i>Recognizing also</i> that
respect for indigenous knowledge, cultures and traditional practices
contributes to sustainable and equitable development and proper management of
the environment, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="5" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.gif" width="15" /></span><i>Emphasizing</i> the need for
demilitarization of the lands and territories of indigenous peoples, which
will contribute to peace, economic and social progress and development,
understanding and friendly relations among nations and peoples of the world, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="5" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.gif" width="15" /></span><i>Recognizing</i> in particular
the right of indigenous families and communities to retain shared
responsibility for the upbringing, training, education and well-being of
their children, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="5" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.gif" width="15" /></span><i>Recognizing also</i> that
indigenous peoples have the right freely to determine their relationships
with States in a spirit of coexistence, mutual benefit and full respect, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="5" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.gif" width="15" /></span><i>Considering</i> that treaties,
agreements and other arrangements between States and indigenous peoples are
properly matters of international concern and responsibility, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="5" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.gif" width="15" /></span><i>Acknowledging</i> that the <a href="http://www.un-documents.net/charter.htm"><span style="color: blue;">Charter
of the United Nations</span></a>, the <a href="http://www.un-documents.net/icescr.htm"><span style="color: blue;">International
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</span></a> and the <a href="http://www.un-documents.net/iccpr.htm"><span style="color: blue;">International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</span></a> affirm the fundamental
importance of the right of self-determination of all peoples, by virtue of
which they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their
economic, social and cultural development, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="5" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.gif" width="15" /></span><i>Bearing in mind</i> that
nothing in this Declaration may be used to deny any peoples their right of
self-determination, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="5" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.gif" width="15" /></span><i>Encouraging</i> States to
comply with and effectively implement all international instruments, in
particular those related to human rights, as they apply to indigenous
peoples, in consultation and cooperation with the peoples concerned, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="5" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.gif" width="15" /></span><i>Emphasizing</i> that the
United Nations has an important and continuing role to play in promoting and
protecting the rights of indigenous peoples, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="5" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.gif" width="15" /></span><i>Believing</i> that this
Declaration is a further important step forward for the recognition,
promotion and protection of the rights and freedoms of indigenous peoples and
in the development of relevant activities of the United Nations system in
this field, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="5" src="file:////Users/Huehuecoyotl/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.gif" width="15" /></span><i>Solemnly proclaims</i> the
following United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="part-1"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Part I</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: center;"><a name="article-1"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 1</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
peoples have the right to the full and effective enjoyment of all human
rights and fundamental freedoms recognized in the Charter of the United
Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and international human
rights law. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-2"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 2</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
individuals and peoples are free and equal to all other individuals and
peoples in dignity and rights, and have the right to be free from any kind of
adverse discrimination, in particular that based on their indigenous origin
or identity. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-3"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 3</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
peoples have the right of self-determination. By virtue of that right they
freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic,
social and cultural development. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-4"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 4</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
peoples have the right to maintain and strengthen their distinct political,
economic, social and cultural characteristics, as well as their legal
systems, while retaining their rights to participate fully, if they so
choose, in the political, economic, social and cultural life of the State. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-5"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 5</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Every
indigenous individual has the right to a nationality. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="part-2"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Part II</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-6"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 6</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
peoples have the collective right to live in freedom, peace and security as
distinct peoples and to full guarantees against genocide or any other act of
violence, including the removal of indigenous children from their families and
communities under any pretext. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
addition, they have the individual rights to life, physical and mental
integrity, liberty and security of person. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-7"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 7</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
peoples have the collective and individual right not to be subjected to
ethnocide and cultural genocide, including prevention of and redress for: </span></p>
<ol start="1" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Any
action which has the aim or effect of depriving them of their integrity
as distinct peoples, or of their cultural values or ethnic identities; </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Any
action which has the aim or effect of dispossessing them of their lands,
territories or resources; </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Any
form of population transfer which has the aim or effect of violating or
undermining any of their rights; </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Any
form of assimilation or integration by other cultures or ways of life
imposed on them by legislative, administrative or other measures; </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Any
form of propaganda directed against them. </span></li></ol>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-8"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 8</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
peoples have the collective and individual right to maintain and develop
their distinct identities and characteristics, including the right to
identify themselves as indigenous and to be recognized as such. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-9"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 9</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
peoples and individuals have the right to belong to an indigenous community
or nation, in accordance with the traditions and customs of the community or
nation concerned. No disadvantage of any kind may arise from the exercise of
such a right. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-10"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 10</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
peoples shall not be forcibly removed from their lands or territories. No relocation
shall take place without the free and informed consent of the indigenous
peoples concerned and after agreement on just and fair compensation and,
where possible, with the option of return. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-11"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 11</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
peoples have the right to special protection and security in periods of armed
conflict. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">States
shall observe international standards, in particular the <a href="http://www.un-documents.net/gc-4.htm"><span style="color: blue;">Fourth
Geneva Convention of 1949</span></a>, for the protection of civilian
populations in circumstances of emergency and armed conflict, and shall not: </span></p>
<ol start="1" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Recruit
indigenous individuals against their will into the armed forces and, in
particular, for use against other indigenous peoples; </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Recruit
indigenous children into the armed forces under any circumstances; </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Force
indigenous individuals to abandon their lands, territories or means of
subsistence, or relocate them in special centres for military purposes; </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Force
indigenous individuals to work for military purposes under any
discriminatory conditions. </span></li></ol>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="part-3"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Part III</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-12"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 12</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
peoples have the right to practise and revitalize their cultural traditions
and customs. This includes the right to maintain, protect and develop the
past, present and future manifestations of their cultures, such as archaeological
and historical sites, artifacts, designs, ceremonies, technologies and visual
and performing arts and literature, as well as the right to the restitution
of cultural, intellectual, religious and spiritual property taken without
their free and informed consent or in violation of their laws, traditions and
customs. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-13"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 13</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
peoples have the right to manifest, practise, develop and teach their
spiritual and religious traditions, customs and ceremonies; the right to
maintain, protect, and have access in privacy to their religious and cultural
sites; the right to the use and control of ceremonial objects; and the right
to the repatriation of human remains. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">States
shall take effective measures, in conjunction with the indigenous peoples concerned,
to ensure that indigenous sacred places, including burial sites, be
preserved, respected and protected. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-14"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 14</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
peoples have the right to revitalize, use, develop and transmit to future
generations their histories, languages, oral traditions, philosophies,
writing systems and literatures, and to designate and retain their own names
for communities, places and persons. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">States
shall take effective measures, whenever any right of indigenous peoples may
be threatened, to ensure this right is protected and also to ensure that they
can understand and be understood in political, legal and administrative
proceedings, where necessary through the provision of interpretation or by
other appropriate means. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="part-4"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Part IV</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-15"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 15</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
children have the right to all levels and forms of education of the State.
All indigenous peoples also have this right and the right to establish and
control their educational systems and institutions providing education in
their own languages, in a manner appropriate to their cultural methods of
teaching and learning. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
children living outside their communities have the right to be provided
access to education in their own culture and language. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">States
shall take effective measures to provide appropriate resources for these
purposes. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-16"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 16</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
peoples have the right to have the dignity and diversity of their cultures,
traditions, histories and aspirations appropriately reflected in all forms of
education and public information. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">States
shall take effective measures, in consultation with the indigenous peoples
concerned, to eliminate prejudice and discrimination and to promote
tolerance, understanding and good relations among indigenous peoples and all
segments of society. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-17"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 17</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
peoples have the right to establish their own media in their own languages.
They also have the right to equal access to all forms of non-indigenous
media. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">States
shall take effective measures to ensure that State-owned media duly reflect
indigenous cultural diversity. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-18"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 18</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
peoples have the right to enjoy fully all rights established under
international labour law and national labour legislation. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
individuals have the right not to be subjected to any discriminatory
conditions of labour, employment or salary. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="part-5"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Part V</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-19"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 19</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
peoples have the right to participate fully, if they so choose, at all levels
of decision-making in matters which may affect their rights, lives and
destinies through representatives chosen by themselves in accordance with
their own procedures, as well as to maintain and develop their own indigenous
decision-making institutions. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-20"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 20</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
peoples have the right to participate fully, if they so choose, through
procedures determined by them, in devising legislative or administrative
measures that may affect them. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">States
shall obtain the free and informed consent of the peoples concerned before
adopting and implementing such measures. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-21"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 21</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
peoples have the right to maintain and develop their political, economic and
social systems, to be secure in the enjoyment of their own means of
subsistence and development, and to engage freely in all their traditional
and other economic activities. Indigenous peoples who have been deprived of
their means of subsistence and development are entitled to just and fair
compensation. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-22"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 22</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
peoples have the right to special measures for the immediate, effective and
continuing improvement of their economic and social conditions, including in
the areas of employment, vocational training and retraining, housing,
sanitation, health and social security. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Particular
attention shall be paid to the rights and special needs of indigenous elders,
women, youth, children and disabled persons. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-23"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 23</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
peoples have the right to determine and develop priorities and strategies for
exercising their right to development. In particular, indigenous peoples have
the right to determine and develop all health, housing and other economic and
social programmes affecting them and, as far as possible, to administer such
programmes through their own institutions. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-24"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 24</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
peoples have the right to their traditional medicines and health practices,
including the right to the protection of vital medicinal plants, animals and
minerals. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">They
also have the right to access, without any discrimination, to all medical
institutions, health services and medical care. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="part-6"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Part VI</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-25"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 25</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
peoples have the right to maintain and strengthen their distinctive spiritual
and material relationship with the lands, territories, waters and coastal
seas and other resources which they have traditionally owned or otherwise
occupied or used, and to uphold their responsibilities to future generations
in this regard. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-26"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 26</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
peoples have the right to own, develop, control and use the lands and
territories, including the total environment of the lands, air, waters,
coastal seas, sea-ice, flora and fauna and other resources which they have
traditionally owned or otherwise occupied or used. This includes the right to
the full recognition of their laws, traditions and customs, land-tenure
systems and institutions for the development and management of resources, and
the right to effective measures by States to prevent any interference with,
alienation of or encroachment upon these rights. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-27"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 27</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
peoples have the right to the restitution of the lands, territories and
resources which they have traditionally owned or otherwise occupied or used,
and which have been confiscated, occupied, used or damaged without their free
and informed consent. Where this is not possible, they have the right to just
and fair compensation. Unless otherwise freely agreed upon by the peoples
concerned, compensation shall take the form of lands, territories and
resources equal in quality, size and legal status. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-28"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 28</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
peoples have the right to the conservation, restoration and protection of the
total environment and the productive capacity of their lands, territories and
resources, as well as to assistance for this purpose from States and through
international cooperation. Military activities shall not take place in the
lands and territories of indigenous peoples, unless otherwise freely agreed
upon by the peoples concerned. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">States
shall take effective measures to ensure that no storage or disposal of
hazardous materials shall take place in the lands and territories of
indigenous peoples. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">States
shall also take effective measures to ensure, as needed, that programmes for
monitoring, maintaining and restoring the health of indigenous peoples, as
developed and implemented by the peoples affected by such materials, are duly
implemented. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-29"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 29</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
peoples are entitled to the recognition of the full ownership, control and
protection of their cultural and intellectual property. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">They
have the right to special measures to control, develop and protect their
sciences, technologies and cultural manifestations, including human and other
genetic resources, seeds, medicines, knowledge of the properties of fauna and
flora, oral traditions, literatures, designs and visual and performing arts. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-30"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 30</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
peoples have the right to determine and develop priorities and strategies for
the development or use of their lands, territories and other resources,
including the right to require that States obtain their free and informed
consent prior to the approval of any project affecting their lands,
territories and other resources, particularly in connection with the
development, utilization or exploitation of mineral, water or other resources.
Pursuant to agreement with the indigenous peoples concerned, just and fair
compensation shall be provided for any such activities and measures taken to
mitigate adverse environmental, economic, social, cultural or spiritual
impact. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="part-7"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Part VII</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-31"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 31</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
peoples, as a specific form of exercising their right to self-determination,
have the right to autonomy or self-government in matters relating to their
internal and local affairs, including culture, religion, education,
information, media, health, housing, employment, social welfare, economic
activities, land and resources management, environment and entry by
non-members, as well as ways and means for financing these autonomous
functions. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-32"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 32</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
peoples have the collective right to determine their own citizenship in
accordance with their customs and traditions. Indigenous citizenship does not
impair the right of indigenous individuals to obtain citizenship of the
States in which they live. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
peoples have the right to determine the structures and to select the
membership of their institutions in accordance with their own procedures. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-33"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 33</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
peoples have the right to promote, develop and maintain their institutional
structures and their distinctive juridical customs, traditions, procedures
and practices, in accordance with internationally recognized human rights
standards. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-34"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 34</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
peoples have the collective right to determine the responsibilities of
individuals to their communities. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-35"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 35</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
peoples, in particular those divided by international borders, have the right
to maintain and develop contacts, relations and cooperation, including
activities for spiritual, cultural, political, economic and social purposes,
with other peoples across borders. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">States
shall take effective measures to ensure the exercise and implementation of
this right. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-36"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 36</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
peoples have the right to the recognition, observance and enforcement of
treaties, agreements and other constructive arrangements concluded with
States or their successors, according to their original spirit and intent,
and to have States honour and respect such treaties, agreements and other
constructive arrangements. Conflicts and disputes which cannot otherwise be
settled should be submitted to competent international bodies agreed to by
all parties concerned. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="part-8"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Part VIII</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-37"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 37</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">States
shall take effective and appropriate measures, in consultation with the
indigenous peoples concerned, to give full effect to the provisions of this
Declaration. The rights recognized herein shall be adopted and included in
national legislation in such a manner that indigenous peoples can avail
themselves of such rights in practice. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-38"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 38</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
peoples have the right to have access to adequate financial and technical
assistance, from States and through international cooperation, to pursue
freely their political, economic, social, cultural and spiritual development
and for the enjoyment of the rights and freedoms recognized in this
Declaration. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-39"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 39</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indigenous
peoples have the right to have access to and prompt decision through mutually
acceptable and fair procedures for the resolution of conflicts and disputes
with States, as well as to effective remedies for all infringements of their
individual and collective rights. Such a decision shall take into
consideration the customs, traditions, rules and legal systems of the
indigenous peoples concerned. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-40"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 40</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
organs and specialized agencies of the United Nations system and other
intergovernmental organizations shall contribute to the full realization of
the provisions of this Declaration through the mobilization, inter alia, of
financial cooperation and technical assistance. Ways and means of ensuring
participation of indigenous peoples on issues affecting them shall be
established. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-41"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 41</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
United Nations shall take the necessary steps to ensure the implementation of
this Declaration including the creation of a body at the highest level with
special competence in this field and with the direct participation of
indigenous peoples. All United Nations bodies shall promote respect for and
full application of the provisions of this Declaration. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="part-9"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Part IX</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-42"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 42</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
rights recognized herein constitute the minimum standards for the survival,
dignity and well-being of the indigenous peoples of the world. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-43"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 43</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">All
the rights and freedoms recognized herein are equally guaranteed to male and
female indigenous individuals. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-44"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 44</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nothing
in this Declaration may be construed as diminishing or extinguishing existing
or future rights indigenous peoples may have or acquire. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><a name="article-45"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 45</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nothing
in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or
person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act contrary to
the <a href="http://www.un-documents.net/charter.htm"><span style="color: blue;">Charter of the United Nations</span></a>. </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p><style>@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073732485 9 0 511 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}ol
{margin-bottom:0in;}ul
{margin-bottom:0in;}</style> <br /></p>chantlacahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15255116987351106636noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6069514271337748470.post-53518963558339865282020-07-06T17:41:00.002-07:002021-05-13T09:28:35.658-07:00 UN Study on treaties, agreements and other constructive arrangements 1999<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="post-header">
</div>
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-6663530973376079986" itemprop="description articleBody">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<div class="WordSection1">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 121%; margin: 2.25pt 395pt 0in 6.35pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="height: 38px; left: 0px; margin-left: 537px; margin-top: 8px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 27px; z-index: 1096;">
</span></span></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; z-index: 4;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div class="shape" style="padding: 0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 36pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 36pt;">E</span></b></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span> </span></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 121%;"> UNITED <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-font-width: 95%;">NATIONS</span></span></b></span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.2pt; margin-left: 5.8pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection2">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 128%; margin: 11.15pt 0in 0in 91.35pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 128%;">Economic
and Social Council</span></b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-column-break-before: always; mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 108%; margin: 0in 127.15pt 0in 9.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Distr. </span>GENERAL</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 9.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1999/20</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 220%; margin: 1.2pt 93.85pt 0in 9.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">22 June 1999 </span>Original:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>ENGLISH</span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection3">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 5pt; margin-left: 6.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 4.3pt 0in 0in 23.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">COMMISSION
ON HUMAN<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>RIGHTS</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 1.2pt 4.2in 0in 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Sub•Commission on<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>Prevention of<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>Discrimination<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>and Protection of<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>Minorities</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.7pt; margin-left: 23.4pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Fifty•first<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>session</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 1.2pt 0in 0in 23.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Item
7 of the provisional<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>agenda</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.4pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6cC2aaeZn4EAim9mdpQNWf9KKaQbe68FwsAccj2fiJ8MebrqdxujOHD-vfU-Iz1w4A42w7ert0eWxLRJ7eejTJmuoGphY1z57Ne0t3P4SdD_P1tVUfc9Z030HHji7Mzt-SupOy2h77Ok/s640/1C000042-09B4-4098-A714-45567228046A.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="468" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6cC2aaeZn4EAim9mdpQNWf9KKaQbe68FwsAccj2fiJ8MebrqdxujOHD-vfU-Iz1w4A42w7ert0eWxLRJ7eejTJmuoGphY1z57Ne0t3P4SdD_P1tVUfc9Z030HHji7Mzt-SupOy2h77Ok/w468-h640/1C000042-09B4-4098-A714-45567228046A.jpeg" width="468" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 59.15pt 0in 63pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G99/137/73/PDF/G9913773.pdf?OpenElement"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">HUMAN RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>PEOPLES</span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G99/137/73/PDF/G9913773.pdf?OpenElement"><br /></a></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin: 0in 59.15pt 0in 63.4pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BzLV_uk_TQw0aVhzT1lTWVVONWc/view?usp=sharing"><u style="text-underline: black;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Study on treaties, agreements and other constructive arrangements between States andindigenous populations</span></u></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 4.3pt 0in 0in 81pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u style="text-underline: black;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Final report by Miguel Alfonso Martínez, Special<span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"> </span>Rapporteur</span></u></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 4.3pt 59.15pt 0in 62.95pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">CONTENTS</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 4.3pt 19.25pt 0in 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u style="text-underline: black;">Paragraphs</u><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><u style="text-underline: black;">Page</u></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 4.3pt 0in 0in 23.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Introductio<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">n</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 13pt 0in 0in 57.25pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;">SOME KEY POINTS<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>OF<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>DEPARTURE<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 13pt 0in 0in 28pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">II.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">SUMMARY OF
FINDINGS </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 13pt 0in 0in 80.05pt; text-indent: -22.8pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;">Treaties/agreements between indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>peoples</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 1pt 0in 0in 80.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>States<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 13pt 0in 0in 80.05pt; text-indent: -22.8pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;">Other constructive
arrangements<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin: 13pt 173.75pt 0.4pt 80.05pt; text-indent: -22.8pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 111%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 111%;">Situations lacking specific<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>bilateral legal instruments to
govern relations<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>between</span></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 20.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 34.7pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 34.7pt; padding: 0in; width: 362.65pt;" valign="top" width="363"><div class="TableParagraph" style="line-height: 10.1pt; margin-left: 59.8pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;">indigenous peoples and States </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top: 0.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="TableParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.75pt; tab-stops: 37.0pt 181.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;">III.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">A LOOK AT<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>THE<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">
</span>PRESENT:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>ORIGIN,
DEVELOPMENT<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>AND</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 34.7pt; padding: 0in; width: 81.05pt;" valign="top" width="81"><br /></td>
<td style="height: 34.7pt; padding: 0in; width: 23.25pt;" valign="top" width="23"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.9pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="height: 17.9pt; padding: 0in; width: 362.65pt;" valign="top" width="363"><div align="right" class="TableParagraph" style="margin: 0.4pt 17.45pt 0in 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;">CONSEQUENCES
OF THE DOMESTICATION PROCESS </span></span></span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 17.9pt; padding: 0in; width: 81.05pt;" valign="top" width="81"><br /></td>
<td style="height: 17.9pt; padding: 0in; width: 23.25pt;" valign="top" width="23"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.8pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="height: 21.8pt; padding: 0in; width: 362.65pt;" valign="top" width="363"><div align="right" class="TableParagraph" style="margin: 6.25pt 17.45pt 0in 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;">IV.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">LOOKING<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>AHEAD:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 21.8pt; padding: 0in; width: 81.05pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div align="right" class="TableParagraph" style="margin: 6.25pt 9.35pt 0in 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 21.8pt; padding: 0in; width: 23.25pt;" valign="top" width="23"><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection4">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 4.3pt 202.15pt 0in 203pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u style="text-underline: black;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Introduction</span></u></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 4.5pt 0in 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;">In volume V (Conclusions, proposals and recommendations) </span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;">of<span style="letter-spacing: -2.7pt;"> </span>his</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 1pt 7.65pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">monumental <u style="text-underline: black;">Study of
the Problem of Discrimination against Indigenous Populations</u>, Mr. Martínez
Cobo stressed the paramount importance for indigenous peoples and nations in
various countries and regions of the world of the treaties concluded with
present nation-States or with the countries acting as colonial administering
Powers at the time in<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>question.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">He concluded that a thorough and careful study should be
made of various areas covered by the provisions of such treaties and
agreements, the official force of such provisions at present, the observance,
or lack of observance, of such provisions, and the consequences all that might
entail for indigenous peoples and nations parties to such treaties or<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span>agreements.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 29.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">He further noted that in preparing such a study, account
must necessarily be taken of the points of view of all parties involved, a task
requiring the examination of a large volume<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>documentation.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>For<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>obvious</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">reasons,
that was an undertaking that could not be carried out within the framework of
his own<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>study.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">He therefore recommended that a thorough study devoted
exclusively to that subject should be undertaken in the light of existing
principles and norms in the field and the opinions and data submitted by all
interested parties, primarily the Governments and indigenous nations and
peoples that had signed and ratified treaties<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;">
</span>or<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>agreements.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He believed that only<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>thorough</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">study
could help determine with the necessary accuracy the present status of
international agreements involving indigenous <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">peoples.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">2</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 41.4pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 41.45pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;">Taking up an initiative of its Working Group on<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>Indigenous</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 1.05pt 7.65pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Populations,
</span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">at
its thirty-ninth session, the </span>Sub-Commission on<span style="letter-spacing: -3pt;"> </span>Prevention</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 1pt 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities
acted upon Mr. Martínez Cobo's recommendation by adopting resolution 1987/17 of
2 September 1987, entitled “Study on treaties concluded between indigenous
peoples<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>States”.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In taking such
action, the Sub-Commission was consistent with<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;">
</span>its</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 7.65pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">resolution 1984/35 A of 30 August 1984, in which it
had decided to consider Mr. Martínez Cobo's conclusions, proposals and
recommendations as an appropriate source for its future work on the question of
discrimination against indigenous populations and for the work of its Working
Group on Indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>Populations.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin: 0in 41.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 111%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 111%;">In its resolution 1987/17, the Sub-Commission requested
Mr. Miguel Alfonso Martínez to prepare, on the basis of the opinions and data<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;"> </span>in</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 1.7pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Mr. Martínez Cobo's report and the views expressed
on the issue in the Working Group and in the Sub-Commission, a document
analysing the general outline of such a study and the juridical,
bibliographical and other information sources on which such a study should be
based, and to submit the document to<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;"> </span>the</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.6pt; margin-right: 7.65pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Sub-Commission for consideration at
its fortieth<span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"> </span>session.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 111%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 111%;">The Sub•Commission also recommended that the
Commission on Human Rights recommend, in turn, that the Economic and Social
Council authorize<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>the</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.45pt; margin-right: 7.65pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Sub-Commission to appoint Mr.
Alfonso Martínez as Special Rapporteur with<span style="letter-spacing: -1.95pt;">
</span>the</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>mandate of preparing such a study, and to request
the Special Rapporteur to present a preliminary report to the Sub-Commission at
its forty-first session </span>(1989).<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">The recommendations contained in resolution 1987/17<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span>were<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>submitted</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">to the Commission on Human Rights for consideration
at its forty-fourth session<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>(1988).</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection5">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">At its forty-fourth session, the Commission adopted
resolution 1988/56, in which a number of guidelines on the matter<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>were<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>established.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>These<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>would</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">eventually become the terms
of reference of the Special Rapporteur's mandate for the present<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>study.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">It should be noted that in adopting
resolution 1988/56, the Commission broadened to a considerable extent the scope
of the study originally envisaged by the Sub-Commission in its resolution
1987/17, by recommending that the Economic and Social Council authorize the
appointment of Mr. Alfonso Martínez as Special Rapporteur of the Sub•Commission
with the mandate of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>preparing</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0.15pt 7.65pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">“an <u style="text-underline: black;">outline </u>on
the <u style="text-underline: black;">possible </u>purposes, scope and sources of
a study to be conducted on the potential utility of treaties, <u style="text-underline: black;">agreements and other constructive arrangements </u>between
indigenous populations and Governments for the purpose of ensuring the
promotion and protection of the human rights and fundamental freedoms of
indigenous populations” (Emphasis<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>added).</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.45pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">However, in resolution 1988/56 the Commission only
authorized the Special Rapporteur to prepare and submit to the Working Group an
outline of a possible study, not to undertake the study proper, as recommended<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>by<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>Sub-Commission.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">In fact, it withheld its authorization, at least<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>until<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>1989,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">in order to decide on the appropriateness of
commissioning such a study by the Special<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>Rapporteur.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin: 0in 53.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 111%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 111%;">Commission resolution 1988/56 was endorsed on 27 May 1988
by the Economic and Social Council in its decision<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>1988/134.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 4.5pt 0in 0in 41.4pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;">The Special Rapporteur submitted the requested outline </span>t<span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;">o the<span style="letter-spacing: -2.85pt;"> </span>Working</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>Group and the Sub-Commission later<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>1988.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Both bodies<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>endorsed<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>that</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span>document.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">In
addition, in its resolution 1988/20 of 1 September 1988,<span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"> </span>the<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>Sub-Commission requested the Commission
and the Economic and Social Council to finally authorize the Special Rapporteur
to undertake the study referred to in Commission resolution<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>1988/56.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">At its forty-fifth session, the Commission adopted,
without either a debate or a vote, resolution 1989/41 of 6 March 1989, in which
it endorsed all the recommendations submitted on the matter by the
Sub-Commission in its resolution<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>1988/20.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>They were thus submitted to the Economic<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>Social</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Council
for approval at its 1989 spring<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>session.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 23.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Finally, the Council, in its resolution 1989/77 of 24 May
1989, confirmed the appointment of Mr. Alfonso Martínez as Special Rapporteur
and authorized him to carry out the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>study.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 41.4pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 41.45pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">15.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;">Since that date, the Special Rapporteur has submitted to
the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.7pt;"> </span>Working</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>Group and the Sub-Commission a preliminary report,
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">and three<span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"> </span>progress </span></span></span>reports.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 107%; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">6</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection6">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-column-break-before: always;" />
</span></span></span>
</div>
<div class="WordSection7">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 4.3pt 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">16.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">At its forty-ninth session, the
Sub-Commission, in its decision 1997/110 of 22 August 1997, urged the Special
Rapporteur to submit his final report in due time • preferably before the end
of 1997 • so as to allow it to be discussed by the Working Group at its
sixteenth session and by<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>Sub-Commission at its fiftieth session,<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>1998.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The present final<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>report<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>is</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">submitted to the consideration of both bodies,
pursuant to the above•mentioned decision of the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>Sub-Commission.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin: 0in 17.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 108%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">17.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 108%;">As to the contents of this final report, it should be
recalled, first, that the Special Rapporteur suggested from the start of his
mandate<span style="letter-spacing: -1.7pt;"> </span>a</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0.25pt 7.65pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">three-part
structure for the study as a<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>whole:</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 18.55pt 0in 76.2pt; text-indent: -35pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(i)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In the first part, the origins of the practice of
concluding treaties, agreements and other constructive arrangements between
indigenous peoples and States, that is, the role of treaties in the history of
European expansion overseas, were to be<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>examined.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 6.55pt 0in 76.2pt; text-indent: -41pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(ii)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The second part was to be devoted to the contemporary
significance of such instruments, including questions regarding the succession
of States, national recognition of treaties and the views of indigenous peoples
on these<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>issues.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 15.2pt 0in 76.2pt; text-indent: -47pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(iii)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The third part would address the potential value of all
those instruments as the basis for governing the future relationships between
indigenous peoples<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>States.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Both
the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>form<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>and</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">substance of such instruments were to be considered in the
final stage of the study, as well as possible mechanisms to be
institutionalized in the future to secure their implementation.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.7pt;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">7</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">18.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">This final part, obviously, had to be undertaken in the
light of the actual situations in which indigenous peoples find themselves
coexisting today with other, non-indigenous segments of society in<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span>many<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">
</span>States.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">precarious
nature of their existence almost everywhere that is<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>today</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-right: 7.65pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">provoking • as it did when Martínez Cobo's study
was commissioned and completed • growing concern in the international<span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"> </span>community.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin: 0in 47.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 108%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">19.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 108%;">The Special Rapporteur's research and analysis largely
follow his initial plan as far as the first two parts of the study are<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>concerned.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">20.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">At this final stage of the Special Rapporteur's work on
the study, particular attention will be given to the potential value of all
possible ways and means of achieving a new relationship between the indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -1.7pt;"> </span>and</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0.15pt 7.65pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">non-indigenous sectors in multi•national societies
through adequate forward•looking, innovative mechanisms that would facilitate
conflict resolution when<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>needed.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">21.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The fact that the Special Rapporteur has been working on
this study for nine years and that the present, final report, should be able to
stand on its own with respect to publication by the United Nations has made
certain inclusions<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>necessary.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Special Rapporteur has<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>therefore<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>briefly</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">recapitulated here the most important provisional
conclusions advanced in previous progress reports, as well as the initial (or
modified) reasoning behind<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>them.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He has also referred to key cases or
general situations<span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"> </span>reviewed</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>fully in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>those<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>reports.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Without
this background it would be<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>difficult<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>to</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">grasp fully the
sense and possible merit of the conclusions and recommendations offered<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>here.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection8">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin: 0in 29.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 108%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">22.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 108%;">Consequently, chapter I deals with four<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>main<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>topics:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>process<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>of</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 108%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 108%;">selection
(or elimination) of cases relevant to this study; treaty<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>and</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0.25pt 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">treaty-making concepts; the importance of fully
understanding the evolution of the indigenous/non-indigenous relationship and
its present status and defining and differentiating between the categories
“indigenous peoples” and </span>“minorities”.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">In chapter II, the Special Rapporteur offers his
views<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">three juridical situations
selected for their pertinence to the goals of this study, focusing on the
individual cases/situations selected for review in consideration of their<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>juridical/institutional<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>development.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Chapter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>III</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">describes the overall process of domestication of
indigenous issues in its various manifestations during different stages and
links it to the present situation of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>societies.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Finally, in chapter IV,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>Special</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Rapporteur
brings all the elements included in previous chapters together, to offer his
conclusions and recommendations for what he considers might be a constructive
future<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>approach.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 17.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">23.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Lastly, a final remark about the contents of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>this<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>report.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>Special</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Rapporteur is fully aware that he - and only he - is
ultimately responsible for the content of the conclusions and recommendations
of the present study. However, he is also aware that all human endeavour may
contain flaws and shortcomings, and thus can benefit from constructive<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;"> </span>criticism.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">24.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In this context, it cannot be overemphasized that in many
aspects and cases reviewed, the final result of these long years of work, as
reflected in the present document, is based on the research (including field
work), the personal and professional experience, and, in particular, the views
on the available sources that have been developed by two<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span>persons<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>only:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>Special</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Rapporteur
himself and his consultant, Dr. Isabelle Schulte-Tenckhoff - to whom he once
again expresses his gratitude for her invaluable<span style="letter-spacing: -1.95pt;"> </span>collaboration.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 17.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">25.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Hence, the Special Rapporteur will highly welcome all
critical opinions - not only from his colleagues but also, in particular, from
those indigenous peoples and Governments which did not respond to his
questionnaire - that may be proffered during the debate that will be held<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>on</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0.15pt 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">the subject of this final report at the forthcoming
1999 sessions of both the Working Group and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>Sub-Commission.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>These contributions will be<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;">
</span>duly<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>taken</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">into account for potential utilization as
additional elements of judgement to be incorporated in this report before it
becomes an official United Nations publication.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">26.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In this final report, the Special Rapporteur wishes to
express gratitude to all the Governments that responded to the questionnaire
sent them in 1991 and 1992; in particular those of Australia and Canada for the
thoroughness with which they did so and the valuable documentation provided
either at their own initiative or<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>upon<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>request.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He
also thanks the Governments<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>Canada,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Chile, Fiji, Guatemala, New
Zealand, Spain and the United States of America, for granting facilities for
field research or for participation in activities relating to indigenous
questions in their respective<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;"> </span>countries.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection9">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 4.3pt 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">27.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The careful attention and efficiency with which the New
Zealand authorities prepared and coordinated the Special Rapporteur's programme
of activities during his official working visit to that country in May 1997,
and the fact that some of its highest authorities (for example, the Ministers
of Foreign Affairs and Justice) were gracious enough to find time to receive
him personally and discuss issues affecting the Maaori people, merit his
special recognition.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">28.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">This study could not have been concluded without the
cooperation of many indigenous peoples, organizations and authorities, who have
offered the Special Rapporteur, not only their invaluable contributions (oral
and written testimony, documentation and much needed logistics of the most
varied kind), but also constant encouragement in his<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>work.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">29.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Even at the risk of possible regrettable omissions, it is
fitting to mention here the support received from the following indigenous
organizations and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>institutional<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>bodies:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>American
Indian Law Alliance, Four<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>Nations<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>of</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Hobbema, Fund of the Four Directions, Grand Council of the
Haudenosaunee Confederacy, <u style="text-underline: black;">Consejo de Todas las
Tierras de la Nación Mapuche</u>, Grand Council of the Crees (of Québec), <u style="text-underline: black;">Fundación Rigoberta Menchú</u>, International
Indian Treaty Council, Assembly of First Nations (Canada), Western Shoshone
National Council (United States), Maaori Legal Services, Teton Sioux Treaty
Council, <u style="text-underline: black;">Ka'laui Hawaii</u>, International
Organization of Indigenous Resource Development, OXFAM and the Information and
Documentation Centre on<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;"> </span>Indigenous</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0.15pt 7.65pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Peoples
(DOCIP)<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>(Geneva).</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">30.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The Special Rapporteur wishes to express his gratitude
also to the authorities (elders, <u style="text-underline: black;">lonkos</u>, Grand
Chiefs and Chiefs, headmen, councillors and advisers) of diverse indigenous
nations/peoples or their organizations, among them Rigoberta Menchú Tum (Maya
Nation), the late Oren Lyons (Onondaga Nation), Matthew Coon Come and Ted Moses
(Crees [of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span>Québec]),</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 1.7pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Tony Blackfeather (Teton Sioux/Lakota Nation), J.
Wilton Littlechild (Four Nations of Hobbema/Canada), Domingo Cayuquo, Manuel
Antilao, Jorge Pichinual, Juana Santander and Aucan Huilcamán (Mapuche Nation),
Ovide Mercredi (Assembly of First Nations/Canada), Cherrilene Steinhauer and
Carl Queen (Saddle Lake First Nation/Canada), Wallace Fox (Onion Lake First<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>Nation/Canada),</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0.15pt 7.65pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Daniel Sansfrere, Michael Nadli, Felix Lockhart,
Pat Martel, Jonas Sangri, Rene Lamothe, Gerald Antoine and Francois Paulette
(Dene Nation/Canada), Sharon Venne (Lubicon Cree Nation-Joseph Bighead First
Nation-Treaty Six Nations/Canada), Juan León (Maya Nation), the late Ingrid<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>Washinawatok</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0.15pt 1.7pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">(Fund of the Four Directions), Ken Deer (Mohawk
Nation), Lázaro Pari (Aymará Nation), Bill Means, Antonio González, Jimbo
Simmons and Andrea Carmen (IITC), Mililani Trask (Hawaii), Al Lameman (Beaver
Lake Tribal<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;"> </span>Administration),</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-right: 55.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Kent Lebsock (American Indian Law Alliance), R.
Condorí (CISA), Pauline Tiangora, Naniko, Aroha Pareake Meade, Moana<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>Jackson,</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 11.35pt; tab-stops: 443.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Dr. Margaret Mutu, Sir Tipene O'Regan,
Sir R.T. Mahuta, Moana Erickson and Shane Solomon (Aotearoa/New Zealand), and
Leif Dunfield<span style="letter-spacing: -1.7pt;"> </span>(Saami<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>Nation).<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>All
of them gave the Special Rapporteur most valuable information and insights on
their respective peoples/nations and<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span>organizations.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 17.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">31.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The Special Rapporteur cannot leave unmentioned his
gratitude to other indigenous and non-indigenous individuals - all with
recognized authority in diverse aspects of the indigenous <u style="text-underline: black;">problematique </u>and active, in general,<span style="letter-spacing: -2pt;"> </span>in</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>United Nations circles - who have lent their
knowledge, practical experience, and/or incisive, constructive criticism to the
Special Rapporteur's<span style="letter-spacing: -1.95pt;"> </span>work.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection10">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">32.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Gudmundur Alfredsson (both in his past functions in the
Centre for Human Rights and in his capacity as a scholar specializing in this
question), Augusto Willemsen Díaz, Chief Justice E. Durie (of the Waitangi
Tribunal), Mario Ibarra, Jacqueline Duroure, the late Andrew Gray, Paul<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;"> </span>Coe,</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.6pt; margin-right: 7.65pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Renate Dominick, Robert Epstein,
Florencia Roulet, Sir Paul<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>Reeves,</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 108%; margin: 1.2pt 7.65pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Anthony Simpson, Alberto Saldamando, and Professors
Vine Deloria, Héctor Díaz Polanco, Michael Jackson, Gaston Lyon, Glenn Morris,
C.M. Eya<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>Nchama,</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0.25pt 29.35pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Douglas Sanders, Mason Durie, Jim Anaya, José
Bengoa (his colleague in the Sub-Commission) and the late Howard Berman merit
special thanks for their worthy<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>academic<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>contributions.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>None of them, of course,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>bear<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>any</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">responsibility
whatsoever for the possible flaws in the various progress reports or in this
final report of the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>study.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">33.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Last but not least, the Special Rapporteur expresses
heartfelt gratitude for the specialized assistance, patience and logistical
cooperation provided by all those who have served on the minuscule unit/task
force to which the Centre for Human Rights or the Office of the High
Commissioner for Human Rights has assigned responsibility for<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>affairs.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>diligence<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>and</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">the extreme professionalism with which they so effectively
fulfilled their functions in terms of this study (sometimes under extremely trying
conditions) have been<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>simply<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>exemplary.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
this regard, their head, Mr. Julian<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>Burger<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>and</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">his highly efficient
colleague, Ms. Miriam Zapata have, over long years, earned the total respect of
the Special<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>Rapporteur.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;">SOME KEY POINTS OF<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>DEPARTURE</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 41.4pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 41.45pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">34.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;">Given the vast geographical, temporal and juridical scope
of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>the</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 1.05pt 7.65pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">study,
</span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">8<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">the
Special Rapporteur decided from the start to confine<span style="letter-spacing: -2.85pt;"> </span>detailed<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>analysis to a limited, representative number of
case studies ordered according to five<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>juridical<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>situations:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(i) treaties concluded between<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;">
</span>States<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>and</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">indigenous peoples; (ii) agreements made between
States or other entities and indigenous peoples; (iii) other constructive
arrangements arrived at with the participation of the indigenous peoples
concerned; (iv) treaties concluded between States containing provisions
affecting indigenous peoples as third parties; and (v) situations involving
indigenous peoples who are not parties to, or the subject of any of the
above-mentioned instruments.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">9</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">35.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">It must be recalled that from the
geographical viewpoint, the Special Rapporteur has viewed his mandate as
universal, dealing with “any part of the world in which the historical or
contemporary existence of treaties, agreements and other constructive
arrangements is confirmed, or where they may still come into being in the
future through a process of negotiation and cooperation”.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">10</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">36.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Consequently, an extensive array of cases from all regions
of the world was examined relating to all five juridical situations listed
above, including cases in the United States and Canada (Haudenosaunee, Mikmaq,
the so-called Five Civilized Tribes, Shoshone, Lakota, the indigenous
signatories<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>of</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-right: 7.65pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Treaty No. Six, the James Bay Cree [of Québec], the
indigenous nations of British Columbia and California, the Lubicon Cree), the
Pacific<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>(Maaori,</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>Hawaii, French Polynesia), Latin America (Kuna Yala,
Mapuche, Yanomami, Maya), Aborigines and Islanders of Australia, the Greenland
Home Rule, and some African and Asian cases (Burma/Myanmar, the role of
European charter companies in South Asia and West Africa, the San of Botswana,
the Ainu of Japan and the indigenous peoples of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>Siberia).</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection11">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin: 0in 5.45pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 108%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">37.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 108%;">It is worth recalling in this connection that some choices
were made by the Special Rapporteur concerning the guidelines adopted for the
research as<span style="letter-spacing: -2pt;"> </span>a</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>whole.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span></span></span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">11</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection12">
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 1pt -0.7pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Those
guidelines have been duly taken into account throughout<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;"> </span>his</span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"> work.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: auto; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection13">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 4.3pt 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">38.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In the course of his work and in light of the numerous
cases/situations reviewed, the Special Rapporteur was led to reconsider the
relevance for the final report of the five juridical categories listed at the
beginning of this chapter</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">39.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Two of those juridical categories, namely, agreements,
insofar as these may differ fundamentally from treaties, and <u style="text-underline: black;">treaties </u>between non-indigenous powers
affecting indigenous peoples as third parties, will have limited impact on the
conclusions and recommendations to be formulated in the present final report.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">40.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Regarding, first of all, the question of
agreements, the Special Rapporteur has already stressed the need for a
casuistic approach, since “the decision of the parties to a legal instrument to
designate it as an 'agreement' does not necessarily mean that its legal nature
differs in any<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;"> </span>way</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 7.65pt; tab-stops: 312.15pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">from those formally denominated as<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>'treaties'”.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span></span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">12<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">This
reasoning<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>is<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>consistent with the legal tradition codified into
contemporary international law by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">13</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">41.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The Special Rapporteur therefore selected
certain factors to be taken into account in determining which of the
instruments analysed should be viewed as a “treaty”, and which was to be
considered<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>“agreement”.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>These<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>factors</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">are:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">who the parties to the instrument are, the
circumstances<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;"> </span>surrounding<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>its</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">conclusion,
and its subject matter.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">14</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin: 0in 17.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 108%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">42.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 108%;">The factors in question were applied in the analysis of
two particular instruments, namely, the Panglong Agreement of 12 February<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>1947</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0.1pt 7.65pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">(Burma/Myanmar),
later forgone by the State party; </span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">15<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">and the<span style="letter-spacing: -2.95pt;"> </span>agreement<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>of 22 August 1788 between Captain Taylor on behalf
of the British Crown and the Chiefs of Sierra Leone, which does not constitute
an instrument of international law relevant to the study.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">16</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 35.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">43.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Some elements relating to other, present-day
cases or situations labelled as “agreements” - particularly in the Canadian
context - will be reviewed in chapter III of this<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>report.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">44.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Secondly, regarding the relevance, for this study, of
bilateral and multilateral treaties binding non-indigenous powers but affecting
indigenous peoples as third parties, it should be stressed that lack of time
and resources have prevented the Special Rapporteur from ascertaining <u style="text-underline: black;">in situ </u>the practical import of those
instruments for indigenous peoples and from further examining the existing
documentation on the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span>instruments.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection14">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 4.3pt 0in 0in 41.4pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">45.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;">Nonetheless, at least one instrument already considered in
the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>first</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0.8pt 7.65pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">progress
report </span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">17<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">clearly
continues to be relevant, namely the so-called<span style="letter-spacing: -3.05pt;">
</span>Lapp<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>Codicil to the 1751 border treaty between
Sweden/Finland and Norway/Denmark. This Codicil has never been abrogated and
continues to be the subject of legal interpretation regarding Saami rights
within the context of bilateral (Sweden/Norway)<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>negotiations.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">46.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In this connection, it is worth underscoring
the role of the Saami parliament in both Norway and Sweden – but especially in
Norway where it seems to have a stronger impact than in Sweden - and their
potential contribution to the interpretation of the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>Codicil.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">47.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In addition, regarding specifically the 1989 ILO
Convention (No. 169) concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent
Countries, it remains to be seen to what extent indigenous peoples have any
direct access to (or possible effective input into) the processes leading to
the ratification of this Convention by the States in which<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>they<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>live.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It is worth noting<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>to</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">date only
a very limited number of those States have actually ratified this instrument.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">48.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Although support for the Convention has been
expressed by a number of indigenous organizations (for example, the Inuit
Circumpolar Conference, the National Indian Youth Council and the Saami
Council), that support is far from being<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>unanimous.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The opposition to it by a number of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>organizations</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">in the Canadian context is proof<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>this.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In Canada, for instance,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>not<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>all</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">indigenous peoples – nor all sectors of the
legal establishment - support ratification of the Convention, since its provisions
appear to lag behind current<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>national<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>standards.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
other countries, where<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>existing<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>legislation</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">regarding indigenous peoples – or the indigenous labour
force, for<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>that</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-right: 5.35pt; tab-stops: 455.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">matter - is less advanced,
indigenous peoples may take a<span style="letter-spacing: -1.7pt;"> </span>different<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>stand.<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>Yet
again, a case-by-case approach is called<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>for.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">49.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">It follows that the issue of treaties affecting indigenous
peoples as third parties may continue to be relevant insofar as they remain in
force and insofar as indigenous peoples already participate - or may in the
future - in the implementation of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>their<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>provisions.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Among the 10 instruments<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>previously</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 7.65pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">considered for analysis, </span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">18<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">apart
from the Lapp Codicil, several others<span style="letter-spacing: -3pt;"> </span>would<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>warrant further scrutiny, among them the 1794 Jay
Treaty and the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, both of apparent special
significance for the indigenous nations along the borders of the United States
with Canada and Mexico respectively.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 17.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">50.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Consequently, the conclusions and
recommendations to be offered in the present report will mainly refer to three
of the five juridical situations originally<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>identified:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(i) where there is proof<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>international</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">treaties/agreements between indigenous
peoples and States, (ii) where there are no specific bilateral legal
instruments to govern relations between indigenous peoples and States; and
(iii) situations relating to the question of “other constructive<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>arrangements”.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 23.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">51.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">As to the role of these constructive arrangements, the
Special Rapporteur notes that activities currently being undertaken at the
national level - for example, in Mexico, Canada and Guatemala under different<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>social</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>and political conditions • clearly illustrate some
of the fundamental problems he has been led to raise in the course of his
mandate, notably the issue of collective rights for indigenous peoples in
today's pluri-ethnic societies and the need in that context for mutually agreed
conflict-resolution mechanisms.<span style="letter-spacing: -2.25pt;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 108%; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">19</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection15">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 12.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">52.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Also in connection with the three situations outlined
above, it must be stressed that treaties themselves and treaty-making (in the
broadest sense of this term) are matters that, in the view of the Special
Rapporteur, require further conceptual<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>elaboration.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 24.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">53.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The Special Rapporteur is of the opinion
that one should avoid making oneself a prisoner of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>existing<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>terminology.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This does not preclude<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>any</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">way, however, the conclusions to be drawn
from a non-Eurocentric historiography of treaties/agreements between indigenous
peoples and States and the corresponding status of indigenous peoples in
international law – a historiography to which he devoted a crucial section of
his second<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>progress</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 2.7pt; tab-stops: 72.15pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">report.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span></span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">20<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">There are, basically, two sides to the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>issue.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 4.3pt 6.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">54.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Firstly, according to the future-oriented
aspects of this study, that is, the lessons to be drawn from the study as to
the potential for negotiating treaties and other consensual legal instruments
and practical mechanisms in order to ensure better relations in the future
between indigenous peoples and States, a narrow definition of “a treaty” and
“treaty-making” would hinder or pre-empt any innovative thinking in<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>field.<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>Yet it is<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>precisely<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">
</span>innovative</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">thinking that is needed to solve the predicament in which
many indigenous peoples find themselves at<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>present.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 18.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">55.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Secondly, such a narrow definition of
treaties and treaty-making would impede (or even preclude) any proper account
of indigenous views on these issues, simply because of the widely•held
rationale that indigenous peoples are not “States” in the current sense of the
term in international law, regardless of their generally recognized status as
sovereign entities in the era of the Law of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>Nations.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 12.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">56.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">It is worth reiterating that it would be
equally erroneous to assume that indigenous peoples have no proper
understanding of the nature, formalities and implications of treaties<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>treaty-making.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Some<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>authorities</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">on the issue, however, attribute to them a
total lack of understanding of the principles of such instruments and<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>their<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">
</span>“codes”.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nonetheless,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>not<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>only</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">bibliographical sources but also direct
testimony gathered by the Special Rapporteur from indigenous sources provide
ample proof to counter this assumption.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 6.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">57.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">It has been brought to his attention from
the start of his endeavours that the concept and practice of entering into
international agreements – that is, compacts between sovereign entities,
whether nations, “tribes” or whatever they choose to call themselves - was
widespread among indigenous peoples in the Americas, Aotearoa/New Zealand and
elsewhere before the arrival of the European colonizer and continues to be<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>so.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin: 0in 36.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 108%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">58.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 108%;">In addition, during field research, many indigenous
sources (oceans apart) consistently advised the Special Rapporteur that, on a
number<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>of</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>occasions in the course of negotiations, the
non-indigenous parties had failed to adequately inform their indigenous
counterparts (that is, the ancestors of those indigenous sources) of the cause
and object of the compact, frequently drafted only in the European languages
and then<span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"> </span>orally<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>translated.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The linguistic
difficulties this entailed for the indigenous parties often prevented them from
gaining a full understanding of the true nature and extent of the obligations
that, according to the non-indigenous version of those texts (or construction
of its provisions), they<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>had<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>assumed.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>situation</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">was
obviously not conducive to free, educated consent by the indigenous parties to
whatever compact emerged from<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>those<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>negotiations.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>follows,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">then, that those instruments would be extremely
vulnerable in any court of law worthy of its<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">
</span>name.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 17.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">59.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The Special Rapporteur is of the opinion that these
accounts - particularly in cases involving the cession of territories by
indigenous parties - reflect the actual sequence of events, considering, in
particular, the inherent inalienable condition of their lands, and the
historical situations faced by many indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;">
</span>nations.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">60.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Dealing also with the fundamental principles
governing treaty-making and its “codes”, Charles Alexandrowicz has
demonstrated, using the example of early African treaties with European Powers
(or with their successors for that matter), that, while specific concepts
regarding power, kingship and other matters of political organization may have
differed between the two parties, they nevertheless rarely failed to find
common ground as far as those principles were<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;">
</span>concerned.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">61.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Among these commonly shared fundamental principles of
treaty-making, one </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">finds:<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">the need for mandated representatives to engage in<span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"> </span>negotiation,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>basic</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">agreement on the subject matter
of treaties, and concepts relating to the need for ratification and the binding
power of any type of formally negotiated compact.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">62.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">However, it should be noted that an
exhaustive study of the indigenous viewpoint on a number of important aspects
of treaties and treaty-making, still remains to<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>undertaken.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Although it falls squarely under<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>Special</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Rapporteur's mandate, sufficient resources
have not been available for completion of such<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;">
</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>task.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nonetheless - in accordance with<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;">
</span>Martínez<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>Cobo's</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">recommendations - he has endeavoured
wherever possible to take proper account of indigenous knowledge and
institutional set•up regarding the history of treaties and treaty-making, as
well as the lessons indigenous peoples themselves tend to draw from this
knowledge with a view to redefining their relationship with the States in which
they now<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>live.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 29.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">63.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In more theoretical terms, one might argue that the
principle of reciprocity represents a cross-cultural feature<span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>treaty-making.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>is</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">also
borne out by the understanding which various indigenous parties to treaties
perpetuate regarding the basic nature of the treaty<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;"> </span>relationship.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 111%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">64.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 111%;">A case in point - but not the only one - is the indigenous
understanding of some of the numbered treaties in present-day Canada, which has<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>become</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.45pt; margin-right: 7.65pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 366.15pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">easily accessible
thanks to recently published<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>research.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span></span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">21<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">In<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>conjunction</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 1.2pt 1.7pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">with
the work of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples in that country,<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;"> </span>a</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>large number of accounts of indigenous treaty
interpretations have been </span>submitted.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Unfortunately, the Special Rapporteur has not had<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>opportunity</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">to study these accounts<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>depth.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nonetheless, there is no doubt as<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>their</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">importance both for the handling of indigenous
situations in Canada and his own conclusions in this final<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>report.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection17">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">65.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">One final remark on the overall issue of the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span>treaty<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">
</span><u style="text-underline: black;">problematique</u>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>it has not been possible for the
Special Rapporteur to assess thoroughly all the possible connections between
this <u style="text-underline: black;">problematique </u>and the general question
of “the human rights of<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>individuals”.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Obviously, this is<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>very</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">different notion from that of “the rights of
indigenous peoples”, which is much broader in scope and, in fact, includes
those individual<span style="letter-spacing: -1.7pt;"> </span>rights.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">66.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Regarding the content of this final report
and in accordance with the terms of reference of the Special Rapporteur’s
mandate, the process of “domestication” of all issues relating to indigenous
peoples is of singular importance and obviously requires further analysis and
elaboration in this final stage of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>work.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>An
extensive review of the origin of this<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>process<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>is</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">necessary to gain a full understanding of crucial
juridical and socio-economic elements of the present•day situation of these
peoples, as manifested in former European settler colonies (and the States
which succeeded them) when the relationship originated, and also as it now
exists in relevant, today multi-national, States in Latin America, Africa,
Asia, the Pacific and northern<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>Europe.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Consequently, this question will be dealt
with <u style="text-underline: black;">in<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>extenso<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span></u>in</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">the conclusions offered in chapter III of this final<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span>report.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">67.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">On the other hand, the process of the
domestication of indigenous issues must be set off against that of
independence/decolonization in the Latin American, African, Asian and Pacific
countries (which differ greatly), since it raises a further and very pertinent
issue, namely that of the relevance of the concept of “indigenousness” with
reference to any possible case of “State•oppressed peoples”, including
“minorities”, in the particular context of present•day African, Asian and
Pacific<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>States.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">68.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In the latter countries, the era of
decolonization brought about a radical change in the concept of the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>qualifier<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>“indigenous”.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>was<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>a</span><span style="line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">result of a new political context whose most visible
symbol was the emergence of a large number of new States under contemporary
international law. Thus, from a conceptual viewpoint, the Special Rapporteur
considers it necessary to re-establish a clear-cut distinction between
indigenous peoples and national or<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>ethnic<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>minorities.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This differentiation of course is not to<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>construed</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">as implying lack of recognition of those
minorities' collective rights as distinct<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>societies.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">69.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In this connection, it should be noted that
in 1991, at the beginning of his work, and in establishing guidelines for his
research as a whole, the Special Rapporteur decided to distinguish strictly
between “minorities”<span style="letter-spacing: -2pt;"> </span>and</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.7pt; margin-right: 7.65pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 156.15pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">“indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>peoples”.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;">
</span></span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">22<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">In addition, it should be borne in mind, that<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>in</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 1.2pt 5.65pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">accordance with the criteria adopted by him in 1995
with respect to his future plan of work, in the final phase “the emphasis of
the study should be on cases </span><span style="mso-font-width: 103%;">and
situations in which the </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">'</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 96%;">indigenous</span><span style="mso-font-width: 96%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 103%;">peoples'
category is already </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">established beyond
any doubt from a historical and modern•day point<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>of view".</span><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "courier new";"> </span></span></span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">23</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 5.5pt;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection18">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 4.3pt 6.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">70.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Years of research and reflection at various
levels of the United Nations system, especially by the Commission on Human
Rights and its Sub-Commission, have not yielded a generally accepted definition
of the term “minority”, nor of the qualifiers often associated with it, such as
“ethnic” or<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>“national”.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 24.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">71.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The significance, on the other hand, of the
“working definition” of “indigenous peoples” formulated by Special Rapporteur
José Martínez Cobo in the last part of his study, lies in the fact that his
Conclusions have been recognized as “an acceptable basis of work” by the
Commission and its subsidiary<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>bodies.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 12.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">72.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Nevertheless • as has been argued earlier in
the progress reports of this study - in Martínez Cobo’s attempt to extend his
“working definition” to all cases brought to his attention in the course of his
mandate, he tended to lump together situations that this Special Rapporteur
believes should be differentiated because of their intrinsic<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>dissimilarities.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 12.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">73.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">These dissimilarities hinge on a number of historical
factors that call for a clear distinction to be made between the phenomenon of
the territorial expansion by indigenous nations into adjacent areas and that of
the organized colonization, by European powers, of peoples inhabiting, since
time immemorial, territories on other<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>continents.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 6.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">74.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Of particular concern to the Special
Rapporteur, vis•à•vis this study, was the fact that, in the context of current
United Nations practice and in accordance with existing international legal
instruments and standards, the securing of effective international protection of
minority rights remains very much confined to the realm of their individual
rights. In addition, this overall issue is mainly dealt with as a matter
pertaining to the internal jurisdiction of States, thus precluding any
alternative<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>approach.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 6.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">75.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Yet, indigenous peoples justly attach considerable
importance to the recognition, promotion and securing of their collective
rights, that is, their rights as<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>social<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>groups.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Equally,
they seek the possible<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>establishment<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>of</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">international mechanisms
for the resolution of conflicts with State authorities, in particular, in
connection with the rights recognized in, or acquired by means, of instruments
with acknowledged international status, such as<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>treaties.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 6.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">76.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Consequently, the Special Rapporteur has
already expressed the view that indigenous peoples, although they may
constitute numerical minorities in a number of the countries in which they now
live, are not “minorities” in accordance with United Nations usage and for the
purposes of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.7pt;"> </span>possible</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.6pt; margin-right: 2.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 324.15pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">practical action
on the part of the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>Organization.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span></span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">24<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">By the same token,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">
</span>ethnic</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 108%; margin: 1.2pt 12.35pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">and/or national minorities are not to be considered
“indigenous peoples” in the United Nations<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> </span>context.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 6.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">77.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">It is worth pointing out that United Nations
policy on this point is now well established; especially since 1994 with the
establishment of the Working Group on Minorities under the Sub-Commission, by
decision of the Economic and Social Council upon the recommendation of both the
Commission and the Sub•Commission itself.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">25</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection19">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 4.3pt 6.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">78.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In the course of his conceptual reflections, the Special
Rapporteur was also led to underscore that, in the African and Asian contexts,
the <u style="text-underline: black;">problematique </u>of indigenous communities
is rarely coextensive with that of<span style="letter-spacing: -2.1pt;"> </span>the</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.7pt; margin-right: 2.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">treaty relationship, </span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">26<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">although it may well be that,
among others, the case<span style="letter-spacing: -3pt;"> </span>of</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 108%; margin: 1.2pt 12.35pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">the Maasai is an exception warranting further
scrutiny, given their role in the negotiations leading to Kenya's<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>independence.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 6.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">79.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">It remains nevertheless true that
communities which could be regarded as indigenous in the context of Martínez
Cobo’s study, given their lifestyles and habitat - but excluding other factors,
such as their “indigenousness” condition today as compared with the
“indigenousness” of other communities coexisting with them in the post-colonial
era in the territory of practically all States on the African and Asian
continents - tended not to be parties to treaties or agreements either with the
colonial powers or with the States that succeeded those powers after
decolonization and independence.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">27</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 6.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">80.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">It must be underlined, however, that the Special
Rapporteur has not been in a position to assess all possible overlaps and
contradictions of every treaty-related issue and the overall indigenous <u style="text-underline: black;">problematique </u>in the African and Asian<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>contexts.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 6.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">81.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Moreover in this connection, it can be
validly argued that the legacy of “protected” tribal areas in Africa and Asia
(especially in regions formerly included in the British colonial empire, for
example in India and southern Africa) has raised a number of specific problems
- particularly when reflected in the work of some international organizations,
such as the International Labour Organization and the Organisation of American
States - that has contributed to the confusion on the issue of the well-established,
clear-cut minorities/indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>dichotomy.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 12.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">82.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Despite important lacunae in this respect, the Special
Rapporteur has been led to draw some tentative ground rules from these
particular issues, in particular regarding the status and situation of
indigenous peoples not yet parties to any formal and consensual bilateral
juridical<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>instrument.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 6.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">83.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">It should be recalled that many representatives of what
they describe as State-oppressed groups/minorities/peoples in Africa and Asia
have brought their case before the Working Group on Indigenous Populations for
lack of other venues for the submission of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>their<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>grievances.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This situation<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>now</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">being
remedied with the establishment of the Working Group on<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>Minorities.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 6.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">84.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">It follows that, while their particular
situation may qualify as a matter for general consideration within the
framework of United Nations activities on the overall issues of the prevention
of discrimination and the protection of minorities, its relevance is either
tangential, extremely limited, or non-existent in a contemporary context
regarding the issue of treaties/agreements and constructive arrangements
between indigenous peoples and States - including their role in view of future
agreements between indigenous and non-indigenous parties - and particularly for
the present study in the light of the terms of reference of the Special
Rapporteur’s mandate under Commission on Human Rights resolution<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>1988/56.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection20">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 4.3pt 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">85.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In this final phase of the study, the emphasis, as
explained earlier, is therefore to be only on situations where, in the view of
the Special Rapporteur, the category of indigenous peoples has been established
beyond doubt.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">86.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Concerning this important question, the
Special Reporter considers it his duty to point out that • as was to be
expected • the contents of this last part (paras. 66•85 above) of chapter I of
his final report aroused critical reactions on the part of a number of
participants in the sixteenth session of the Working Group, in 1998, when the
present report was circulated in its unedited version (and in English only) as
a<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>working<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>document.<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>Both<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>their</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">interventions during the debate on the
subject and in conversations outside the meeting room, as well as in
communications they sent to him later, various participants from Asia and
Africa made known to the Special Rapporteur their complete disagreement with
the content of the above•mentioned<span style="letter-spacing: -1.95pt;"> </span>paragraphs.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin: 0in 17.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 108%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">87.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 108%;">As he had undertaken to do at the end of the debate that
took place at the sixteenth session of the Working Group (see<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1998/16,</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0.25pt 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">para. 102), the Special Rapporteur gave serious
consideration to those comments, particularly those contained in the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;"> </span>written<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">
</span>communications.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>Leaving
<span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">aside certain unacceptable (because
unsubstantiated) invective contained in some of these communications • such as
attributing to him a prevalence of “colonial and possibly even racists values”
in his outlook and his methodological approach towards the question • the
Special Rapporteur came to the conclusion that the arguments put forward
therein were not sufficient to make him alter the basic views set out in the
above•mentioned paragraphs of this report; all of which he reiterates on the
present<span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"> </span>occasion.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">88.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Such reiteration is basically justified,
given that in none of the communications he received was a serious
counter•argument put forward to refute the obvious fact that in post•colonial
Africa and Asia autochthonous groups/minorities/ethnic groups/peoples who seek
to exercise rights presumed to be or actually infringed by the existing
autochthonous authorities in the States in which they live cannot, in the view
of the Special Rapporteur, claim for themselves, unilaterally and exclusively,
the “indigenous” status in the United Nations<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;">
</span>context.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">89.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">As mentioned previously, and given the
exclusive character that the term “indigenous” has in this context, other
groups, minorities, ethnic groups or peoples who live alongside them on the
territory of a present•day multi•national or multi•ethnic African or Asian
State • whose (sometimes aberrant) frontiers are the result of a colonial
situation, perhaps legally defunct but which continues to cast its shadow on
the present • would thus be excluded from this category<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>“indigenous”.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>These States •<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>whose<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>existence</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">as such is, in the majority of cases, very
recent • have not only the right but also the duty to preserve their fragile<span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"> </span>territorial<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>integrity.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>risk</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">to such States of breaking up (or “balkanization”) which
such unilateral claims to “indigenousness” imply naturally cannot be<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>taken<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">
</span>lightly.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>should</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">be said that, with perhaps less defensible historical
circumstances, many developed States, with centuries of existence as
nation•States behind them, demonstrate the same reticence with respect to such
a possibility, however remote it might be in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;">
</span>fact.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection21">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 4.3pt 12.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">90.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">To<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>sum<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>up:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the
Special Rapporteur firmly maintains his view<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;">
</span>that<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">situations described above, the scenario of
which is African or Asian States, should be analysed in other forums of the
United Nations than those that are currently concerned with the problems of
indigenous peoples; in particular in the Working Group on Minorities of the
Sub•Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>Minorities.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 12.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">91.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">It needs to be reiterated also that the
Special Rapporteur is not defending the absurd position of denying the
existence on the African and Asian continents • as was affirmed in some of
those statements and communications • of populations who are ethnic groups,
minorities, peoples or autochthonous groups; on the contrary, all of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span>them<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>are.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Therefore,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>except<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>in</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">certain cases mentioned in the present report (or a few
others which could be considered in greater depth on the basis of further information),
the term “indigenous” • exclusive by definition • is particularly inappropriate
in the context of the Afro•Asian <u style="text-underline: black;">problematique </u>and
within the framework<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>of</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0.15pt 2.7pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">United
Nations activities in this<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>field.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 6.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">92.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Lastly with respect to several other
criticisms of opinions put forward in the present report on this issue, the
Special Rapporteur would point out that the great value of, and the respect he
has for, the views advanced on the subject by Mr. Martínez Cobo and by the
distinguished Chairperson•Rapporteur of the Working Group, Ms. Erika Irene Daes
in their respective studies do not mean that he is necessarily obliged to share
those<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>views.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;">SUMMARY OF<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>FINDINGS</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 24.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">93.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In the three progress reports submitted until now, the
Special Rapporteur has endeavoured to address not only the various aspects of
the question of treaties between indigenous peoples and States as identified<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;"> </span>by</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 2.7pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Mr. Martínez Cobo, </span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">28<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">but
also those same aspects in connection with<span style="letter-spacing: -3.05pt;">
</span>agreements<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>and other constructive arrangements as mandated by
the Commission and the Economic and Social<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> </span>Council.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 18.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">94.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Those issues are, among others, the areas covered by such
instruments, their present-day legal standing, their implementation or lack
thereof, and the consequences this might entail for indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span>peoples.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin: 0in 36.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 108%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">95.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 108%;">These aspects were addressed on the basis of manifold
sources and documentation, including the responses received to the two<span style="letter-spacing: -1.95pt;"> </span>questionnaires</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0.1pt 2.7pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">circulated
twice at the beginning of the mandate; </span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">29<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">the results of field<span style="letter-spacing: -3pt;"> </span>and<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>archival research conducted either by the Special
Rapporteur or his consultant; and extensive documentation and other materials
submitted by interested parties, whether States, indigenous peoples or
organizations, scholars and other individuals<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;">
</span>concerned.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 6.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">96.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The sheer volume and diversity of these documents have led
the Special Rapporteur to devote particular attention to the overall approach
of the study and its methodological and<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>theoretical<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>challenges.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The main approaches<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>taken</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>in this regard were spelled out in his first
progress report.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.7pt;"> </span></span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">30</span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"> They can<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>be<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>summarized
as<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>follows.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<br />
<div class="WordSection23">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 107%; margin: 4.3pt 53.45pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">97.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 107%;">The Special Rapporteur insisted from the
start on the need for a transdisciplinary approach – albeit with a strong
juridical focus.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.95pt;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 107%; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">31</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">98.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Any attempt to explore and understand indigenous
representations and traditions regarding treaties, agreements and other
constructive arrangements must be carried out so as to favour a decentred view
on culture, society, law and history, and to deal critically with
ethnocentrism, eurocentrism and the evolutionist<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>paradigm.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.45pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">99.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Moreover, the close connection between the indigenous <u style="text-underline: black;">problematique </u>and the phenomena of
colonialism, domination and assimilationist policies had to be thoroughly
reviewed<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>acknowledged.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This is
a connection also<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>made<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>in</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">the academic disciplines
involved (such as anthropology), as well as in the legal discourse and in
positive law.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">32</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">100.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">There are numerous historical examples of
law as an instrument of colonialism, such as the doctrine of <u style="text-underline: black;">terra nullius</u>, the <u style="text-underline: black;">encomienda </u>and <u style="text-underline: black;">repartimiento </u>systems
instituted in Latin America by the Spanish Crown in the sixteenth century, the
so-called “removal treaties” imposed on the indigenous nations of the
south•eastern United States under President Jackson<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>in</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>the 1830s, and various types of State legislation
encroaching on (or ignoring) previously recognized indigenous jurisdiction,
such as the Seven Major Crimes Act and the Dawes Severalty Act passed by the
United States Congress<span style="letter-spacing: -1.7pt;"> </span>in</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-right: 7.65pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">the 1880s, the federal Indian Act in Canada,
post-Mabo legislation in Australia and many pieces of legislation throughout
Latin<span style="letter-spacing: -1.7pt;"> </span>America.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">101.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Yet, with rare exceptions, the discourses of law itself,
including that on treaties and treaty-making in the context of European
expansion overseas and that of their successors in the territories conquered,
are not impervious to anachronism and <u style="text-underline: black;">ex post facto
</u>reasoning, thus condoning discrimination of indigenous peoples rather than
affording them justice and fair<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;"> </span>treatment.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">102.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">A critical historiography of international relations
clearly shows the dangers of this particular kind of reasoning, which projects
into the past the current domesticated status of indigenous peoples as it
evolved from developments that took place mainly in the second half of the
nineteenth century under the impact of legal positivism and other theories
advocated by European colonial powers and their<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>continuators.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 23.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">103.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In his second progress report, the Special Rapporteur
endeavoured, <u style="text-underline: black;">inter alia</u>, to assess the
contribution of that historiography to a better understanding of treaties and
other legal instruments mutually agreed to by indigenous peoples and States,
considering in particular the works of Charles H. Alexandrowicz and other
relevant authors.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">33</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin: 0in 65.4pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 111%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">104.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 111%;">As established above (para. 55), the main
finding that emerges from these works relates to the widespread recognition of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.7pt;"> </span>“overseas</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 7.65pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">peoples” • including indigenous peoples in the
current sense of the term - as sovereign entities by European powers and their
successors, at least during the era of the Law of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>Nations.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin: 0in 23.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 111%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">105.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 111%;">Consequently, the <u style="text-underline: black;">problematique
</u>of indigenous treaties and other juridical instruments today affecting the
lives of these peoples, hinges<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;"> </span>on</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>what the Special Rapporteur has termed <u style="text-underline: black;">a process of retrogression</u>, by which they have
been deprived of (or saw greatly reduced) three of the four essential attributes
on which their original status as sovereign nations was grounded, namely their
territory, their recognized capacity to enter<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;">
</span>into<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>international agreements, and their specific forms
of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>government.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span></span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">34<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Not<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>to<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>mention the substantial reduction of their
respective populations in many countries around the world, due to a number of
factors including, assimilationist<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> </span>policies.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection24">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">106.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">This aspect can hardly be overemphasized, especially since
the ultimate purpose of the study pertains to the potential utility of yet
another process of reversal that would eventually lead toward renewed
recognition of indigenous peoples as distinct collectivities, allowing these
peoples redress for decades - if not centuries - of discrimination and forced<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>integration.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 23.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">107.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">It is against this backdrop that the
following summary of the Special Rapporteur’s findings regarding the three main
categories of juridical instruments retained for study (see para. 93 above)
ought to be<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>considered.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><u style="text-underline: black;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;">Treaties/agreements
between indigenous peoples and<span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"> </span>States</span></u></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 4.3pt 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">108.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In his initial research, the Special
Rapporteur focused, by force of circumstance, on the situation of former
European settler colonies, especially in North America and the Pacific, given
the extensive practice of treaty•making in the context of British and French
colonial<span style="letter-spacing: -1.7pt;"> </span>policy.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 108%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">109.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 108%;">It should be noted that, although the Special Rapporteur
affirmed initially that few, if any, treaties could be traced back to colonial
times<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>in</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0.1pt 7.65pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Latin
America, </span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">35<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">further
research has led him to reconsider this<span style="letter-spacing: -3pt;"> </span>assumption.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 1pt 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">This modified approach is documented in the third
progress report, especially with the example of the Mapuche<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span><u style="text-underline: black;">parlamentos<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span></u>(Chile).<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>At this final<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>stage<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>of</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">his work,
the Special Rapporteur is inclined to accept that the origin, causes and
development of these juridical instruments can be compared, prima facie and in
some aspects, to those of certain indigenous treaties in British and French
North America.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">36</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 108%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">110.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 108%;">In establishing formal legal relationships with peoples
overseas, the European parties were clearly aware that they were negotiating
and entering into contractual relations with sovereign nations, with all the
international legal implications of that term during the period under
consideration.<span style="letter-spacing: -2.05pt;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 108%; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">37</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">111.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">This remains true independently of the
predominance, nowadays, of more restricted, State-promoted notions of
indigenous “self-government”, “autonomy”, “nationhood” and “partnership” - if
only because the “legitimization” of their colonization and trade interests
made it imperative for European powers to recognize indigenous nations as
sovereign<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;"> </span>entities.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">112.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In the course of history, the newcomers then nevertheless
attempted to divest indigenous peoples, as pointed out above, of their
sovereign attributes, especially jurisdiction over their lands, recognition of
their forms of societal organization, and their status as subjects of
international law.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection25">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 4.3pt 36.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">113.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The various ways and means utilized in the process of
domesticating relations with indigenous peoples in the context of those former
European settler colonies were addressed both in the second progress<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;"> </span>report</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.7pt; margin-right: 2.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">(New Zealand, Australia and the
unique case of Hawaii) </span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">38<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">and
in<span style="letter-spacing: -2.75pt;"> </span>the</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 1.05pt 2.7pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">third progress report (Canada, United States and<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>Chile).<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">
</span></span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">39<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">For a more<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>general</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin: 1pt 2.7pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">and detailed review of this process and its
consequences, see chapter III below.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 18.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">114.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Nonetheless, it is important to stress at
this point that the passage, for indigenous peoples, from the status of
sovereign nations to that of State•domesticated entities raised a certain
number of questions and posed specific challenges from the point of view of
this<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>study.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 42.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">115.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">First of all, in the case of treaty relations, one notes a
general tendency to contest whether treaties involving indigenous peoples have
a standing, nowadays, in international law.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This point of view, which<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>is</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 2.7pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">widespread among the legal establishment and in scholarly literature, </span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">40<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">has</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 1pt 6.35pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">been basically grounded alternatively on<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>three<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">
</span>assumptions:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>either it<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>held</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">that indigenous peoples are not peoples according
to the meaning of the term in international law; or that treaties involving
indigenous peoples are not treaties in the present conventional sense of the
term, that is, instruments concluded between sovereign States (hence the
established position of the United States and Canadian judiciary, by virtue of
which treaties involving indigenous peoples are considered to be instruments <u style="text-underline: black;">sui generis</u>); or that those legal instruments
have simply been superseded by the realities of life as reflected in the
domestic legislation of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>States.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 12.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">116.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Whatever the reasoning followed, the dominant viewpoint -
as reflected, in general, in the specialized literature and in State
administrative decisions, as well as in the decisions of the domestic courts -
asserts that treaties involving indigenous peoples are basically a domestic
issue, to be construed, eventually implemented and adjudicated via existing
internal mechanisms, such as the courts and federal (and even local)<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>authorities.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 6.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">117.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">It is worth underlining, however, that this position is
not shared by indigenous parties to treaties, whose own traditions on treaty
provisions and treaty-making (or on negotiating other kinds of compacts)
continue to uphold the international standing of such instruments. Indeed, for
many indigenous peoples, treaties concluded with European powers or their
territorial successors overseas are, above all, treaties of peace and
friendship, destined to organize coexistence in - not their exclusion from -
the same territory and not to regulate restrictively their lives (within or without
this same territory), under the overall jurisdiction of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>non-indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>authorities.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In their view, this would be a trampling on
their right to self-determination and/or their other unrelinquished rights as<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>peoples.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 6.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">118.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">By the same token, indigenous parties to treaties have
rejected the assumption held by State parties, that treaties provided for the
unconditional cession of indigenous lands and jurisdiction to the settler<span style="letter-spacing: -1.7pt;"> </span>States.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin: 0in 6.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 108%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">119.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 108%;">It is worth noting in this regard that indigenous views on
treaties have begun to receive increased attention in some countries, such as<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>Chile,</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0.25pt 2.7pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">New Zealand<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>Canada.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Thus,
in its recent Final Report, the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>Royal<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, established by
the Government of Canada, recommended that the oral history of treaties, orally
transmitted from generation to generation among indigenous peoples, should be
used to supplement the official interpretation of treaties based on the written
document.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">41</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection26">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">120.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Nevertheless, the contradictions one notes regarding the
historiography and interpretation of treaties, depending on whether one is
dealing with State-promoted views on this matter, the established academic
legal discourse or the traditions upheld by indigenous peoples themselves, in
their practical consequences undoubtedly create a conflict<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span>situation.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 29.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">121.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In addition, these contradictions place a formidable
burden on the formulation and realization of future negotiated legal
instruments between indigenous peoples<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>States:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the
difficulties of negotiating<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>those<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>new</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">instruments without having
previously identified and settled key questions need not be<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>stressed.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">122.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">This observation clearly pertains to all
treaty/agreement-related </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">issues.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">One
example is the alleged opposition, in the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>Canadian<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>context,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">between
treaties of peace and friendship (concluded in the eighteenth century and
earlier) and so-called numbered treaties of “land surrenders” (especially from
the second half of the nineteenth<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>century<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>on).<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>opposition<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>is</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;">
</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">contradicted by indigenous parties to
numbered treaties, who consider that they are parties to treaties of peace,
friendship and alliance and that they did not cede either their territories or
their original juridical status as </span>sovereigns.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Similar discrepancies are to
be noted in the United<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>States<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>and</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">New<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>Zealand.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 17.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">123.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Closer scrutiny of the provisions of treaties concluded
between indigenous peoples and States also reveals that in most cases the
subject of such treaties is common in international law, whatever the
historical period considered; thus such treaties deal with questions of
war/peace, trade provisions, protection of the subjects/citizens of each
signatory party, and so<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>forth.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 17.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">124.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Furthermore, while the predominant
present•day legal discourse holds that treaties fall primarily within the
domestic realm of States, the manner in which treaties are dealt with in
municipal law and by the national courts nevertheless also raises a number of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>questions.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">125.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In this connection, failure of State parties to comply
with, or their violation of, the obligations assumed under existing treaties,
the unilateral abrogation of the treaty itself (or parts thereof), via State
law or other mechanisms and even the failure of State parties to ratify
treaties negotiated with indigenous peoples were problems identified, at an
early stage of his work, by the Special Rapporteur regarding the significance
of treaties/agreements at the national<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>level.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">126.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Such problems are, in one way or another, connected with
most juridical situations retained by the Special Rapporteur for study;
moreover, they are not limited to historical situations but also arise with
respect to more modern compacts.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">42</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection27">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 4.3pt 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">127.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">It follows that the enforcement and implementation of
existing, recognized treaties involving indigenous peoples today can hardly be
taken for </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">granted.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Furthermore, it remains to be seen what burden this
state<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>affairs</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">places on the modalities of
future negotiated agreements between indigenous peoples<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>States.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Obviously, this also has a number<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>practical</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">consequences for the status and legal personality
of indigenous peoples, both at the national and at the international<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>level.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><u style="text-underline: black;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;">Other
constructive<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>arrangements</span></u></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.2pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 4.3pt 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">128.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Turning now to the quasi-juridical term
“other constructive arrangements”, it must be recalled that this was defined by
the Special Rapporteur from the start as “any legal text or other documents
that are evidence of consensual participation by all parties to a legal or
quasi-legal relationship”.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">43</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">129.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The main example examined under the heading
of “other constructive arrangements” concerns the Greenland<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>Home<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>Rule.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>At the start of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>mandate,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">on the basis of various submissions made by
the Greenlandic delegates and the Government of Denmark to the Working Group,
the Special Rapporteur thought it appropriate to assess whether the kind of
procedure instituted by<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>Denmark</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 7.65pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">in 1979 could be useful for the realization of
improved relations between indigenous and non-indigenous parties.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">44</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 4.5pt 0in 0in 41.4pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">130.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;">His more recent, detailed analysis of Greenland Home Rule,
</span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">45<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;">showed</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 1pt 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">proof, in the view of the Special Rapporteur, that
the arrangement in question entails a number of restrictions for the indigenous
population of the island, both in terms of the process which led to its
establishment and the effects of its<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>provisions.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>For example, since the Danish Constitution has
full<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>effect<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>in</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;">
</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Greenland, the Home Rule authorities
must abide by all constitutional provisions in crucial fields such as foreign
policy and the obligations arising from international agreements entered into
by<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;"> </span>Denmark.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">131.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">This could have had certain grounds of legitimacy - in
terms of the real exercise by Greenlanders of the right to self-determination -
had the effective input of the indigenous population of Greenland into the
formulation and implementation of Home Rule not been<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span>limited.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 23.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">132.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The Special Rapporteur is of the opinion
that the type of “autonomy regime” provided for under Home Rule does not amount
to the exercise of the right to self-determination by the population<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>Greenland.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>By<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>same</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">token, he believes that the way in which the discussions
took place between Greenlandic and Danish officials prior to the introduction
of Home<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>Rule</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-right: 7.65pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">in 1979 can in no way be described as a
constructive example of the full exercise of that inalienable<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>right.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">133.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In other countries, discussions are currently taking place
with a view to establishing (or implementing) autonomy regimes, or adopting
measures to recognize a distinct legal status for indigenous peoples, whether
these are to be decreed by law or to be enshrined in the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span>national<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>constitution.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Prominent
examples addressed by the Special Rapporteur concern the Kuna Yala in<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;"> </span>Panama</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.7pt; margin-right: 7.65pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 252.15pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">and the Atlantic
region in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>Nicaragua.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span></span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">46<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">One should also take cognizance<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>of</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 1.2pt 7.65pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">the
new developments taking place in Guatemala in the past few<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;"> </span>years.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection28">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 4.3pt 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">134.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">These autonomy regimes have brought (or may bring) certain
advantages to indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>peoples.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>For example, in the case of Panama, autonomy<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>has<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>allowed</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">for the
recognition by the State of the traditional political authorities of the Kuna
Indians, especially the Kuna General Congress, and some control over
development policies within the indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;">
</span>territory.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">135.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The Special Rapporteur notes, however, that
recognition of “autonomy” for indigenous peoples within the State (whatever
powers or restrictions thereto are established), most probably will neither
automatically end States' aspirations to exert eventually the fullest authority
possible (including integrating and assimilating those peoples) nor nullify
whatever inalienable rights these people may have as<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>such.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">136.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Moreover, the mechanisms through which
“autonomy regimes” for indigenous peoples are being formulated and implemented
must be assessed, on a case•by•case basis, for proof of free and informed
consent by all parties concerned, especially indigenous peoples.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">47</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">137.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Similar concerns might be raised about other
juridical situations that could be described by some sources as “constructive
arrangements” - most prominently the James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement (<u style="text-underline: black;">Convention </u>in its French version), the first
in a series of so-called “comprehensive land claims settlements” in Canada -
which were addressed by the Special Rapporteur in his third progress report.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">48</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">138.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">These concerns refer to, <u style="text-underline: black;">inter
alia</u>, the fact that, in this particular case, treaty negotiations were only
set in motion after considerable turmoil in connection with a vast,
government-sponsored hydroelectric project. Moreover, the amount of litigation
the agreement in question has generated led the Special Rapporteur to ponder
very seriously the efficacy of treaty negotiations in a situation of economic,
environmental and political duress resulting from one-sided government<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span>policies.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">139.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Given the actual prevalence of the policy of
comprehensive land claims settlement in Canada and the avalanche of
documentation requiring review in this regard, the Special Rapporteur is not in
a position, at present, to hold anything more than tentative views on other
cases regarding this particular type of “constructive<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>arrangement”.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">140.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Discussions and negotiations currently
taking place in several countries (not only in Canada), warrant further,
long-term analysis of the mechanisms envisaged and applied to arrive at a
settlement, and the modalities of their </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">implementation.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">It should
be noted in this regard that the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>completion<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>of</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">several
land claims settlements and so-called “modern treaties” in Canada raises a
number of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>interesting<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>issues.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Among
them is the wide<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>variety<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>of</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">parties
(indigenous nations, provincial authorities, and the federal Government)
involved in such treaty•making<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span>processes.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin: 0in 17.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 108%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">141.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 108%;">The significance and international relevance of
developments in Canada cannot be overstressed, if only because they highlight
the importance<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>and</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>potential utility of establishing sound, equitable
“ground rules” for the negotiations required to draft and conclude
“constructive arrangements”, as well as for the efficient performance of the
mechanisms for their practical implementation which are so necessary for
developing new approaches to indigenous problems, not only in Canada, but also
in all other multi-national countries with the same or<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>similar<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>problems.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Indeed,
all this will be<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>put<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>to</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">the test
in the vast array of “comprehensive land claims settlement” and treaty
negotiations that are currently taking place in various regions of Canada, for
example, in British Columbia - where a first agreement was reached with the
Nishga in 1996 - and in the Northwest Territories - where one notes the particular
difficulties encountered by<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span>indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>peoples.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Thus,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>after</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">negotiations
with the Déné nation as a whole broke up in the late 1980s, the State party
decided to negotiate with<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span>individual<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>bands.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>date,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">
</span>two</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">settlements have been reached, namely with the Sahtu
and the Gwich’in.<span style="letter-spacing: -2pt;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">49</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection29">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">142.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Such fragmentation of indigenous entities via the
negotiation process also occurred in other cases, for example that of the
Lubicon Cree, in which, according to the information available to the Special
Rapporteur, a new band was created - under questionable conditions, according
to some indigenous sources - to facilitate a partial land<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>claims<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">
</span>settlement.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>date,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">
</span>however,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">the Lubicon case itself has not been settled, mainly
because the indigenous party is unwilling to accept the complete extinguishment
of native title as a prerequisite for<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>settlement.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 23.45pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">143.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In all situations - whether or not governed
by treatries/agreements • the issue of possible extinguishment of indigenous
rights to their lands, either by treaty/agreement or “constructive
arrangements”, is of crucial importance, since it imposes duress on the
indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"> </span>party.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">144.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">It follows that the category of “other
constructive arrangements”, while added belatedly to the mandate of the Special
Rapporteur, has revealed itself to be of particular significance as far as how
to identify and duly establish solid bases for a new, more equitable future
relationship between the indigenous and non-indigenous sectors of society is<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;"> </span>concerned.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">145.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">At this stage it is important to note that
contrary to treaties (especially so-called “historical” treaties), constructive
arrangements – and this applies to all examples considered to date under the
mandate of the Special Rapporteur - are intended, per se, to be dealt with
exclusively within the municipal<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>setting.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">146.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">From the abundant information recently
received, in situ, by the Special Rapporteur, it seems clear that in the
Canadian context, constructive arrangements such as “comprehensive land claims
settlements” and so-called “modern treaties” are basically conceived as a means
of settling all outstanding<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>claims.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>According
to this information,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>they<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>mostly</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">concern areas in which indigenous peoples are not parties<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>treaties.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In general it remains
to be seen in what manner the enforcement and implementation of the provisions
of possible constructive arrangements of this type can be ensured, especially
for the indigenous parties to such<span style="letter-spacing: -1.95pt;"> </span>agreements.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection30">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 108%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><u style="text-underline: black;"><span style="line-height: 108%;">Situations lacking specific
bilateral legal instruments to govern relations between indigenous peoples and<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span>States</span></u></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 4.3pt 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">147.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">From the start, the Special Rapporteur decided that, in
order to fulfil his mandate, it was imperative to review the situation of
indigenous peoples that are not parties to any of the instruments covered by
the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>study.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">148.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Lacking such a review, it would be
impossible for him to assess whether or not treaty-making (again, in the
broadest sense of this term) can be considered as an appropriate juridical tool
to improve the situation of indigenous peoples in general, to set the pattern
for eradicating any discriminatory treatment against them and to gradually put
an end to the present•day antagonistic nature of the relationship between
indigenous and non-indigenous peoples living together in many<span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"> </span>countries.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">149.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Regarding the categories of indigenous peoples falling
under the present section, the Special Rapporteur identified the following
general situations in his first<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>progress<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>report:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(a)
indigenous peoples who have never<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>entered<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>into</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">consensual relations with
any State; (b) indigenous peoples parties to instruments that were unilaterally
abrogated - either formally or by way of outright non-implementation - by the
State party; (c) indigenous peoples who participated in the negotiation and
adoption of instruments that were never ratified by the competent State bodies;
and (d) indigenous peoples living in countries where, as the result of an
effective process of acculturation, the municipal legislation lacks specific
provisions guaranteeing distinct status to them and protection of their rights
as<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>peoples.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">150.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Peoples falling into one or more of these groupings
include, of course, those who, because of the lack of recognition of their
indigenous status by the State, have been denied any possible redress - either
in law or by formal negotiation - in conflict situations relating, precisely,
to this status.<span style="letter-spacing: -2.15pt;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">50</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">151.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">First and foremost, it must be pointed out
that, at present – and with very few exceptions - national and international
legal texts having a bearing on the living conditions of indigenous peoples are
enacted and enforced by State institutions without direct indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>input.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">152.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The cases initially retained for study under
this heading included the Aborigines and Islanders in Australia, the Gitksan
and Wet’suwet’en in British Columbia (Canada), the Yanomami of Brazil, the
indigenous Hawaiians, the Mapuche (Argentina and Chile), the Maya of Guatemala,
the Lubicon Cree of Alberta (Canada), the San (Botswana), the Ainu (Japan), the
people of the so•called <u style="text-underline: black;">rancherías </u>in
California (United States) and the Kuna of<span style="letter-spacing: -2pt;"> </span>Panama.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">153.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Having completed his research, the Special Rapporteur
considers that it may be useful to review the above list, so as to determine -
at least provisionally - what would be the most practical and fruitful<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;"> </span>means</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 7.65pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">(i.e. treaty/agreement renegotiation and/or proper
implementation, “constructive arrangement”, resort to international bodies, or
some other formula) of constructively approaching, in the future, the wide
array of current situations confronting those peoples mentioned<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;"> </span>above.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection31">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 4.3pt 17.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">154.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In all cases, the historical development of each of their
individual predicaments must be duly considered, since it may provide definite
clues as to the suitability of the possible available<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>solutions.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">155.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">It should be stressed, however, that any decision
concerning such a solution must be reached with full participation of the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.7pt;"> </span>indigenous<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>party.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>No
other approach may lead to a much-needed process of confidence-building and
thus to consensual legal<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>instruments.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 111%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">156.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 111%;">The Special Rapporteur has already indicated changes
suggested regarding the treaty situation in Latin<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>America.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 23.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">157.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Thus, the Mapuche can be included in the
category of peoples who have already participated in a process<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>treaty-making.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Others, like<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>Kuna,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">may gain protection through “constructive
arrangements”, a process that is apparently<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>still<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>ongoing.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
case of the Maya and Yanomami<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>are<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>discussed</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">below.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">158.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Furthermore, at this final stage of his research, the
Special Rapporteur is in a position to approach the other cases in question
according to the pattern described<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>below.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 23.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">159.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">A first series of situations, including
those of the Lubicon Cree and the Gitksan and Wet’suwet’en in Canada, should be
considered under the category of possible constructive arrangements, provided
certain aspects of their situation can be resolved at an early stage in
mutually acceptable terms.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">160.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The case of the indigenous peoples of Australia might be
addressed through a process of treaty-making, assuming the <u style="text-underline: black;">Makarrata </u>(or treaty), called for by the indigenous parties since
1980 remains a running issue. </span><span style="line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">51 </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Nevertheless, this <u style="text-underline: black;">Makarrata </u>should also be viewed not only
against the backdrop of the so-called reconciliation process launched by the
Australian federal Government in 1991 by virtue of the Council for Aboriginal
Reconciliation Act, but also in the light of recent judicial and legislative
developments, most prominently the Mabo (No. 2) judgement of the Australian
High Court (1992) and the Native Title Act enacted at the federal<span style="letter-spacing: -1.7pt;"> </span>level</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.7pt; margin-right: 7.65pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">
</span>1993.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">161.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In the case of the <u style="text-underline: black;">rancherías </u>in California, its relevance hinges mainly on the failure
of the State party to ratify texts already negotiated with the peoples
concerned and should therefore also be considered as a situation of eventual
re•emergence and proper implementation of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>treaties.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">162.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Considering the above, the Special Rapporteur has been led
to believe that other cases of the failure of State bodies to ratify treaties
negotiated at some point in history with indigenous parties ought to be
re-examined at the appropriate level, with a view to determining the
possibility of bringing the ratification process to<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>completion.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin: 0in 17.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 108%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">163.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 108%;">By virtue of the so-called Apology Bill enacted by the
Congress of the United States (P.L. 103-150, of 1993), among other reasons, the
situation<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;"> </span>of</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>the indigenous Hawaiians takes on a special<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>complexion<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>now.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>Apology<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">
</span>Bill</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">recognizes that the overthrow of the Hawaiian
monarchy in 1898 was unlawful. By the same token, the 1897 treaty of annexation
between the United States and Hawaii appears as an unequal treaty that could be
declared invalid on those grounds, according to the international law of the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>time.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection32">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 24.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">164.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">It follows that the case of Hawaii could be re-entered on
the list of non-self-governing territories of the United Nations and
resubmitted to the bodies of the Organization competent in the field of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>decolonization.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 12.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">165.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Still in connection with the list of cases considered
above, to the knowledge of the Special Rapporteur, the Yanomami of Brazil, the
Maya of Guatemala, the San (Botswana) and the Ainu (Japan) are the only
examples of indigenous peoples who never entered into consensual juridical
relations with any<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>State.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 6.45pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">166.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The question of whether, and in what manner, each of these
indigenous peoples should seek a negotiated agreement, or any other freely
agreed-to formula, with the States in which they now reside remains to be
addressed on a case-by-case basis with adequate indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>input.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 12.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">167.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Particular consideration should be given, in these cases,
to the practical day-to-day consequences (sometimes grave) of the lack of such
agreements for the juridical and political status of the peoples concerned in
the mixed societies in which they now live, and for the preservation, promotion
and effective realization of their historical rights as peoples, including
their human rights and<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>freedoms.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 108%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 108%;">A LOOK AT<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>THE<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>PRESENT:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>ORIGIN,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>DEVELOPMENT<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>AND</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 108%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 108%;">CONSEQUENCES OF THE DOMESTICATION<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>PROCESS</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin: 0in 12.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 111%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">168.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 111%;">In establishing the mandate of the Special Rapporteur,
both the Commission on Human Rights and the Economic and Social Council
instructed<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;"> </span>him</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 5.7pt; tab-stops: 462.15pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">“[to take into proper account] the social-economic
realities of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>States”.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">52<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">It is therefore imperative for him to review the
present•day situation<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>of</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 6.35pt; tab-stops: 353.45pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">indigenous peoples now inhabiting<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>multi-national<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>States.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>However,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>current</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">situations cannot be fully understood if the
origins and development of the process of domestication of indigenous issues
are not examined as<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>well.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 6.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">169.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Any attempt, at the end of the twentieth
century, to arrive at a general approach to the vast, complex, and more than
500•year•old <u style="text-underline: black;">problematique </u>of the
indigenous peoples, should not - and cannot - ignore a fundamental fact:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>their initial contacts with “non-indigenous”
peoples from other parts of the world, dating back to the late fifteenth
century, were the result of the launching and development of European colonial<span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"> </span>expansion.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 18.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">170.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">This expansion was inherent to the new mode
of production emerging in Europe during the final part of the late<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>Middle<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">
</span>Ages.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>By the last<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>decade<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">
</span>of</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;">
</span><span style="line-height: 110%;">the fifteenth
century, this new economic model had already developed enough scientific,
technological and financial wherewithal to allow the successful launching of
exploration companies, “discovery” expeditions and colonization in the search
for new trade routes and markets in<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span>far•off<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>regions.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>theatre of these operations encompassed the
Americas, Asia, Africa, the vast expanses of the Pacific and even certain parts
of the periphery of Europe itself.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection33">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">171.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">At a later stage, other contributing factors
to this expansionism were: religious intolerance, oppression based on national
origin and the economic and social marginalization of certain sectors of the
European population, as well as antagonism and confrontation between the
European powers in various </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">epochs.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">All this
would, in later centuries, foster both the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span>establishment<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>of</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">new initial
contacts in the hinterlands of the territories “discovered”, and the further
development and consolidation of the colonial phenomenon as a whole.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">172.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Despite the surfeit of pious excuses that
has been found to justify ethically the launching of this overseas colonial
enterprise, and the pseudo•juridical (sometimes even openly anti-juridical)
reasoning which has attempted to defend it “legally”, there is irrefutable
evidence that its clearly•defined goals had nothing either “humanitarian” or
“civilizing” about them.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">173.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Its first <u style="text-underline: black;">raison
d’être </u>was to guarantee a permanent presence of the overseas power, either
settler populations or mere trading posts, in territories inhabited by<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>other<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>peoples.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Secondly, the overseas<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>power<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>sought</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">to acquire the rights to exploit the natural
resources existing there and to secure these new markets for the import and<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>export<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">
</span>needs.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Thirdly,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>it<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>coveted</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">those new strongholds to strengthen its
position in the struggle with other European<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;">
</span>powers.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Finally, it sought to
safeguard what had been<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span>acquired<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>by</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">imposing its political, social and economic institutions
and modalities on the peoples inhabiting these<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;">
</span>lands.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 29.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">174.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Those goals were to be accomplished at any cost, even -
should it be necessary and possible - that of the destruction of often highly
advanced cultures, socio-political institutions and traditional economic models
developed over centuries by the indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;">
</span>peoples.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">175.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">As has been reasoned before in a previous
report, submitted in 1995, the overseas colonial undertaking differed
completely from the very common phenomenon of expansion into adjacent
territories (at the expense of their neighbours) practised by the peoples in
those “new” territories before the arrival of the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>European<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>colonizer.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The inherent nature of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>colonial</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">undertaking, the exploitative,
discriminatory and dominating character of its “philosophy” as a system, the
methods employed and the final results it had on very dissimilar societies mark
the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span>difference.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 17.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">176.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">These dissimilarities have today acquired,
as a result of the still unfinished decolonization process, an even greater
dimension as far as Asia, the Pacific and Africa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>are<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>concerned.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As a direct result<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>decolonization,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">the gap left by the “non-indigenous”
colonial political powers in those continents has been filled by population
sectors whose “indigenous” (or “autochthonous”) condition is indisputable by
any of today’s<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;"> </span>standards.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection34">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 4.3pt 5.4pt 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">177.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">It must be borne in mind that, according to
all available information, the terms “indigenous”, “native”, “<u style="text-underline: black;">mitayo</u>”, “Indian”, “autochthonous populations”
and others of a similar cast do not come from the lexicon of those whom we
today label “indigenous peoples”, but from the vocabulary utilized by the
“discoverers”/<u style="text-underline: black;">conquistadores</u>/colonizers and
their descendants, to differentiate themselves • in a relationship of
superiority/inferiority • from the original inhabitants of the new territories
being added to the European<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>crowns.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.45pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">178.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The initial encounters were, of course,
varied<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>nature.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Some<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>were</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">guided solely by the logic of<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>outright<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>force.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We must recall that the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>sword<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">
</span>•</span><span style="line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">efficiently backed by the cross • has for
more than 500 years sealed the fate of tens of millions of the original
inhabitants of Latin America and the Caribbean and that of their<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>descendants.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">179.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The right emanating from force and imposed
by it as an instrument of assimilation/marginalization policies was also the
basis of the “asymmetrical” bilateral relations between indigenous peoples and
the <u style="text-underline: black;">criollos </u>established in the new Latin
American republics after independence from Spain and Portugal. The victory of
Ayacucho meant little or nothing for the original inhabitants, who simply found
themselves subject to the domination of new<span style="letter-spacing: -1.7pt;">
</span>rulers.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">180.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">This has been, in general, the situation in
the Latin American region, both in those countries that were fully colonized
before independence was obtained and in those where it was left to the new
republic, for example in the cases of Argentina and Chile, to complete
domination of the indigenous population, also by force, in every corner of the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>new<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>State.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Only<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>an</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">extremely limited number of cases (when no way could be
found around an effective refusal to submit, as in the <u style="text-underline: black;">parlamentos </u>in the Chilean Araucania) are there vestiges of
juridical obligations assumed (although rarely met) with “the Indians” through
negotiation and legally binding<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>instruments.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">181.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">However, in other latitudes of the Americas,
as well as in other areas of the world, these first contacts were not marked
exclusively by military </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">force.<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">On the one hand, this was related to
then-predominating<span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"> </span>political<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>and</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">juridical
discourse in the societies from which the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"> </span>outsiders<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>came.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>On<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">other, it
reflected the balance of forces that originally existed between the newcomers
and the well•organized societies that had populated these “new” territories for
centuries, a balance that was to change radically as the colonization process<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>progressed.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">182.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">A case in point is Britain’s progressive
colonization - and that further advanced by its successors in the original 13
colonies (the kernel of the United States) at the end of the eighteenth century
- of the vast tracts of land today comprising Canada and the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>United<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">
</span>States.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>“juridical</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">factor” (i.e. treaties)<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>was<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>introduced.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To a certain degree, this<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>form<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>of</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">initial contact can also be seen in the
French colonial endeavours in parts of these same territories at<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>time.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>During the progressive advance<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>from<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Atlantic to the Pacific, military might
coexisted with negotiations and juridical instruments as the basis of relations
between the colonizer and the indigenous peoples<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>encountered.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection35">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 4.3pt 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">183.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In the general run of late cases, especially in Africa and
in certain areas of the Pacific, the initial colonial presence and implantation
also began with a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>low<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>profile.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This
can be seen, for example, in<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>British<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>behaviour</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">both in Africa and in New<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>Zealand.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">184.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In many places, successive waves of settler
migration from the metropolis (in the case of Hawaii) or of royal trading
companies’ representatives (frequent in the “East Indies”), and certain legal
modalities (some highly “innovative”, such as the “perpetual leasing” of
territories) emerged alongside the traditional juridical forms (bilateral
agreements and </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">treaties).<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">All, however,
sought the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> </span>same<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>end:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>to
secure colonial<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>domination.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 17.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">185.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">These various options were employed according to the needs
and possibilities of the alien powers in each specific case, whether the
purpose was to formalize, <u style="text-underline: black;">ex post facto</u>,
the acquisitions already made or to smooth the path for any future military
action that might be<span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"> </span>required.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">186.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">However, something must be said about the
juridical instruments that emerged after the initial contacts in the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>various<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">
</span>periods.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Their<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>intrinsic</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">nature, form and content make it clear that the indigenous
and non-indigenous parties mutually bestowed on each other (in either an
explicit or implicit manner) the condition of sovereign entities in accordance
with the non•indigenous international law of the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>time.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">187.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">It must be stressed that certain States had
a very powerful motivation for making these treaties or other international
instruments of a contractual nature requiring the consent<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>participants.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Furthermore,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>this<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>motivation</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">(in the direct interest of the non-indigenous
party) was<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>quite<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>clear:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>to
legitimize (via the acquiescence of the autochthonous sovereign of the
territories in question) any “right” (real or intended) with which they could
counter opposing claims advanced by other colonial powers vying for control of
those<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>lands.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 17.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">188.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">However, to acquire such “rights” via
derivative title (since they clearly lacked original title, or because the
legality of their presence in those areas was being questioned), required that
they seek the agreement of the legitimate holder of the original title, i.e.,
the indigenous nation in </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">question.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">The latter
would have to do this by the formal cession<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>their</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">lands (or their sale, or a concession of
acquisitive possession or any other type of valid<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>transfer).</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">189.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In accordance with European legal tradition
and formalities, this transfer should appear in a document that could be
presented as proof before the colonizing power’s equals in the “concert of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>civilized<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>nations”.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The ideal
instrument for this, according to the international law of the epoch, was<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>treaty.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Furthermore,
the only entities with the juridical<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>capacity<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>to</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">make treaties were (like today), precisely, international
subjects possessing sovereignty - their own or delegated by other sovereigns -
through the exercise of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>it.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">190.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In a second phase of the colonization
project and until it peaked - during its “classical” manifestation or a
variation thereof, and especially as of the second third of the nineteenth
century - there was a visible<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>increase</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>in
the use of military force to acquire vast tracts of “new”<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>territories.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection36">
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 1pt 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">This shift was very much in line with
the enormous power already being wielded by the traditional European imperial
powers and by others who emerged later to begin their own<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>expansionism.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.45pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">191.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The newcomers’ descendants increased their
military and economic </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">capacity.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">That of
the indigenous peoples remained (in the best of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span>cases)<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">same or (most frequently) decreased rapidly, which
resulted in both cases in a growing vulnerability of these peoples to the
machinations of the non•indigenous, with whom they had possibly made
treaties/agreements, but who now wished to ignore their sovereignty and impose
a “new order” on their ancestral<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>homes.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">192.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Thus began the process that the Special
Rapporteur has preferred to call (without any claim to originality) the
“domestication” of the “indigenous question”, that is to say, the process by
which the entire <u style="text-underline: black;">problematique </u>was removed
from the sphere of international law and placed squarely under the exclusive
competence of the internal jurisdiction of the non-indigenous </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">States.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">In particular, although not exclusively, this
applied<span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>everything</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">related to juridical documents
already agreed to (or negotiated later) by the original colonizer States and/or
their successors and indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -1.95pt;"> </span>peoples.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">193.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">It may be argued that in the light of international law
today, and particularly on the basis of Article 2, paragraph 7, of the Charter
of the United Nations, such a claim for the reserved domain of domestic
jurisdiction could, prima facie, find juridical<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>backing.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">194.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">However, to legitimize beyond any doubt the ways and means
used to take issues that originally belonged to the realm of international law
away from it and to justify making them subject solely to domestic legislation
unilaterally passed by the States and adjudicated by domestic non-indigenous
courts, States should produce unassailable proof that the indigenous peoples in
question have expressly and of their own free will renounced their sovereign<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;"> </span>attributes.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">195.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">It is not possible to understand this process
of gradual but incessant erosion of the indigenous peoples' original
sovereignty, without considering and, indeed, highlighting the role played by
“juridical tools”, always arm in arm with the military component of the
colonial<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span>enterprise.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">196.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In practically all cases, both in Latin
America and in other regions mentioned above, the legal establishment can be
seen serving as an effective tool in this process<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>domination.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jurists (with<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;">
</span>their<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>conceptual</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">elaborations), domestic laws (with their
imperativeness both in the metropolis and in the colonies), the judiciary
(subject to the “rule of [non-indigenous] law”), one-sided international law
(its enforcement assured by military means) and international tribunals (on the
basis of existing international law) were all present to “validate” juridically
the organized plunder at the various stages of the colonial<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>enterprise.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">197.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">There are abundant examples<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>this:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the 1898 Joint<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>Resolution<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>under</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">which the U.S. Congress, after using force
to impose a treaty, consummated the outright annexation of the sovereign State
of Hawaii (which had manifold international juridical relations with other
“civilized” nations), and<span style="letter-spacing: -1.95pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>“scramble for Africa” formalized at the 1885 Berlin
Congress by the colonial powers of the epoch are just two of the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>many<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">
</span>examples.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Others<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>also<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>supporting</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">this assertion can be found in the progress reports
submitted earlier by the Special<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>Rapporteur.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection37">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 111%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">198.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 111%;">The concept of the “rule of law” began to
traverse a long path, today in a new phase, towards transformation into “the
law of the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>rulers”.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">199.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Yet, one cannot fail to mention the role
played by decisions taken by some indigenous peoples themselves in this same process
of domestication, most of them, however, taken under extremely difficult
conditions or in a clear “state of necessity”, to use a juridical<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>expression.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">200.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Nevertheless, the Special Rapporteur has
chosen to state his views on this matter keeping very much in mind the
forward-looking aspects of his mandate, and highly aware of the significance of
the lessons to be drawn from history, <u style="text-underline: black;">mutatis
mutandis</u>, in the process of building a new, more just, and solid
relationship of coexistence between the indigenous and non•indigenous sectors
in a considerable number of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>modern<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>societies.<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>History
is<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>excellent</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">source of knowledge for shaping<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>political<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>action.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To ignore<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>history<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>would</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">make it incredibly difficult to understand fully the
present, and practically impossible to face the future<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>wisely.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">201.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In this context, let it be said that the
Special Rapporteur’s historical research has shown, in his view, that not all
indigenous nations made the wisest choices at<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">
</span>all<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>times.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>That is to say, at some crucial moments<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>their</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">history, some indigenous nations were not
capable of putting the need to unite among themselves over their individual
interests, even though unity was necessary to confront properly encroachment on
their sovereign attributes. This was true even when the ultimate intentions of
the newcomers were already </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">apparent.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">The
terrible consequences inherent in allowing themselves<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>be</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">divided appear not to have been totally<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span>perceived.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">202.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In addition, on more than one occasion they seem not to
have recognized the advantages and disadvantages, in all their dimensions, nor
the final consequences, of a policy of alliance with<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>European<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>powers.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This can<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>said</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">both of those who adopted
this policy in line with their ongoing fratricidal struggles and of those who
decided to favour one of the non-indigenous powers over the others in the
military confrontations that took place in their ancestral<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>lands.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 17.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">203.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Further, it is also apparent that they could not fully
appreciate (or that they widely underestimated) the questionable role played,
and still played in many cases, by religious denominations or their
representatives as effective instruments of the colonial enterprise in its
various<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>stages.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">204.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">It is easy to see the negative effects for indigenous
peoples of such a combination of endogenous and exogenous factors, not only on
their initial sovereign condition, but also on their overall international
juridical status. These effects also included the extinction (or substantial
reduction) of their territorial base and undermined their political, economic,
juridical, cultural and social order in general, and even their survival as a
distinct<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>society.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection38">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 4.3pt 17.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">205.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">These negative effects are perceptible, to a greater or
lesser degree, whether or not the relations between these peoples and the
colonizers were juridically formalized by means of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span>treaties/agreements.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">206.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The most lethal of these effects has been, of course, the
extinction of these peoples as social entities with distinct identities that
has already occurred (or presumably will soon<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;">
</span>occur).</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">207.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">It is impossible to determine with any
certainty, in 1998, the number of indigenous peoples which have become extinct
since the time of their first encounter with the “discoverers”, as the result
of the “civilization” imposed on<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>them.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nor is it possible to say how many more
will disappear in the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>not<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>so</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">distant future, unless the circumstances in which they
live in multi•national States today do not<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>change.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">208.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">To cite just two known examples, according
to all indications, the original inhabitants of Catalina Island off the coast
of California and the Yanomamis of Roraima should be included in the category
of “peoples in danger of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>extinction”.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The relentless carving away of their lands as
a result<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">most varied actions, their expulsion from these lands
(either through the use of direct force by the new State or because they could
not obtain the resources to continue practising their traditional economic
activities or to continuing tilling the soil), draconian restrictions on the
use of their own languages and on the practice of their religious beliefs (or
the prohibition of one or both) have contributed, historically and currently to
this situation.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">209.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The effective exercise of their attributes as
international subjects had already been effectively liquidated by around the
third decade of the twentieth century in all areas of the world in which
bilateral treaties between indigenous and non-indigenous peoples had been
relatively frequent in the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>past.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This process echoed the United States
Senate decision<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>at<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">beginning of the 1870s, to
discontinue treaty-making with indigenous nations and to refuse treaty status
to the instruments still awaiting<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;"> </span>ratification.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 35.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">210.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In this respect, one must also recall the
indigenous peoples’ unsuccessful attempts (despite President Woodrow Wilson’s
“14 points”) to re•establish recognition of their international status by the
League of Nations; or to gain access, in their own right as peoples, to the
International Court of Justice, established under the Charter of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>the</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0.15pt 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">United Nations as the principal judicial organ of
the new world organization that emerged as a result of the Axis defeat in the
Second<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span>World<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>War.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>was</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">so despite
the large number of indigenous soldiers who had contributed to the Allied
victory in that war and despite the Preamble to its Charter which declares that
the United Nations was established by “the <u style="text-underline: black;">peoples
</u>of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;"> </span>the</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 17.35pt; tab-stops: 209.45pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">United Nations” who through their
Governments declared themselves in 1945 “determined to establish conditions
under which <u style="text-underline: black;">justice </u>and <u style="text-underline: black;">respect for the obligations arising from treaties
and other sources of international law can be maintained</u>”<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>(emphasis<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>added).<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Furthermore,
this was the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>situation<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>even</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">though the
Charter, in formulating one of the purposes of the Organization, recognizes the
importance of respect for “the principle of equal rights and self•determination
of peoples” (Art. 1.2), a simple, direct and unqualified way of saying all
peoples, bar<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>none.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection39">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 4.3pt 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">211.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In the current contemporary context and in the framework
of this same provision of the Charter, it is worth underlining, at least in
passing, the patent incongruity in the position of those who used this Charter
reference as a basis for legitimizing the decision by some nations formerly
part of the today-extinct Soviet Union (for example, the so-called Baltic
countries) to secede from it, claiming their status as fully sovereign nations,
while at the same time objecting to even a mention of that same right in the
context of debates on indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>issues.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 41.4pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 41.45pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">212.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;">This is not the only
example of the double•standard</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;">treatment</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>indigenous peoples are receiving currently in the</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">United Nations, although the Organization has devoted</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">much greater attention to
this issue since 1982, with the</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">establishment of the Working Group on<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span>Indigenous</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Populations.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
insurmountable obstacles confronting \</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">their efforts to represent themselves
fully in bodies of the</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">United Nations system other than the Working Group</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">should be kept<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>mind.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Such
was the case in</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">1989, when ILO<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>discussed<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>and</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">adopted
Convention No. 169,</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">which is directly related to their daily living conditions.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">213.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Moreover, similar difficulties blocked the
much•needed full participation of indigenous organizations in the Working Group
established by the Commission on Human Rights to elaborate a draft United
Nations declaration on the rights of indigenous populations, a forum for which
strict rules for participation were instituted that, in fact, limit to a
considerable degree the indigenous input into<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>debate.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>No similar rules were<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>applied<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>for</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">non•governmental organizations without
recognized status with the Economic and Social Council in the case of another
working group established by the Commission, that dealing with the rights and
responsibilities of “human rights defenders”.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">214.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The constant reduction (or total
disappearance) of the territorial base of indigenous peoples not only affected
their capacity to survive as peoples but is the source of the most crucial
aspect of the “indigenous question” in its current context, that of the right
of these peoples to the use, enjoyment, conservation, and transmission to future
generations of their ancestral lands; in peace, without outside interference,
in accordance with their own uses, customs, and norms of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> </span>social<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>life.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We shall come back to this<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>issue.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">215.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Once the work of the initial<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u> </u></span><u style="text-underline: black;">conquistadores</u>/colonizers or their successors was<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>completed, the
colonial process advanced towards the<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>gradual or rapid dispossession of
indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>lands.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">216.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">It is not the task of the Special Rapporteur
in this final report to describe in detail the harsh impact on indigenous
peoples of being subjected to a new and totally alien social, economic, and
political•juridical order. Much has been published on the subject by both
indigenous and non-indigenous sources (including official government bodies in
the States now inhabited by these<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>peoples).<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He will only attempt to summarize its
most<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>relevant<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>effects,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">some still lingering on even at the end of the twentieth
century, and in particular those touching on land<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>rights.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 111%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">217.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 111%;">It must be stressed, in this regard, that for these
peoples their land (from whence they came or where they live today) holds
singular spiritual<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;"> </span>and</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>material<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>values.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It contains for them the essential
elements<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>their</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span>cosmogony.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">It is the ultimate source of life<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>wisdom.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>They believe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">collective enjoyment of what it provides; in the
inalienability of something not “owned” but “preserved” for<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>future<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">
</span>generations.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It
plays<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>irreplaceable</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">role in their<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>religious<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">
</span>practices.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In short, their
understanding of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>land</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">was (and
is) singularly different from that imported by the newcomers and their
successors, whose approach, logically, reflected (although not always exactly)
the predominant values of their respective<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;">
</span>societies.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection40">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 17.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">218.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><u style="text-underline: black;"><span style="line-height: 110%;">Grosso modo</span></u><span style="line-height: 110%;">, the newcomers and their successors imbued (and imbue)
the land with an essentially patrimonial value, making it subject to exclusive
individual appropriation (and, thus, capable of being passed on to others at
the will of the title holder), a source of material wealth and a basis for
political and economic<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>power.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">219.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The process that took the indigenous
peoples’ lands from them left behind very limited and debilitating alternatives<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>survival:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>vassalage<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>(or</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">servitude in its diverse forms), segregation in reduced
areas “reserved” for them, or assimilation into the non-indigenous sector of
the new socio•political entity created without<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;">
</span>indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>input.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>last<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>alternative</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">meant the social marginalization and discrimination
prevalent in these mixed societies, about which little or nothing could be done
despite praiseworthy efforts by certain non-indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>sectors.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">220.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Various methods were utilized to achieve dispossession of
the land. They, unquestionably, included treaties and agreements, at least if
we accept the non-indigenous interpretation of these documents (and, in
general, that version is the only one available in<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>written<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>form).<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This
issue<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>will<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>be</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">returned to<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>later.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 17.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">221.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Coercion - either by armed force or by judicial and
legislative means, or both - was very frequently resorted to. This was true
whether or not its employment was preceded by formal juridical commitments to
the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>contrary.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 23.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">222.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">It went<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>extremes.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>An
example is the forced exodus in the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>1830s<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>to</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">the other side of the Mississippi of the “five civilized
tribes” of the south•eastern<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>United<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>States.<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>This
is the first documented case<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>“ethnic</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">cleansing”.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">223.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Another method frequently employed to attain
dispossession in cases in which no juridical instruments of any sort had been
compacted was to take advantage of the inability of the indigenous peoples (or
individuals) to show “property deeds” considered valid under the new,<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>non-indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>law.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This
made their ancestral lands vulnerable to seizure by non-indigenous individuals
holding such documents (acquired by the most diverse - and, most often, less
than honourable - means) or by the central or local authorities, who claimed
them as public property (or as lands belonging to the Crown or federal lands)
subject to their<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>jurisdiction.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">224.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The total or partial dispossession of indigenous peoples
of their lands (a basic life source in all categories) created new forms of
dependency or sharpened<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>pre-existing<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>ones.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>First,
it notably affected the ability<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>of</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>indigenous authorities to exercise their functions
effectively and also the capacity of indigenous societies to be self-sustaining
by way of their traditional<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>economic<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>activities.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>All this had a traumatic impact<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;">
</span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>their</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">social<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>framework.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection41">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">225.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The new non-indigenous authorities hastened
to create a distinct political-administrative order to replace the traditional
indigenous authorities and the decision•making mechanisms that had guided these
societies for<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>centuries.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This was a generally<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>successful<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>effort.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>However,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>multiple</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">cases it could only be achieved with the participation of
certain segments of the indigenous societies, already subject to stresses of
all<span style="letter-spacing: -1.7pt;"> </span>types.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 17.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">226.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Similarly, in recent times, the possibility of indigenous
participation, as such, in certain aspects of the non-indigenous established
political order has opened up some<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>multi-national<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>societies.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>is</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">particularly
true in the<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>parliamentary<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>area.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Examples
can be<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>found<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>in</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Colombia and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>New<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>Zealand/Aotearoa.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Special Rapporteur<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> </span>welcomes<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>these</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">developments, which appear
to be steps in a<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span>positive<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>direction.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>is</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">particularly true in the
case of<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>New<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>Zealand.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Its electoral
law<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>gives<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Maaori population the option (to be freely taken) of<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>registering on the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>list</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>reserved for them. Still it remains to
be seen just how much of a real impact this type of measure will have in the
enormous effort required to achieve more just relations between both sectors of
these<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>societies.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">227.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In economic terms, the loss or substantial reduction of
their territorial base had lamentable consequences for<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>peoples.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The impossibility of their continuing
their traditional economic activities (or the necessity of carrying them out in
greatly reduced areas) generated a constant migration to non-indigenous
economic centres, in particular to large </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">cities.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">For very
many communities this has meant the loss or<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;">
</span>severe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>reduction</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">of their demographic base and, in general,
acculturation and progressive loss of indigenous identity by a significant
number of their<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>members.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">228.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Today, in lands still not affected by dispossession - in
particular, in those cases where no treaties or agreements exist - there is a
continuing and visible impact on the traditional<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span>economic<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>activities.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This is so<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;">
</span>because<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>of</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">the
juridical insecurity (according to non-indigenous law) of their effective
possession of the land and the inroads made by alien technology for the
exploitation of natural resources (including the subsoil, rivers, forests and
fauna).</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">229.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The list of such cases is long and varied
and it is impossible to eumerate them all in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;">
</span>this<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>report.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It is enough to point out that<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>great</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">majority of these people eke out an
existence in<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;"> </span>precarious<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>conditions.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This is due to a number<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>factors:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the
direct threat of forced eviction,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>some</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">cases; the obligation at times to obtain licences or
permits from non•indigenous administrative authorities to be able to engage in
their traditional economic activities (or to be limited by restrictive quotas
that do not cover their needs); the obligation, in other cases, to seek
authorization from these authorities to make use of natural resources, even
when their ownership has been recognized even under non-indigenous law; or,
generally, the effects of modern technology on their traditional<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;"> </span>habitat.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection42">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 4.3pt 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">230.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The general situation of the Australian aborigines - even
after the well-known decision in the Mabo case - and the situations of the
Lubicon Cree and Hobbema peoples/nations in Alberta (Canada), the Dene (Navajo)
in Arizona (United States), the Crees in James Bay, Québec, many segments of
the Maaori peoples in Aotearoa/New Zealand, and the Mapuche in southern Chile
are some tangible examples of indigenous peoples living in the precarious
economic conditions referred to<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>above.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">231.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In this respect, it should be mentioned that
during his field work among the Cree of Québec (1993) and the Mapuches (1998),
the Special Rapporteur was able to confirm, both from personal observation and
from vivid testimony, the enormous irreversible damage already caused to, or
threatening, the indigenous habitat because of the rerouting or damming of
large rivers (such as the upper Bio-Bio or the Great Whale river basin) to
build large•scale hydroelectric plants, whose output, by all accounts, is
earmarked for consumption by<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>the</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.7pt; margin-right: 7.65pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">non-indigenous population (even in
other<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>countries).</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">232.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">As can be inferred from all of the above,
every aspect of the indigenous peoples’ socio-cultural life, including,
obviously, their religion, has been negatively affected by the overall process
of “domestication” (which touches on all areas), as well as by its obligatory
corollary, dispossession of and the loss of effective control over their
ancestral<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span>lands.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">233.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Whether subject to a system of direct servitude or to a
sort of judicial guardianship (or trusteeship) similar to that applied to
minors; whether assimilated (or on the way to being assimilated) and
marginalized in the new societies; or restricted to small areas surrounded by
another, powerful, aggressive and alien culture, or living in other lands on the
periphery - in flight from the non-indigenous authority (having lost their
own), these peoples have witnessed multiple attacks on their rich social<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>fabric.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">234.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">First, it is important to note the forced separation of
families, as children and adolescents were sent, for long periods during their
formative years, to religious schools far from their<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span>original<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>environment.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>those</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">institutions,
they were rewarded for accepting assimilation, while any expression of their
original identity (such as speaking in their own language) would draw severe
punishment, including corporal<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>punishment.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">235.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Indigenous peoples also saw the destruction of many
manifestations of their historical-cultural heritage and the desecration of
their cemeteries and other<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>sacred<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>sites.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Their
archaeological treasures and even the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>bones<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>of</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">their ancestors are still
exhibited today in numerous non-indigenous museums around the world, despite
the efforts to recover them, the national laws passed to protect them and the
protests of many international<span style="letter-spacing: -1.95pt;"> </span>organizations.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">236.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Over the remains of demolished temples there stand
impressive cathedrals or other manifestations of the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>new<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>culture.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In addition,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>Special</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Rapporteur
has received sound information on at least two attempts in recent years to
build golf courses on lands of recognized religious value to indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>peoples.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 111%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">237.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 111%;">On no few occasions, and during long periods, their
customs, ceremonies and religious practices were simply and<span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"> </span>categorically<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>prohibited.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Moreover,</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>in many cases they lost access, for diverse
reasons, to the places where, according to their traditions, these practices
and ceremonies should take </span>place.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">In one or another of these situations, they have
been forced<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span>either<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>to</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">celebrate
them clandestinely at the risk of serious sanction (the case of <u style="text-underline: black;">Sundance </u>in North America), or (like the
slaves brought from Africa to the Caribbean and Brazil) to disguise them
ingeniously in alien liturgy, such as that of the Catholic religion, a common
phenomenon in Latin<span style="letter-spacing: -1.7pt;"> </span>America.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection43">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 17.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">238.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Their institutions and cultures were
considered “inferior”, “archaic”, and “inefficient and impractical” by<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>non-indigenous<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>sectors.<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>These<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>negative</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">views were promoted daily and <u style="text-underline: black;">urbi et orbis </u>by the most diverse methods (“scientific” literature
or simply by word of mouth) and quickly became part of the “conventional
wisdom” in large sections of the political and academic world, as well as for
vast segments of the population at large, in the plurinational societies in
which indigenous peoples continue to live<span style="letter-spacing: -1.95pt;"> </span>today.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">239.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Thus, there should be nothing surprising
about the desire of a number of indigenous individuals to assimilate, nor about
their acceptance of the ethical or material values of the alien society by
which they are surrounded. The common root of this evident threat to their
survival as distinct peoples can be found in the obvious erosion of self-esteem
afflicting certain sectors of diverse indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>peoples<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>nowadays.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This is even
true at a stage<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>such<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>as</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">the present one, in which there is also a highly
noticeable, vigorous process of recovery and development of these peoples’
traditional<span style="letter-spacing: -1.7pt;"> </span>values.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">240.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In this regard, it should be pointed out
that the lack of employment opportunities and, in general, the inability, in
the current circumstances, to achieve sustainable development according to
their own traditions has contributed heavily to this loss<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>self-esteem.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This is<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;">
</span>particularly<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">case for peoples caught in the “indigenous
reserves” system established in the United States and Canada, as well as in
other situations in northern Europe and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>Greenland.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">241.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">All too frequently, the daily reality of
indigenous peoples feeds the belief that their survival is possible thanks only
to the “subventions” and “services” provided by the State on which<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>they<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>depend.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>These services<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>may<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>be</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">of greater or lesser quality and coverage,
and the assistance may be direct or indirect, but what all these instances have
had in common for centuries is that their cost is always, by definition, less
than the value of the benefits accrued by the non-indigenous sector with whom
they share the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>society.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 17.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">242.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Finally, it must be stressed that in
practically all cases in which indigenous peoples live in modern multi•national
States their social development indexes are lower, or less favourable, than
those of the non•indigenous sectors with whom<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;">
</span>they<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>coexist.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This is true for some<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">most important<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> </span>socio-economic<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>indexes:<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>employment, annual<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>income,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">
</span>prenatal</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">and infant mortality, life expectancy, educational level, percentage of
the prison population, suicide<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>rate,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>etc.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Quite
regularly, the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> </span>official<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>figures</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">provided by the competent sources in these countries
provide proof of the above<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>assertion.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 111%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">243.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 111%;">All of the above explains why for more than 15 years the
Sub-Commission and the Working Group have dealt with indigenous issues under an
item<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;"> </span>entitled</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 111%;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection44">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 4.3pt 18.35pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">“Discrimination against indigenous peoples”, the
same title carried by the seminal study by Mr. Martínez Cobo published 16<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>years<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>ago.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Not<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>much<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>of</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">substance has changed for indigenous peoples<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>since<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">
</span>then.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>basic<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">
</span>elements</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">of their relationships with the non-indigenous
world remain<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>unchanged.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 18.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">244.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Nor is it by chance that the Commission, on
the very date on which it established the Special Rapporteur’s mandate,
recognized (in impeccable diplomatic parlance) that “in various situations,
indigenous peoples are unable to enjoy their inalienable human rights and
fundamental freedoms” (Commission resolution 1989/34 of 6 March 1989, sixth
preambular<span style="letter-spacing: -2pt;"> </span>paragraph).</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">IV.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;">LOOKING<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>AHEAD:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>CONCLUSIONS AND<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>RECOMMENDATIONS</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 24.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">245.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The Special Rapporteur has a number of elements to be duly
taken into account at the time of formulating conclusions and recommendations
in this final<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>report.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The most important are the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>following:</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin: 0in 36.4pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 111%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 111%;">His own mandate, as established in Commission on Human Rights
resolution 1988/56 and Economic and Social Council decision<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>1988/134;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 4.5pt 0in 0in 77.4pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;">The outline of the
study </span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">53<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;">submitted to the Working Group’s<span style="letter-spacing: -2.7pt;"> </span>parent</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>bodies
and explicitly or implicitly endorsed by them;<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;">
</span>and</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin: 0in 12.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 111%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 111%;">The issues mentioned in the 1982 Martínez Cobo report as
possible questions to be elucidated in a study such as the one now being<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>concluded.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 12.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">246.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">As far as his mandate is concerned, it must be recalled
that the main purpose of the study is to analyse the potential utility of
treaties, agreements and other constructive arrangements between indigenous
peoples and Governments for the purpose of ensuring the promotion and
protection of the human rights and fundamental freedoms of those<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>peoples.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 18.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">247.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">His terms of reference also instructed the
Special Rapporteur to give “particular attention to the ongoing development of
universally relevant standards and the need to develop innovative,
forward-looking approaches to relationships between indigenous populations<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>Governments”.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>doing<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">
</span>so,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">he was to take into account the inviolability of the sovereignty and
territorial integrity of States, as well as their socio-economic realities. The
mention of “the ongoing development of universally relevant standards”
obviously referred to the process of elaborating a draft declaration on the
rights of indigenous peoples, begun in the Working Group in<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>1985.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 6.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">248.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Regarding the draft declaration, the Special Rapporteur
has taken its provisions as a basic point of reference for his conclusions and
recommendations, notwithstanding the fact that the process of its final
adoption is<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>still<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>unfinished.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He has taken very much into account<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>fact</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">that its
text, as it now stands, was adopted after long years of deliberation both in
the Working Group and, for some time, in the Sub-Commission as well, with the
ample participation of both indigenous representatives and government
delegations.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin: 0in 48.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 111%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">249.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 111%;">As far as issues recognized in the 1988 outline as
elements to be addressed at the end of the study are concerned, the Special<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>Rapporteur</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>identified the role of treaties in European
expansion overseas (addressed in chapter III above); the contemporary
significance of treaties, agreements, and other constructive arrangements,
including questions relating to State succession, national recognition of such
instruments, and the views held by indigenous peoples<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>them.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In addition, the outline identified<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>three<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>main</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">sources that were to guide both the process of data
gathering and his conclusions<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>recommendations:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>public international law; the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>municipal<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>law</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">of
present-day States (including decisions by municipal courts); and indigenous
juridical views (in particular, on societal authority, treaties, and
treaty-making in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>general).</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection45">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">250.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Special Rapporteur Martínez Cobo thought it convenient to
explore further issues as relevant as the areas covered today by the provisions
of treaties and other international legal instruments involving indigenous
peoples, whether or not they are observed, the consequences of their
implementation or lack thereof for indigenous peoples (an issue also addressed
in chapter III above), as well as the present status of those legal instruments
involving indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>peoples.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">251.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">At this point, the Special Rapporteur is
prepared to offer, first, some general conclusions applicable to the issues of
the study as a whole; and then to provide more specific conclusions regarding
the two main categories of currently existing situations in which indigenous
peoples live in multi•national<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>societies:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>those in which treaties, agreements<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>or<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>other</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">constructive arrangements exist, and those
lacking such juridical<span style="letter-spacing: -2.1pt;"> </span>instruments.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">252.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The first general conclusion concerns the
issue of recognition of indigenous peoples’ right to their lands and their
resources, and to continue engaging, unmolested, in their traditional economic
activities on those lands. This is the paramount problem to be addressed in any
effort to establish a more solid, equitable and durable relationship between
the indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;"> </span>and</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>non-indigenous sectors in<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>multi•national<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>societies.<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>Owing
to<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>their<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>special</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">relationship, spiritual and
material, with their lands, the Special Rapporteur believes that very little or
no progress can be made in this regard without tackling, solving and redressing
- in a way acceptable to the indigenous peoples concerned - the question of
their uninterrupted dispossession of this unique resource, vital to their lives
and<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>survival.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">253.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The primacy of this issue is reflected not only in the
data gathered for the study and in the personal testimony heard by the Special
Rapporteur, but also in the debates held in the Working Group and other
international forums. The fact that more than a dozen articles of the draft
declaration deal with the question of land rights, and the concerns recently
expressed by<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>Vatican</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.7pt; margin-right: 7.65pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">sources </span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">54<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">on the violence and
discrimination exerted, up to the<span style="letter-spacing: -2.9pt;"> </span>present,</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 108%; margin: 1.2pt 7.65pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">against indigenous peoples to deprive them of their
lands, are also proof of its<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>primacy.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">254.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Another conclusion, closely related to the
previous one, is that not only the land rights issue, but, in general, the
entire indigenous <u style="text-underline: black;">problematique </u>and its
possible overall solution cannot be approached exclusively on the basis of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>juridical<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>reasoning.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The problems
confronted<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>a</span><span style="line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">sizeable number of
multi•national States are essentially political in essence. Thus, considerable
political will is required from all the parties<span style="letter-spacing: -1.95pt;"> </span>concerned,</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>but in particular from the non-indigenous political
leadership of modern States, if these problems are to be resolved through
forward-looking new </span>approaches.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Juridical discussions and argumentation simply take<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>too<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>long,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">require copious resources (which the indigenous
side almost always lacks or has only in limited amounts), and in many cases are
prejudiced by centuries of sedimented<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>rationale.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In addition, the urgency of the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>existing<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>problems</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">simply leaves no room to
engage, at the threshold of the twenty•first century, in the type of
juridico-philosophical debates which Las Casas and Sepúlveda pursued in the
sixteenth<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>century.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection46">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">255.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The Special Rapporteur is fully convinced
that the overall indigenous <u style="text-underline: black;">problematique </u>today
is also ethical<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>nature.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He
believes that<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>humanity<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>has</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">contracted a debt with indigenous peoples because of the
historical misdeeds against<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>them.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Consequently, these must be redressed on
the basis<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>equity</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>historical<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>justice.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He
is also very much aware of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>practical</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">impossibility of taking the world back to the situation
existing at the beginning of the encounters between indigenous and non-indigenous
peoples five centuries<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>ago.<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>It is not possible to undo all
that has been<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>done<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>(both</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">positive and negative) in this time•lapse, but this does
not negate the ethical imperative to undo (even at the expense, if need be, of
the straitjacket imposed by the unbending observance of the “rule<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>of</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-right: 7.65pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">[non-indigenous] law”) the wrongs done, both
spiritually and materially, to the indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;">
</span>peoples.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 17.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">256.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The Special Rapporteur also harbours no doubts concerning
the much debated issue of the right<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>self-determination.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>peoples,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>like</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">all
peoples on Earth, are entitled to that<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>inalienable<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>right.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Article<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>1<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>of</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">the
Charter of the United Nations gives blanket recognition of this right to all
peoples (enshrining it as a principle of contemporary international law, as
does article 1 common to both International Covenants on Human<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>Rights<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">This right is also expressly recognized for
indigenous peoples in article 3 of the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>draft<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>declaration.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In the view of the Special<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>Rapporteur,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>any</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">contradiction
that may emerge between the exercise of this right by indigenous peoples in
present-day conditions and the recognized right and duty of the States in which
they now live to protect their sovereignty and territorial integrity, should be
resolved by peaceful means, first and foremost negotiations; through adequate
conflict-resolution mechanisms (either existing or to be established);
preferably within the domestic jurisdiction; and always with the effective
participation of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span>indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>peoples.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We
shall<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>return<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>to</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;">
</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">this issue at a later stage in the
present<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>chapter.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">257.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Regarding the question of whether or not indigenous
peoples can be considered as nations - in the sense of contemporary
international law - in the context of countries where some indigenous peoples
have been formally recognized as such (by non-indigenous nations at the
beginning of their contacts or at a later stage) through international legal
instruments, such as treaties, and other peoples/nations have not, the Special
Rapporteur believes it is pertinent to distinguish between those two
situations, although the final analysis may lead to the same<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>conclusion.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin: 0in 29.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 108%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">258.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 108%;">In reviewing the cases he has selected for analysis the
Special Rapporteur has been led to conclude that the vast majority either<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>describe</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>situations of actual conflict between the
indigenous and non-indigenous sectors of society, or contain the seeds of a
conflict that could erupt unexpectedly because of issues that have been
simmering without appropriate solution for a long period, perhaps<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>even<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>centuries.<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>The
developments<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>Oka</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">(Québec)
in 1991, Chiapas (Mexico) in 1994 and in various communities in Australia in
1997 are examples of that<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span>potential.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection47">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 35.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">259.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Another general conclusion to be made is that, as
recognized in the draft United Nations declaration on the rights of indigenous
peoples submitted by the Working Group to the Sub-Commission and adopted by<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>latter, </span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">55<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">all
the human rights and freedoms recognized in<span style="letter-spacing: -2.9pt;">
</span>international</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin: 1pt 1.7pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">instruments - either legally binding norms or
non-binding standards - accepted by the State in which they now live, are
applicable to indigenous peoples<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>and</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.45pt; margin-right: 7.65pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 270.15pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">individuals
living within their<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>borders.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span></span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">56<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">This also applies to all<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> </span>rights</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 1.2pt 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">and freedoms recognized in the domestic legislation
of the State concerned, for all individuals and social groups under<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>its<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>jurisdiction.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>view<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>of</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;">
</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">the Special Rapporteur, this is so
provided that the manner in which those rights and freedoms are recognized in
the instruments in question is consistent with indigenous customs, societal
institutions and legal traditions.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">260.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">On the other hand, the Special Rapporteur is inclined to
argue in favour of the proposition that treaties/agreements or constructive
arrangements have the potential to become very important tools (because of
their consensual basis) for formally establishing and implementing not only the
rights and freedoms alluded to in the preceding paragraph, but also inalienable
ancestral rights, in particular land rights, in the specific context of a given<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;"> </span>society.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">261.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">On the basis of a vast amount of documentation, the work
of the Working Group and oral testimony, the Special Rapporteur has reached the
conclusion that there is an almost unanimous opinion among geographically-dispersed
indigenous peoples that existing State mechanisms, either administrative or
judicial, are unable to satisfy their aspirations and hopes for<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>redress.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">262.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">He also has reasons to conclude that there
is a widespread desire on the indigenous side to establish (or re•establish) a
solid, new, and different kind of relationship, quite unlike the almost
constantly adversarial, often acrimonious relationship it has had until now
with the non-indigenous sector of society in the countries where<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>they<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>coexist.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In the view of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>indigenous</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">peoples, this can only be achieved either by
the full implementation of the existing mutually agreed-upon legal documents
governing that relationship (and a common construction of their provisions), or
by new instruments negotiated with their<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>full<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>participation.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This perception is shared by<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>appropriate</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">government officials in a number of countries, including
Canada, New Zealand and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>Guatemala.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">263.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Finally, the Special Rapporteur is strongly convinced that
the process of negotiation and seeking consent inherent in treaty-making (in
the broadest sense) is the most suitable way not only of securing an effective
indigenous contribution to any effort towards the eventual recognition or
restitution of their rights and freedoms, but also of establishing much needed
practical mechanisms to facilitate the realization and implementation of their<span style="letter-spacing: -2.05pt;"> </span>ancestral</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>rights and those enshrined in national and<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span>international<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>texts.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>thus</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">the most appropriate way to approach conflict
resolution of indigenous issues at all levels with indigenous free and educated<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>consent.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection48">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 23.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">264.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In his view, it is also the most suitable way for
Governments to implement effectively the appeal addressed to them by the 1993
Vienna World Conference on Human Rights to ensure the full and free
participation of indigenous peoples in all aspects of society, particularly in
matters of concern to them.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">57</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">265.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In the case of indigenous peoples who concluded treaties
or other legal instruments with the European settlers and/or their continuators
in the colonization process, the Special Rapporteur has not found any sound
legal argument to sustain the argument that they have lost their international
juridical status<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>nations/peoples.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The treaty provisions<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>which,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>according</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">to the non-indigenous
version and construction, contain express renunciations by indigenous peoples
of their attributes as subjects of international law (particularly,
jurisdiction over their lands and unshared control of their political power and
institutions) are strongly challenged by most indigenous peoples whom he has<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>consulted.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">266.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Their rejection of those provisions is based
either on the existence of invalid consent obtained by fraud and/or of induced
error as to the object and purpose of the compact, or on their ancestors’ total
lack of knowledge of the very existence of such stipulations in the compact, or
on the fact that their ancestral traditions and culture simply would not allow
them to relinquish such attributes (particularly those relating to lands and<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>governance).</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">267.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The State parties to those compacts • which
have benefited the most from gaining jurisdiction over former indigenous lands
- argue that those attributes were indeed relinquished, on the basis of
provisions of their domestic legislation and decisions of their domestic
courts, as well as on the realities of today’s world, and of the historical
developments leading to the present<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>situation.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>However, the principle that no one can go
against<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>own</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">acts goes back to ancient Rome and was valid as a general
principle of law at the time of the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>dispossession.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">268.</span></span><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;"> In this connection, the Special Rapporteur is very aware of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"> </span>the</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>non-retroactivity of the 1969 Vienna Convention<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>on
the Law of Treaties, </span><span style="line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">58 </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">which entered
into force<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>1980.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A considerable number
of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> </span>States<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>with</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">indigenous<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>peoples living
within their current borders are parties to it. Nonetheless, he has also borne
in mind that the text adopted in Vienna has to do not only with the development
of new rules and concepts in international law, but also with the codification
of those which had survived the test of time and were, in 1969, already part
and parcel of international law, either as customary law<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>or as positive law as
embodied in a number<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>of<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>already<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>existing
bilateral and/or multilateral international<span style="letter-spacing: -2.1pt;">
</span>instruments.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">269.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">He believes that the content of article 27
of the Vienna Convention (“A party may not invoke the provisions of its
internal law as justification for its failure to perform a treaty ...”) was
already a rule of international law at the time when the process leading to the
disenfranchisement<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;"> </span>and</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>dispossession of indigenous peoples’ sovereign
attributes was under way, despite treaties to the contrary concluded with them
in their capacity as recognized subjects of international<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>law.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection49">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 29.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">270.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">This leads to the issue of whether or not treaties and
other legal instruments concluded by the European settlers and their successors
with indigenous nations currently continue to be instruments with international
status in the light of international<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>law.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">271.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The Special Rapporteur is of the opinion that those
instruments indeed maintain their original status and continue fully in effect,
and consequently are sources of rights and obligations for all the original
parties to them (or their successors), who shall implement their provisions in
good<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>faith.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">272.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The legal reasoning supporting the above conclusion is
very simple and the Special Rapporteur is not breaking any new ground in this
respect. Treaties without an expiration date are to be considered as continuing
in effect until all the parties to them decide to terminate them, unless
otherwise established in the text of the instrument itself, or unless they are
duly declared to be null<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>void.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This
is a notion that has<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> </span>been<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>deeply</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">ingrained in the conceptual
development, positive normativity and consistent jurisprudence of both
municipal and international law since Roman Law was at its zenith more than
five centuries ago, when modern European colonization began.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 111%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">273.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 111%;">As a result of his research, the Special Rapporteur has
ample proof that indigenous peoples/nations who have entertained treaty
relationships<span style="letter-spacing: -2pt;"> </span>wit<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">h </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">non-indigenous settlers and their
continuators strongly argue that those instruments not only continue to be
valid and applicable to their situation today but are a key element for their
survival as<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span>distinct<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>peoples.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>All<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>those</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">consulted
- either directly in mass meetings with them or in their responses to the
Special Rapporteur’s questionnaire, or by direct or written testimony - have
clearly indicated their conviction that they indeed remain bound by the
provisions of the instruments that their ancestors, or they themselves,
concluded with the non-indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>peoples.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin: 0in 41.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 108%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">274.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 108%;">Competent authorities in some countries, for example,
Canada and New Zealand, have also told the Special Rapporteur that their<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>respective</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0.25pt 7.65pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Governments too consider that their treaties with
indigenous peoples remain fully valid and in effect (although, they differ
radically from their indigenous counterparts regarding construction of the
content of those treaties).</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">275.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Nonetheless, the Special Rapporteur has been
able - in the course of his research and through <u style="text-underline: black;">in
situ </u>observation, to ascertain a large number of obvious serious violations
of the legal obligations undertaken by State parties to those instruments (in
particular, to the so-called “historic treaties” and to legal commitments
involving indigenous lands) at practically all stages of the process of
domestication described in chapter III, particularly in the second half of the
nineteenth<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span>century.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin: 0in 29.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 111%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">276.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 111%;">Probably the most blatant case in point is
the United States federal Government’s taking of the Black Hills (in the
present•day state<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;"> </span>of</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>South Dakota) from the Sioux Nation during the
final quarter of the nineteenth </span>century.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">The lands which included the Black Hills had been
reserved for<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>the</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection50">
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0.1pt 7.65pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">indigenous nation under provisions of the 1868 Fort
Laramie<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;"> </span>Treaty.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span></span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">59<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">It<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>is</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 1pt 1.7pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">worth
noting that in the course of the litigation prompted by this action,<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>the</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 1.05pt 7.65pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Indian
Claims Commission declared </span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">60<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">that
“A more ripe and rank case<span style="letter-spacing: -2.8pt;"> </span>of</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin: 1pt 1.7pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">dishonorable dealing will never, in all
probability, be found in our history”, and that both the Court of Claims, in
1979, and the Supreme Court of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;"> </span>that</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.45pt; margin-right: 7.65pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">country </span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">61<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">decided that the United States
Government had<span style="letter-spacing: -3.05pt;"> </span>unconstitutionally</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 1.2pt 17.4pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">taken the Black Hills in violation of the United
States Constitution. However, United States legislation empowers Congress, as
the trustee over Indian lands, to dispose of the said property including its
transfer to the United<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>States<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>Government.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Since the return of lands improperly taken<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>by<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">federal Government is not within the province of
the courts but falls only within the authority of the Congress, the Supreme
Court limited itself to establishing a $17.5 million award (plus interest) for<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>Sioux.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The indigenous party, interested not in
money but in the recovery of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.7pt;"> </span>lands</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0.15pt 5.65pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">possessing a very special spiritual value for the
Sioux, has refused to accept the monies, which remain undistributed in the
United States Treasury, according to the information available to the Special<span style="letter-spacing: -1.7pt;"> </span>Rapporteur.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin: 0in 23.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 108%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">277.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 108%;">It is well known that fulfilment, in good faith, of legal
obligations that are not in contradiction with the Charter of the United<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;"> </span>Nations</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0.25pt 23.35pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">(Art. 2.2) is considered one of the tenets of
present•day positive international law and one of the most important principles
ruling international relations, being, as it is, a peremptory norm of general
international law<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>(<u style="text-underline: black;">jus<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>cogens</u>).<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Of course, article 26 of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>Vienna</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Convention on the Law of Treaties has enshrined the
principle of <u style="text-underline: black;">pacta sunt servanda </u>as the
cornerstone of the law of treaties, and mention has already been made above of
the importance of article 27 of that<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>Convention.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">278.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">It should also be borne in mind that the
draft United Nations declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples expresses
the same concept with<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>particular<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>emphasis.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
article 36, it establishes<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>“Indigenous</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">peoples have the right to the recognition, observance and
enforcement of treaties, agreements and other constructive arrangements
concluded with States or their successors, according to their original spirit
and intent, and to have States honour and respect such treaties, agreements and
other constructive<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>arrangements”.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">279.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">On the other hand, the unilateral termination of a treaty
or of any other international legally binding instrument, or the non-fulfilment
of the obligations contained in its provisions, has been and continues to be
unacceptable behaviour according to both the Law of Nations and more modern
international<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>law.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The same can be said with respect to the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>breaching<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>of</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">treaty<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>provisions.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>All these actions determine<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>international</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">responsibility
of the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>State<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>involved.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Many nations
went to war over<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>this<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>type</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">of conduct by other parties
to mutually agreed upon compacts during the period (from the sixteenth to the
late nineteenth century) when the colonial expansion of the European settlers
and their successors was at its<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>peak.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 17.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">280.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The Special Rapporteur has also concluded that a number of
current conflict situations concerning indigenous treaty/agreement issues have
to do with substantial differences in the construction of their provisions,<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>in</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>particular those relating to the object and purpose
of the compact in </span>question.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">A relevant case is that of the Treaty<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>Waitangi.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>Maaori</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">and Pakeha constructions of it differ in matters as
crucial as the alleged “transfers” of governance/sovereignty powers and “land
title” to<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>the</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection51">
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0.15pt 2.7pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">non-indigenous
settlers, as well as on the actual purpose of the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>compact</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>itself.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">A
well•known scholar </span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">62<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">has
described how the main British<span style="letter-spacing: -2.85pt;"> </span>negotiator,</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 1.2pt 18.35pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">having been instructed to secure British
sovereignty over Maaori lands in order to exercise exclusive control over them
so as to proceed with peaceful colonization, deliberately blurred the meaning
of the term “sovereignty” and hid from the Maaori parties the fact that the
cession they were agreeing to would ultimately mean a significant loss of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>Maaori<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">
</span>power.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Despite,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Maaori's
confident belief that the treaty had confirmed their right to property, even
the more important rights of <u style="text-underline: black;">rangatiratanga </u>would
ultimately have to give way to Crown<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>authority.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">281.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;">Account should be taken of the fact that indigenous practices<span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"> </span>of</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>treaty-making were totally oral in nature and there
were no written documents in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>this<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>process.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
addition, it was extremely difficult for<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>indigenous</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">parties to
follow all aspects of the negotiations fully through translators (who most
likely were not always perfectly accurate), not to mention the fine print in
the written version submitted to them, in an alien language, by the non-indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>negotiators.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Further, it was impossible for them,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>most</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">instances, to produce a written version of their
understanding of the rights and obligations established in the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span>instruments.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 30.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">282.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The Special Rapporteur considers it
important to stress that his research revealed that treaties, in particular,
concluded with indigenous nations, have frequently played a negative role with
respect to indigenous </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">rights.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">On many
occasions they have been intended - by<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>non-indigenous</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">side - to be used as tools to acquire “legitimate
title” to the indigenous lands by making the indigenous side formally
“extinguish” those and other rights<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>well.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
a document submitted personally by one<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>respected</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 2.7pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">indigenous chief, </span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">63<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">on
behalf of his nation, it is noted that treaties<span style="letter-spacing: -2.85pt;"> </span>on<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>occasion are used to force indigenous peoples to
bargain away their ancestral and treaty<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>rights.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 18.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">283.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Finally, considering the very limited data available to
him, at this final stage of the study, with respect to treaties between States
affecting indigenous peoples as third parties, the Special Rapporteur can offer
only the preliminary conclusion that, according to all the evidence, there is
no acceptance by the affected indigenous parties of the obligations included<span style="letter-spacing: -1.95pt;"> </span>in</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>the provisions,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span></span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">64</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection52">
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 1.2pt -0.3pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">nor any participation by them in the
implementation, of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span>such </span></span></span>treaties.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-column-break-before: always;" />
</span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.7pt; margin-left: 3.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection53">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 4.3pt 6.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">284.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Something must now be said with respect to the situation
of indigenous peoples who have never been formally recognized as nations by
means of negotiated formal international juridical instruments with
non-indigenous </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">States.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Particular attention should be paid to the issue of
whether<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span>or<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>not</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">they continue today to retain
their status as nations in the light of contemporary<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>international<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>law.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The key question to be posed in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>this<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>respect,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">in the view of the Special<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>Rapporteur,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>is:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>by what means could<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>they<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>possibly</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">have been legally deprived of such status, provided
their condition as nations was originally unequivocal and has not been
voluntarily<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>relinquished?</span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection54">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 4.3pt 12.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">285.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The Special Rapporteur is of the opinion
that to link the determination of the “original” legal status of indigenous
peoples as nations (in the contemporary sense of international law) or as
“non-nations” to the single factor of whether or not they have formalized
relations with non-indigenous colonizing powers,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>faulty.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Not only does it go against the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>tenets<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">
</span>of</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;">
</span><span style="line-height: 110%;">natural law, but it
is<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>also<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>illogical.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
fact that some of them<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>did<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>not</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">have juridical relations with the colonial powers - in
many cases, during the early stages of a colonizing project, simply because the
newcomers did not happen to cross their path - does not appear sufficient
reason to establish such a drastic differentiation between their rights and the
rights of those who<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>did.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin: 0in 72.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 108%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">286.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 108%;">It is important to recall that modern<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>non-indigenous law
long ago dispelled the theory<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>which advocated that the absence of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;"> </span>formal</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0.25pt 12.35pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">legal/political recognition by one sovereign entity
(or a group of them) could determine either the existence or the juridical
international status of </span>another.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">The theory was thrown out as an aberration
vis•à•vis<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>principles</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">of the sovereignty and equal
rights of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>all<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>States.<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>International<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>entities,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">unrecognized
by some members of the international community,<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>continue</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 6.35pt; tab-stops: 71.4pt 371.45pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">nevertheless to exercise
their attributes as subjects of international law and in doing so may entertain
relations with all other interested international </span>subjects.<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">All that is required for this is that the entities<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>possess<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">
</span>the</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">necessary elements to be considered<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>international<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>subjects:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>territory,
population, an institutionalized form of government and, thus, the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.95pt;"> </span>capacity<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>to
conclude international<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>agreements.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 18.4pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">287.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In addition, other non-juridical theories serving as the
basis for depriving indigenous peoples, in general, of their original
international status have also been discarded in the light of the new
perceptions and theoretical elaborations of modern<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>international<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>law.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>For<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>example,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">concept of <u style="text-underline: black;">terra nullius </u>was formally put to rest by the
International<span style="letter-spacing: -1.95pt;"> </span>Court</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.7pt; margin-right: 2.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">of Justice in its advisory opinion
in the <u style="text-underline: black;">Western Sahara </u>case, </span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">65<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">as well as<span style="letter-spacing: -3pt;"> </span>by</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 1.05pt 2.7pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">the
well-known 1992 <u style="text-underline: black;">Mabo v. Queensland </u>decision
</span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">66<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">handed
down by<span style="letter-spacing: -3.1pt;"> </span>Australia's</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 1pt 18.35pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">High<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>Court.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Further, the international community has
widely<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>repudiated<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">deprivation
of such a status by conquest and<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>armed<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>force.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>provisions<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>to</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;">
</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">that effect in the Charter of the
Organization of American States and in Article 2.4 of the Charter of the United
Nations prove that contemporary international law rejects the notion that force
and conquest may bestow rights.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 18.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">288.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Hence, the Special Rapporteur is of the opinion that
should those indigenous people who never entered into formal juridical
relations, via treaties or otherwise, with non-indigenous powers (as did other
indigenous peoples living in the same territory) wish to claim for themselves
juridical status also as nations, it must be presumed until proven otherwise that
they continue to enjoy<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>such<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>status.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Consequently,
the burden to<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>prove<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>otherwise</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">falls on the party
challenging their status<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>nations.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>any<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>possible</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">adjudication
of such an important issue, due attention should be given to an evaluation of
the merits of the juridical rationale advanced to support the argument that the
indigenous people in question have somehow lost their original<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>status.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection55">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 4.3pt 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">289.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Having presented, in the first part of this chapter, the
conclusions of this study, the Special Rapporteur will proceed to his final
recommendations. As was the case when drafting his conclusions, the Special
Rapporteur deems it necessary to recall certain general points of reference -
advanced at earlier stages of his work - that should now guide the formulation
of these recommendations.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">290.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The Special Rapporteur considers it useful to recall that,
according to his mandate, this study was not to be limited to an analysis of
past legal instruments and their contemporary significance, nor to a review of
whether or not they are being currently implemented, regardless of the value
that such a review might have for both the present and the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>future.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">291.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">If such an historical overview has been
given it is because the Special Rapporteur felt this would help to obtain a
well-informed foward•looking approach to the key issue, that is, the need to
evaluate the extent to which the conclusion of new treaties, agreements and
other constructive arrangements between indigenous populations and States may
contribute effectively to the development of more solid, lasting and equitable
bases for the relationships that will necessarily have to continue to exist
between indigenous populations and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>States.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">292.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">It should also be borne in mind that the Special
Rapporteur has identified the ultimate purpose of his mandate as offering
elements towards the achievement, on a practical level, of the maximum
promotion and protection possible, both in domestic and international law, of
the rights of indigenous populations and especially of their human rights and
fundamental freedoms, </span><span style="line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">67 </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">by means of creating new
juridical standards, negotiated and approved by all the interested parties, in
a process tending to contribute to the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>building</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>of mutual trust </span><span style="position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">68<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">based on good faith, mutual
understanding of the<span style="letter-spacing: -2.85pt;"> </span>other<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>parties' vital interests, and deep commitment from
all of them to respect the eventual results of the negotiations.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 107%; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">69</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.25pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">293.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">At this juncture, it is useful to reiterate a point noted
earlier in this chapter (para.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>257<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>above):<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>most
of the cases/situations reviewed<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>by<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Special Rapporteur are
either actual conflict situations by definition, or have the potential to erupt
into a conflict situation at any time and under the most unexpected<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>circumstances.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">294.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In this context, the need to encourage and nurture a
process of confidence-building can never<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>overemphasized.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It is a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>process<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>that</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">requires the taking of
positive steps as well as the avoidance of actions that would exacerbate
existing<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>conflictual<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>situations.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The first<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>recommendation<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>of</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">the Special Rapporteur has to do with this much needed<span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"> </span>process.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin: 0in 53.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 111%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">295.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 111%;">Steps such as the one taken years ago by the then Prime
Minister of Australia, Robert Hawke, recognizing the misdeeds committed by<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>the</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 11.35pt; tab-stops: 203.45pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">first settlers against the
Aborigines, the recent admission by the Vatican concerning certain aspects of
the role played by the Catholic Church at various stages of the colonization of
Latin America and the 1993 Apology Bill passed by the United States Congress
with respect to Hawaii are positive developments in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>direction.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Governments of those States should<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>be</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>encouraged to undertake effective follow-up to
those<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>initial<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>steps.<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>Other
Governments in similar circumstances are called upon to be bold enough to
undertake like steps in their specific societal<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span>context.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">296.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">By the same token, actions that predictably will aggravate
existing confrontational situations, or create new conflicts, should be
avoided, or should be the subject of an immediate <u style="text-underline: black;">sine<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>die<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span></u>moratorium.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Examples<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>what</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">should not be done, in the
view of the Special<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span>Rapporteur,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>abound:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>forced
evictions (as in the case of the Navajo nation in Arizona), the creation of
conditions of duress for indigenous peoples to induce them to accept conditions
for negotiating (among others, the case of the Lubicon Cree in Alberta), the
fragmentation of indigenous nations to pit them against each other (as in cases
in the North Island of Aotearoa/New Zealand), the ignoring and bypassing of the
traditional authorities by promoting new authorities under non-indigenous
regulations (as in a number of cases in<span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"> </span>the</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 5.35pt; tab-stops: 191.45pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">United States), the continuation of
“development projects” to the detriment of the indigenous habitat (as in the
case of the Bio-Bio River in Chile), attempts to launch major diversions to
redirect focus to individual rights as opposed to collective-communal rights
(as denounced by the Haudenosaunee Confederacy) and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>many<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>others.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>All such actions should be carefully<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>avoided.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 17.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">297.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">This approach is consistent with one of the key traits of
the original approach of the Special Rapporteur to what was to be the thrust of
his conclusions and recommendations, namely to contribute to fostering new
relationships based on mutual recognition, harmony and cooperation, instead of
an attitude of ignoring the other party, confrontation and<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>rejection.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin: 0in 47.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 111%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">298.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 111%;">Regarding recommendations to ascertain fully and channel
properly the recognized potential of treaties/agreements and other<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;"> </span>constructive</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 5.35pt; tab-stops: 131.45pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">arrangements, as well as of
treaty-making (again in its broadest sense), as elements for the regulation of
more positive and less antagonistic future relationships between indigenous
peoples and States, due account should be taken of two processes already addressed
by the Special Rapporteur in the course of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>work:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(i)
the history of treaty relations<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>between<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>indigenous</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">peoples
and States, especially the lessons to be drawn from an analysis of the process
of domestication in former European settler colonies (see chap. III above); and
(ii) the rationale behind ongoing negotiations and certain political processes
developing between States and indigenous peoples in various<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>countries.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">299.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">As far as the first of the two processes mentioned above
is concerned, the main lesson to be drawn from history concerns the problems of
treaty enforcement<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>implementation.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Special Rapporteur will offer a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>number<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>of</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">recommendations
on this key<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>issue.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">300.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">It is only too obvious that the problem in this area does
not lie in the lack of provisions but rather in the failure of the State party
to comply with those<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>provisions.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A case in point is that of the United
States,<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>country</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">with the largest number (approximately 400) of
acknowledged treaties concluded with indigenous nations, most of them forced
into oblivion by unilateral actions on the part of either the federal
authorities or the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.7pt;"> </span>Congress.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection57">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 4.3pt 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">301.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">History demonstrates the existence of a wide array of
means at the disposal of State bodies, including the judiciary, to disregard
unilaterally treaty provisions that place a burden on the State, a disregard
that goes hand in hand with the observance of provisions that are favourable to
the State party.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">302.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Regarding the rationale of present-day
negotiations and other political contacts between States and indigenous
peoples, two observations need to be </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">made.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">The
first has to do with what may be termed<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span>“non-negotiables”,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>for</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">example
the principle of extinguishment of so-called native title as a condition for
the settlement of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>claims.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It
remains to be<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>seen<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>to</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">what
extent the existence of such “non-negotiables” - if imposed by State
negotiators - compromises the validity not only of the agreements already
reached but also of those<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>come.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
free consent of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>peoples,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">essential
to make these compacts legally sound, may be seriously jeopardized by this
particularly effective form of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>duress.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">303.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The second observation concerns the issue of
“self-government” and “autonomy” offered in certain cases as a substitute for
the full exercise of ancestral rights relating to governance, which are now to<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>extinguished.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In order to avoid new problems in the
future, the Special Rapporteur feels the need to recommend that the possible
advantages and disadvantages of such regimes be carefully assessed by both
parties - but in particular by the indigenous side - in the light of the
history of treaty-making and treaty implementation and observance resulting
from past negotiations between indigenous nations and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>States.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">304.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">For the same reasons, it is especially
important to assess fully (or to reassess), from the same point of reference,
the relevance and potential utility of the quasi-juridical category of
“constructive arrangements” for indigenous peoples still deprived of any formal
and consensual relationship with the States in which they now happen to<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>live.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 35.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">305.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Regarding recommendations on yet another issue crucial to
the forward-looking aspects of this study, it must be noted that the Special
Rapporteur, at the beginning of his work, singled out three elements that
deserved investigation with respect to mechanisms of conflict<span style="letter-spacing: -1.95pt;"> </span>resolution.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 110%; margin-right: 17.35pt; tab-stops: 173.45pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Those three<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>elements<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>were:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(i) the actual capability of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>existing<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>mechanisms</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">to deal promptly and,
preferably, in a preventive manner with conflict situations; (ii) the
“sensitive issue” of national versus international jurisdiction; and (iii) the
manner in which the effective participation in these mechanisms of all parties
concerned - in particular that of indigenous peoples - is to be secured.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">70</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 17.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">306.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Earlier in the present report (para. 261) the Special
Rapporteur noted the generalized opinion that, in the light of the situation
endured by indigenous peoples today, the existing mechanisms, either
administrative or judicial, within non-indigenous spheres of government have
been incapable of solving their<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>difficult<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>predicament.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This forces him to advance a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> </span>number<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>of</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">recommendations on this<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>subject.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin: 0in 35.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 111%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">307.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 111%;">He first recommends the establishment within States with a
sizeable indigenous population of an entirely new, special jurisdiction to<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>deal</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>exclusively with indigenous issues, independent of
existing governmental (central or otherwise) structures, although financed by
public funds, that will gradually replace the existing
bureaucratic/administrative government branches now in charge of those<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>issues.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection58">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin: 0in 35.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 111%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">308.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 111%;">This special jurisdiction, in his view, should have four
distinct specialized branches (permanent and with adequate professional<span style="letter-spacing: -2pt;"> </span>staffing):</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 6.55pt 0in 76.2pt; text-indent: -35pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(i)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">an advisory conflict-resolution body to which all
disputes, including those relating to treaty implementation, arising between
indigenous peoples and non-indigenous individuals, entities and institutions
(including government institutions) should be mandatorily submitted, and which
should be empowered to encourage and conduct negotiations between the
interested parties and to issue the recommendations considered pertinent to
resolve the controversy;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 6.55pt 0in 76.2pt; text-indent: -41pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(ii)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">a body to draft, through negotiations with the indigenous
peoples </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">concerned:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">(a) new juridical bilateral,<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>consensual,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>legal</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">instruments with the indigenous peoples interested
and (b) new legislation and other proposals to be submitted to the proper
legislative and administrative government branches in order gradually to create
a new institutionalized legal order applicable to all indigenous issues and
that accords with the needs of indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>peoples;</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 24.65pt 0in 76.2pt; text-indent: -47pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(iii)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">a judicial collegiate body, to which all cases that after
a reasonable period of time have not been resolved through the recommendations
of the advisory body, should be mandatorily </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">submitted.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Such a body
should be empowered to<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>adjudicate<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>these</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">cases and
should be capable of making its final decisions enforceable by making use of
the coercive power of the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span>State;</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 111%; margin: 0in 24.65pt 0in 76.2pt; text-indent: -41pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 111%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(iv)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 111%;">an administrative branch in charge of all
logistical aspects of indigenous/non•indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>relations.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">309.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The Special Rapporteur is fully aware of
many of the obstacles that such an innovative, far-reaching approach<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>might<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>encounter.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To mention only<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>one,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>it</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">is not difficult to appreciate the many
vested interests that might be affected by the redundancy of the structures now
existing to deal with indigenous issues in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> </span>many<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>countries.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Only strong<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>political<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>determination,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">particularly on the part of the leadership
of the non-indigenous sector of the society, can make this<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>approach<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">
</span>viable.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>One other essential
element<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>also</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">clear:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">the effective participation of indigenous peoples -
preferably<span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"> </span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>a</span><span style="mso-font-width: 103%;">
</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">basis of equality with non-indigenous
people - in all four of the recommended branches is absolutely central to the
“philosophy” presiding over the Special Rapporteur's overall approach to this<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span>question.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">310.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">It is obvious that the above is a mere sketch of the new
institutionality<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>recommended.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Much lies ahead in terms of filling<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>its</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">quite<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>visible<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">
</span>lacunae.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>While the Special
Rapporteur does not lack<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>ideas<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>on</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">how to fill some of the
gaps, he has considered it wise to allow for the required fine-tuning to be
done at a later stage, around a negotiating<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;">
</span>table,</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>by the interested parties themselves in the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span>different<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>countries.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>way<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>in</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">which such a negotiation process is organized and
conducted may well be the true litmus test eventually of the merits of his
recommendation and of the viability of the structure proposed in a given
socio-political<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>context.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection59">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">311.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In advancing the recommendations set forth above, the
Special Rapporteur has benefited from the highly interesting ideas on the same
subject formulated in the final report (1996) of the Royal Commission on
Aboriginal Peoples established by the Government of Canada.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;">71</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">312.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">While it is generally held that contentious issues arising
from treaties or constructive arrangements involving indigenous peoples should
be discussed in the domestic realm, the international dimension of the treaty <u style="text-underline: black;">problematique </u>nevertheless warrants proper<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span>consideration.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">313.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">A crucial question relates to the desirability of an
international adjudication mechanism to handle claims or complaints from
indigenous peoples, in particular those arising from treaties and constructive
arrangements with an international<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>status.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">314.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The Special Rapporteur is quite familiar with the
reticence expressed time and again, by States towards the question of taking
these issues back to open discussion and decision-making by<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>international<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>forums.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>fact,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">
</span>he</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">might even agree with them that for certain issues (for
example, disputes not related to treaty implementation and observance) it would
be more productive to keep their review and decision exclusively within
domestic jurisdiction until this is completely<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;">
</span>exhausted.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 17.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">315.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">However, he is of the opinion that one should not dismiss
outright the notion of possible benefits to be reaped from the establishment of
an international body (for example, the proposed permanent forum of indigenous
peoples) that, under certain circumstances, might be empowered - with the
previous blanket acquiescence, or acquiescence on an ad hoc basis, of the State
concerned - to take charge of final decision in a dispute between the
indigenous peoples living within the borders of a modern State<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;"> </span>and</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.7pt; margin-right: 7.65pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">non-indigenous institutions,
including State<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;"> </span>institutions.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.55pt;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">316.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 9.5pt;">At any rate, the Special Rapporteur recommends that<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>a</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>United Nations-sponsored workshop be convened, at
the earliest possible date and within the framework of the International Decade
of the World's Indigenous People, to open an educated discussion on the
possible merits and demerits of the establishment of such an international<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span>body.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">317.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">One last point on<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>subject:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>with
the growing<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>international<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>concern</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">about all human rights and
related developments, one element appears very clear in the mind of the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>Special<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">
</span>Rapporteur:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the more effective<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>developed</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">the
national mechanisms for conflict resolution on indigenous issues are, the less
need there will be for establishing an international body for that </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">purpose.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">The
opposite is<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>also<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>true:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the
non-existence,<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>malfunctioning,</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 111%; margin-right: 7.65pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">anti-indigenous discriminatory approach or
ineffectiveness of those national institutions will provide more valid
arguments for international<span style="letter-spacing: -1.95pt;"> </span>options.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.45pt; margin-right: 7.65pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">This may be one of the strongest
arguments possible for the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>establishment</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span>(or strengthening) of proper, effective internal
channels for the implementation/observance of indigenous rights and conflict
resolution of indigenous-related<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>issues.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 17.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">318.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Another recommendation which it seems timely to address to
State institutions empowered to deal with indigenous issues is that, in the
decision-making process on issues of interest to indigenous peoples, they
should apply and construct (or continue to do so) the provisions of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>national</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>legislation and international standards and
instruments in the most favourable way for indigenous peoples, particularly, in
cases relating to treaty rights. In all cases of treaty/agreement/constructive
arrangement relationships, the interpretation of the indigenous party of the
provisions of those instruments should be accorded equal value with
non-indigenous interpretation of the same provisions.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">319.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The Special Rapporteur also recommends the
fullest possible implementation in good faith of the provisions of
treaties/agreements between indigenous peoples and States, where they exist,
from the perspective of seeking both justice<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>reconciliation.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In the event that the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> </span>very<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>existence</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">(or present•day validity) of a treaty
becomes a matter of dispute, a formal recognition of that instrument as a legal
point of reference in the State's relations with the peoples concerned would
contribute greatly to a process of confidence-building that may bring<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>substantial<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>benefits.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
this<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>context,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">completion of the ratification process of draft
treaties/agreements already fully negotiated with indigenous people is strongly
recommended by the Special Rapporteur.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.45pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">320.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">In the case of obligations established in bilateral or
multilateral treaties concluded by States - to which indigenous peoples are
third parties - that may affect those peoples, the Special Rapporteur
recommends that the State parties to such instruments seek the free and
educated acquiescence of the indigenous parties before attempting to enforce
those<span style="letter-spacing: -1.85pt;"> </span>obligations.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 35.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">321.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The Special Rapporteur further recommends State
authorities not to take up or continue to engage in development projects that
may impair the environment of indigenous lands and/or adversely affect their
traditional economic activities, religious ceremonies or cultural heritage,
without previously commissioning the appropriate ecological studies to
determine the actual negative impact those projects will<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>have.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 23.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">322.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Finally, in connection with the indigenous
affairs•related activities of the Office of the United Nations High
Commissioner for Human Rights, the Special Rapporteur<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>recommends:</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin: 0in 23.45pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 108%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 108%;">A substantial permanent increase in the staff assigned to
carry out such<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>activities;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.15pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The establishment, at the earliest possible date, of a
section within the United Nations Treaty Registry with responsibility for
locating, compiling, registering, numbering and publishing all treaties
concluded between indigenous peoples<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>States.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Due
attention should be given<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>this</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">endeavour to securing
access to the indigenous oral version of the instruments in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>question;</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection61">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 4.3pt 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">The convening, in the framework of the Programme of Action
for the International Decade of the World's Indigenous People and at the
earliest possible date, of three<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>workshops<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>on:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the
establishment of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> </span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>international</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 110%;">conflict-resolution
mechanism on indigenous issues; modalities for redressing the effects of the
historical process of land dispossession suffered by indigenous peoples; and
the implementation/observance of indigenous treaty rights;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(d)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 110%;">Promoting the creation of an Internet page exclusively
dedicated to indigenous issues and the United Nations activities relating to
indigenous interests.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 201.95pt 0in 203pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u style="text-underline: black;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Notes</span></u></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 10.6pt; margin: 3.75pt 29.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1986/7/Add.4
(also available as United Nations publication, Sales No.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>E.86.XIV.3).</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 17.4pt; text-indent: -12pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">Ibid., paras.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>388•392.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 10.6pt; margin: 0in 41.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1987/22, annex I (Recommendations to the
Sub•Commission), Recommendation<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>3.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 7.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">4.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1988/24/Add.1.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 7.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">5.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 7.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">6.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32, E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27 and<span style="letter-spacing: -2.05pt;"> </span>E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/23.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 7.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">7.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1988/24, Add.1, paras.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;">
</span>21•23.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 7.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">8.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33, paras. 92•93, 106•107, and<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;"> </span>110•114.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 17.45pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32,
para.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>169.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 23.4pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 23.45pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1988/24/Add.1,
para. 12; E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33, para.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.95pt;"> </span>92.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 10.6pt; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33, paras. 95•100; for implementation,
see E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>paras.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>48•129.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It
must be mentioned that<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>language</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">barrier made it impossible for the Special Rapporteur to review the
scanty information available to him in the case of the indigenous peoples of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;"> </span>Siberia.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 23.4pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 23.45pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32,
para.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>326.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 7.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">13.1155 United Nations, <u style="text-underline: black;">Treaty Series</u>,
vol. 1155, No. 331, article 2 1<span style="letter-spacing: -1.8pt;"> </span>(a).</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 23.45pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32,
para.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>332.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 23.4pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 23.45pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">15.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27,
paras. 288,<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>293.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></span></span></span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection62">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 23.4pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 23.45pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">16.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27,
para.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>314.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 23.4pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 23.45pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">17.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32, paras.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>367•370.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 10.6pt; margin: 0in 23.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">18.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">These<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>were:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the
1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, the 1713 Treaty<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>Utrecht,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">the 1751 Border Treaty between Sweden/Finland and
Norway/Denmark, the 1763 Treaty of Paris, the 1794 Jay Treaty, the 1819
Adam-Onis Treaty,<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;"> </span>the</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.6pt; margin-right: 59.55pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">1848 Treaty of Guadelupe-Hidalgo,
the 1867 Purchase of Alaska, the 1916 Migratory Birds Convention and the 1989 ILO
Convention (No. 169) concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent
Countries (see E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32, paras.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;">
</span>363-390).</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 10.6pt; margin: 0in 17.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">19.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">Further
review of issues relating to this type of consensual compact will be made in
chapter II.B of this<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>report.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 23.4pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 23.45pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">20.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, paras.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>140•171.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.6pt; margin-right: 11.35pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 305.45pt 401.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">21.<u style="text-underline: black;">E.g. </u>Sharon Venne, “Understanding<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>Treaty<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">
</span>Six:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>perspective”,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"> </span>in</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;">
</span><u style="text-underline: black;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Aboriginal
and Treaty Rights in Canada </span></u><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">(M.
Asch<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>Ed.)<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>(Vancouver:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>University
of British Columbia Press, 1996), pp. 173-204; Treaty Seven Elders and Tribal
Council, <u style="text-underline: black;">The Original Spirit and Intent of
Treaty Seven</u>, Montreal and Kingston, McGill-Queen’s University Press,<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>1996.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 10.6pt; margin: 0in 23.4pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">22.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33, para.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>98;<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>for<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>implementation,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>see</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">
</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>paras.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>48•129.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Compare also <u style="text-underline: black;">infra</u>,
chapter II<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>below.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 23.4pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 23.45pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">23.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">E/CN.4/1995/27,
para.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> </span>126.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 23.4pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 23.45pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">24.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27,
para.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>116.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 210%; margin: 0in 149.4pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 210%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">25.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 210%;">Sub•Commission resolution 1994/4 of 19 August 1994.
26.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, paras. 116,<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>128.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 10.7pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 23.45pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">27.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27,
para.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>307.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 10.6pt; margin: 0in 5.45pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">28.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><u style="text-underline: black;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">Study of the Problem of Discrimination Against Indigenous
Populations</span></u><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">, vol. </span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">V:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">“Conclusions,
proposals and<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>recommendations”,</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0.5pt 7.65pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">document
E/CN.4/Sub.2/1986/7/Add.4, paras.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span>388•392.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 10.6pt; margin: 0in 5.45pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">29.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">It should
be noted, however, that the Special Rapporteur has from the beginning
repeatedly deplored (see for example, E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, para. 32.), the
very limited response to his questionnaire from indigenous
nations/organizations, a situation which improved considerably after 1995 as a
result of the efforts by some organizations, such as the International Indian
Treaty<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>Council.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In addition, he has also had to contend
with<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>widespread</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">lack of response from
Governments concerned to their version of the </span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">questionnaire.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Of the very few replies received, some were of<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>merely</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">general or formal nature, with little<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span>substance.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 7.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">30.Cf. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32, para.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>392.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 23.4pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 23.45pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">31.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33,
para.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>89.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></span></span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection63">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 23.4pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 23.45pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">32.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32,
paras. 32,<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>40.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 7.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">33.Cf. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, para.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>336.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 23.45pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">34.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27,
para.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>133.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 10.6pt; margin: 0in 23.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">35.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">He had nevertheless identified a small number of documents
relating to situations in South America which “date back to early republican
days in at least two countries”; see E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33, paras.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.7pt;"> </span>103•104.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 10.6pt; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">36.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/23, paras. 145•170. In February 1998,
Mapuche authorities in their lands in the present•day Chilean province of
Cautín solemnly submitted copious documentation relating to a number of those <u style="text-underline: black;">parlamentos </u>to the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>Special<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>Rapporteur.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Until June 1998, only an initial review<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>that</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">documentation had been<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>possible.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 10.65pt; margin-left: 23.4pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 23.45pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">37.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32, paras. 138•139; see also
E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27,<span style="letter-spacing: -2.05pt;"> </span>para.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.65pt; margin-right: 7.65pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">130.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 7.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">38.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, paras. 176•201, 202•237 and<span style="letter-spacing: -1.7pt;"> </span>238•249.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 7.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">39.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/23, paras. 27•79, 81•115 and<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>145•170.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.6pt; margin-right: 17.4pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 389.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">40.E.g. Sébastien
Grammond, <u style="text-underline: black;">Les traités entre l'Etat canadien et
les peuples autochtones</u>, Cowansville, Québec, Editions Yvon<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span>Blais,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">
</span>1995;<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Francis<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>P.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Prucha, <u style="text-underline: black;">American Indian Treaties, The History of a
Political Anomaly</u>, Berkeley, University of California Press,<span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span>1994.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.6pt; margin-right: 7.65pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">41.<u style="text-underline: black;">Report
of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples</u>, vol. 2, “Restructuring the
Relationship”, Part One, Recommendation 2.2.2, Ottawa, Minister of Supply and
Services, 1996, p.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>49.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 7.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">42.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, paras. 130•311; E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/23, paras.<span style="letter-spacing: -2.2pt;"> </span>27•209.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 23.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 23.45pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">43.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33,
para.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>96.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 23.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 23.45pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">44.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32,
para.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>347.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 23.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 23.45pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">45.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/23, paras.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>171•196.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 23.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 23.45pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">46.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/23, paras. 117•125 and<span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"> </span>126•144.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 7.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">47.Cf. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32, para.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>338.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 10.6pt; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">48.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/23,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>paras.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>85•115.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
the view of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>Special</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">Rapporteur, the fact that a non•State negotiator (the Canadian province
of Québec) later became a “party” to this instrument cannot be construed as
depriving it of its basic<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>international<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>standing.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>On
the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>other<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>hand,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">
</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">indigenous parties to it had never ceded
their sovereign attributes before the existence of this Convention, and their
participation in this treaty•making process cannot and should not be considered
as an action depriving them of such attributes and original<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>status.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></span></span></span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection64">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 10.6pt; margin: 0in 17.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">49.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">By the same token, the Special Rapporteur wishes to
correct an error of generalization he made in paragraph 87 of his third
progress report (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/23), regarding the Déné and Métis of the
Mackenzie Valley (Northwest<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> </span>Territories).</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 23.4pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 23.45pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">50.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32,
para.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>359.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 7.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">51.Cf. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, para.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>225.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 10.6pt; margin-right: 7.65pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">52.Commission on Human Rights
resolution 1988/56, para. 2, and Economic and Social Council decision<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>1988/134.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 7.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">53.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1988/24/Add.1.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 10.6pt; margin: 0in 35.4pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">54.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">Pontificio Consejo “Justicia y Paz”, <u style="text-underline: black;">Para una Mejor Distribución de la </u></span><u style="text-underline: black;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">Tierra:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">El reto de la reforma agraria</span></span></u><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">, Libreria<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span>Editrice<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>Vaticana,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">Vatican City, 1997, para.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> </span>55.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 210%; margin: 0in 101.4pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 210%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">55.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 210%;">Sub•Commission resolution 1994/45 of 26 August 1994, annex. 56.See
article 1 of the draft<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>declaration.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 97%; margin: 0.1pt 11.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 97%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">57.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 97%;">Vienna Declaration and
Programme of Action adopted by the World Conference on Human Rights on 25 June
1993 (A/CONF.157/23), Part II, para.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>31.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 23.4pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 23.45pt 203.45pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">58.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">Article 4
of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>Convention.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>See note
13<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>above.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 7.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">59.U.S. Stat. 635<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>(1868).</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 7.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">60.207 Ct. Cl. at 241, 518 F.2d at 1302<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;">
</span>(1975).</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 23.45pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">61.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><u style="text-underline: black;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians</span></u><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">, 448
U.S. 371<span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"> </span>(1980).</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 10.6pt; margin: 0in 23.4pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">62.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">Claudia
Orange, <u style="text-underline: black;">The Treaty of Waitangi</u>, Allen &
Unwin, Wellington, 1987, pp. 32-33 and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>122.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 10.6pt; margin: 0in 47.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">63.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">Chief
Oren Lyons of the<span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"> </span>Haudenosaunee<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>Confederacy.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>document<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>was</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">submitted
personally to the Special Rapporteur in February<span style="letter-spacing: -1.65pt;"> </span>1998.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 10.6pt; margin: 0in 5.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">64.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">Article
35 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties makes such an acceptance
indispensable for an obligation to be established for third parties to any<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>treaty.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 10.6pt; margin: 0in 11.55pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">65.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><u style="text-underline: black;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">Western Sahara, Advisory Opinion of 16<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span>October<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">
</span>1975:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I.C.J.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>Reports<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">
</span>1975</span></u><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">p.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>12.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 7.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">66.175 C.L.R. 1<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>(1992).</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 23.45pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">67.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1988/24/Add.1,
para. 10, and E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33, para.<span style="letter-spacing: -2.05pt;"> </span>71.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 23.4pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 23.45pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">68.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1988/24/Add.1,
para.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>14.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></span></span></span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 23.4pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 23.45pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">69.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33,
para.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"> </span>85.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 23.4pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 23.45pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">70.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33,
para.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"> </span>118.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 10.6pt; margin: 0in 13.35pt 0in 5.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">71.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><u style="text-underline: black;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">Report of the Royal
Commission on Aboriginal Peoples</span></u><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">, vol. 2, “Restructuring the relationship”, Part One, Ottawa, Minister of
Supply and Services,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>1996.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 207pt 0in 224.05pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">•••••</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
chantlacahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15255116987351106636noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6069514271337748470.post-7705736047410652932019-10-03T06:27:00.001-07:002022-11-16T10:55:39.048-08:00TONATIERRA: Carta al Consul General de Mexico - Phoenix, AZ<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="mailto:tonal@tonatierra.org"><span style="color: black;"></span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDdKv8JxqLnp79lE6p0o202AEcK9JsQzuLYp_qJy9Brcr8axEo1ZhVR9bpXkxEr7YgakyW-eRtwPR8R8cs3SjLtoJpp4KHjBZZyDmCCQzHRvz4snOr70bRJMF2p8KnEgmRJtFmijqnz60/s1600/TONAL.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1551" data-original-width="1600" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDdKv8JxqLnp79lE6p0o202AEcK9JsQzuLYp_qJy9Brcr8axEo1ZhVR9bpXkxEr7YgakyW-eRtwPR8R8cs3SjLtoJpp4KHjBZZyDmCCQzHRvz4snOr70bRJMF2p8KnEgmRJtFmijqnz60/s320/TONAL.jpg" width="320" /></a><b><span face=""papyrus" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 20pt; letter-spacing: 2pt;">TONATIERRA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span face=""papyrus" , sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Community Development Institute</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span face=""papyrus" , sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">PO Box 24009</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span face=""papyrus" , sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Phoenix, AZ 85074</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.tonatierra.org/"><span face=""papyrus" , sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">www.tonatierra.org</span></a><span face=""papyrus" , sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="mailto:tonal@tonatierra.org"><span face=""papyrus" , sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">tonal@tonatierra.org</span></a><span face=""papyrus" , sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073732485 9 0 511 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Papyrus;
panose-1:2 11 6 2 4 2 0 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612609 1073750107 0 0 403 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:auto;
mso-font-signature:0 0 0 0 0 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:#0563C1;
mso-themecolor:hyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:#954F72;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">26 de Septiembre de 2019</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">Cónsul General de México en Phoenix,</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">Sr. Jorge Mendoza Yescas</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">302 N. McDowell</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">Phoenix, Arizona 85004</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">Estimado Señor Cónsul,</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">Con la intención de avanzar un proceso de
seguimiento efectivo y responsable con su oficina y el gobierno de México en la
defensa de los <b>Derechos Civiles</b> - <b>Derechos Humanos</b> - <b>Derechos
Indígenas</b> y la protección de la <b>Madre Tierra</b> en los territorios de
nuestros <b>Pueblos Originales</b> referenciadas en el <b>Tratado de Guadalupe
Hidalgo</b> (1848), señalamos como referentes históricos lo siguiente:</span><b><span lang="ES" style="color: black;"> </span></b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">Contexto</span></b><span lang="ES" style="color: black;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">La ratificación del <b>Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo</b>
entre los gobiernos de México-EE. UU. en 1848 <b>precede por veinte años</b> la
ratificación de la <b>14ª Enmienda</b> a la Constitución de Estados Unidos
(1868) por la cual los derechos de la ciudadanía y nacionalidad estadounidense
se reconocieron por primera vez en la historia legal de Estados Unidos para
individuales “<b>no blancos</b>".</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">Los artículos 8 y 9 del Tratado de Guadalupe
Hidalgo (México-EE. UU. 1848) hacen referencia a los Mexicanos “<b>establecidos”</b>
y “<b>no establecidos</b>” en los territorios cedidos a los Estados Unidos en
el contexto de derechos y obligaciones de nacionalidad y ciudadanía en el
territorio. No aparece ninguna mención
de los derechos del los <b>Pueblos Originales</b> en el tratado, salvo de ser
objetos de campanas militares de al servicio de los gobiernos de las dos
republicas contra las “<b>tribus salvajes</b>”.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">La constitución vigente de la Republica de México
en 1848 era la <b>Constitución de 1824</b>, que </span>no contempló
expresamente los derechos ciudadanos. En la Constitución de 1824, el derecho de
igualdad de los ciudadanos Mexicanos quedó restringido por la permanencia del
fuero militar y eclesiástico. Típico de los “<b>Estados Criollos</b>” de Latino
América, el reclamo territorial de la “independiente” republica en la
Constitución de 1824 fue basado en las <b>Bulas Alejandrinas</b> del Virreinato
de Nueva España. No existe ninguna mención del los Pueblos Indígenas de México,
mucho menos sus derechos colectivos<b>. </b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Clarificaciones:</b> </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">En consideración de lo anterior, y
reevaluando la <b>personalidad internacional</b> colectivo de los <b>Pueblos Originales
y Constituyentes Mexicanos</b> al norte de la frontera actual entre México y
EE.UU., quienes desde 1848 hemos tenido que enfrentar el racismo institucional
de la sociedad Anglo-Americana y sus políticas de persecución racial como la <b>AZ
SB1070</b> en Arizona, exigimos el reconocimiento oficial del gobierno Mexicano
de nuestros <b>Pueblos Originales</b> en los <b>Territorios del Tratado de
Guadalupe Hidalgo</b> en cumplimento de su deber como gobierno de mantener la <b>Paz
entre Pueblos</b> con los criterios siguientes:<br /><br />Iniciando con la repuesta definitiva del
gobierno de México a esta pregunta:<span lang="ES"> </span></span></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES">¿Con cual
justificación el gobierno mexicano de 1848 presumió negociar por los <b>derechos
territoriales</b> y <b>derechos humanos</b> de los <b>Pueblos Indígenas</b> del
territorio que nunca dieron su consentimiento a tal acuerdo de representación
en las negociaciones del Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo?</span><b><span lang="ES" style="color: black;"> </span></b></span></span></blockquote>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">Derechos Civiles</span></b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span lang="ES" style="color: black;"> </span></b><span lang="ES" style="color: black;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">Al adoptar la 14ª Enmienda a la Constitución de los
EE.UU (1868), el principio de <b>debido proceso</b> establece que no es
permitido cualquier forma de <b>discriminación</b> por parte de las instituciones
publicas, como son las escuelas, la salud publica, la policía, el departamento
de inmigración, o las cortes en todo nivel.</span><b><span lang="ES" style="color: black;"> </span></b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span lang="ES" style="color: black;"> </span></b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">Derechos Humanos</span></b><span lang="ES" style="color: black;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">El articulo 23 de la <b>Declaración Universal de
Derechos Humanos</b> establece que: “<i>Toda persona tiene derecho al trabajo</i>...”
pero la situación actual que vivimos en la comunidad es que el derecho a
trabajar por el bienestar de nuestras familias y comunidades se ha
criminalizado con un régimen de legalidad que limita el acceso de “empleo” a
favor de intereses económicos que abusan de nuestra labor.</span><b><span lang="ES" style="color: black;"> </span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span lang="ES" style="color: black;"> </span></b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">Derechos Indígenas</span></b><span lang="ES" style="color: black;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">Con la adopción de la <b>Declaración sobre Derechos
de Pueblos Indígenas</b> de las Naciones Unidas (2007), el reconocimiento del
derecho de <b>Libre Determinación</b> de los <b>Pueblos Indígenas</b>, sin
discriminación y <i>en igualdad con todos los demás pueblos</i> del mundo queda
establecida como norma y principio de una nueva relación entre los estados y
los <b>Pueblos Originales</b>.</span><b><span lang="ES" style="color: black;"> </span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">Defensa del la
Integridad Territorial de la Madre Tierra</span></b><span lang="ES" style="color: black;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">No hay derecho sin obligación. Como <b>Pueblos
Originales</b> de la Madre Tierra, responsables para el bien estar de nuestras
naciones con la naturaleza atreves de las generaciones pasadas y venideras,
exigimos el reconocimiento, respeto, y mecanismos efectivos para la defensa de
la <b>Integridad Territorial de la Madre Tierra</b>.</span><b><span lang="ES" style="color: black;"> </span></b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">Ayotzinapa</span></b><span lang="ES" style="color: black;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">Agradecemos nos haya recibido la semana pasada en
nuestra visita con el motivo del Quinto Aniversario de la <b>Desaparición
Forzada</b> de los <b>43 estudiantes de Ayotzinapa.</b> Como bien se sabe
tenemos 5 años protestando afuera de las instalaciones del consulado para que se tenga bien claro que aquí
en Phoenix no se nos olvidan nuestros familiares de padres y madres de
Ayotzinapa.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">A pesar de los esfuerzos de transparencia y
apertura por parte de la nueva administración, nos preocupa la lentitud de la
investigación y que <b>no haya una meta fija</b> para dar con el paradero de los
estudiantes. Nos preocupa porque todos sabemos que elementos del ejercito saben
donde están, elementos de la policía saben donde están, el narcotráfico sabe
donde están. Y sin embargo sigue la búsqueda inútil para aparentar avances por
la maraña sistemática de los diferentes intereses: Los intereses de los tres
niveles del gobierno y la colusión con el narco estado en que se encuentra el
país mexicano.</span><b><span lang="ES" style="color: black;"> </span></b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">Plan Mérida</span></b><span lang="ES" style="color: black;"> <b>México</b></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;"><b> </b> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">La continuación del <b>Plan Mérida</b> en una
colusión abierta para canalizar recursos en la guerra contra el narco que en
realidad se convierte en entrenamiento y armamento para los diferentes carteles
que bien sabemos se han beneficiado de los elementos del ejercito que están
bajo la nomina de los carteles y que en muchas ocasiones a través del mismo
Plan Mérida tienen mejor armamento y entrenamiento que las mismas instituciones
encargadas de combatir el narcotráfico.</span><b><span lang="ES" style="color: black;"> </span></b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">TMEC y el Derecho de Consentimiento
Libre, Previo e Informado</span></b><span lang="ES" style="color: black;"> </span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">La violación sistemática del derecho de <b>Consentimiento
Libre, Previo e Informado</b> en los megaproyectos como el <b>Tren Maya</b> y
el <b>Tren Transístmico</b> como es estipulado en <b>Declaración de Derechos de
los Pueblos Indígenas</b> de Naciones Unidas (2007), igual como se presenta en
el caso del <b>Acueducto Independencia</b> en Sonora con el robo del <b>Rio
Yaqui</b>, hace imposible la ratificación legitima del acuerdo <b>TMEC</b>
(USMCA) en el congreso de los Estados Unidos. La consulta fabricada no es el
consentimiento.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black;">Finalmente, le recordamos del entregue a su persona
del cartucho recogido por nuestra organización TONATIERRA, al participar en la <b>Comisión
de Solidaridad Continental Indígena</b> los días enero 22-26, 1994 en Chiapas, México. El cartucho fue recogido en los redores de la
Cueva del Coyote cercas de la aldea San Antonio de los Baños, en los Altos de
San Cristóbal de las Casas. Igual como habíamos exigido al <b>Consulado de
México</b> in Washington, D.C. el 11 de febrero de 1994, esperamos que su
gobierno identifica la fuente del financiamiento y origen material de este
armamento militar, preguntando como es posible que, por el <b>Plan Mérida</b>
actual de 2019, las mismas fuentes son cómplices con la <b>Desaparición Forzada</b>
de los <b>43 estudiantes</b> de <b>Ayotzinapa</b>, entre miles mas
desaparecidos y muertes como el ejemplo emblemático de <b>Samir Flores
Soberanes</b> de Amilcingo, Morelos.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black;">Agradecemos su atención y aquí le envío los correos
electrónicos donde se puede comunicar con nuestra organización su confirmación
de haber recibido este comunicado y su respuesta a las interrogaciones aquí
presentados.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black;">Tupac Enrique Acosta</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black;">Salvador Reza</span> </span></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-size: large;">Sylvia Herrera</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNGHJaBqtLAHPTC7cGwWRiPxE5MQoWWMa41PBCuz6rRNtBtrj4dQQj53HrVWbYgK1dpO7pL2iY9YgQbpYBqML3dcdLUjBSweDz2-58lU13s5p0B2NCkEa5f8g1EQNTSw1YEkDgkmo_4IY/s1600/fullsizeoutput_5218.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1508" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNGHJaBqtLAHPTC7cGwWRiPxE5MQoWWMa41PBCuz6rRNtBtrj4dQQj53HrVWbYgK1dpO7pL2iY9YgQbpYBqML3dcdLUjBSweDz2-58lU13s5p0B2NCkEa5f8g1EQNTSw1YEkDgkmo_4IY/s400/fullsizeoutput_5218.jpeg" width="376" /></a></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span> </span></div>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073732485 9 0 511 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Papyrus;
panose-1:2 11 6 2 4 2 0 2 3 3;
mso-font-charset:77;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612609 1073750107 0 0 403 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Times New Roman \(Body CS\)";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:auto;
mso-font-signature:0 0 0 0 0 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Georgia;
panose-1:2 4 5 2 5 4 5 2 3 3;
mso-font-alt:Georgia;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:#0563C1;
mso-themecolor:hyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:#954F72;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style></div>
chantlacahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15255116987351106636noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6069514271337748470.post-38071972560728731852019-09-16T21:33:00.003-07:002019-09-18T07:34:54.639-07:00TONATIERRA: USMCA and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="WordSection1">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.2pt;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDdKv8JxqLnp79lE6p0o202AEcK9JsQzuLYp_qJy9Brcr8axEo1ZhVR9bpXkxEr7YgakyW-eRtwPR8R8cs3SjLtoJpp4KHjBZZyDmCCQzHRvz4snOr70bRJMF2p8KnEgmRJtFmijqnz60/s1600/TONAL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1551" data-original-width="1600" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDdKv8JxqLnp79lE6p0o202AEcK9JsQzuLYp_qJy9Brcr8axEo1ZhVR9bpXkxEr7YgakyW-eRtwPR8R8cs3SjLtoJpp4KHjBZZyDmCCQzHRvz4snOr70bRJMF2p8KnEgmRJtFmijqnz60/s200/TONAL.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: "papyrus" , sans-serif; font-size: 27.5pt;">TONATIERRA</span><span style="font-family: "papyrus" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 103%;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: "papyrus" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 103%;">Community
Development Institute</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: "papyrus" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 103%;">PO Box 24009</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: "papyrus" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 103%;">Phoenix,
AZ 85074</span><span style="font-family: "papyrus" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 103%; text-decoration: none;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;"><a href="http://www.tonatierra.org/"><span style="font-family: "papyrus" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 103%; text-decoration: none;">www.tonatierra.org</span></a></span></div>
<div class="WordSection2">
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">September 13, 2019</span></span><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></b><br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">USMCA Working Group, US House of Representatives</span></span></b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Speaker of the House, Reps. Nancy Pelosi (D-Cal)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Reps. Richard Neal (D-MA), Chairman</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Reps. Earl Blumenauer (D-Ore.)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Reps. Dan Schakowsky (D-Ill.)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Reps. Jimmy Gomez (D-Calif.)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Reps. Mike Thompson (D-Calif.)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Reps. Suzanne Bonamici (D-Ore.)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Reps. John Larson (D-Conn.)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Reps. Terri Sewell (D-Ala.)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Reps. DeLauro (D-Conn.)</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Good greetings.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Today, <b>September 13, 2019</b>, marks the 12th anniversary of the
<a href="https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/declaration-on-the-rights-of-indigenous-peoples.html"><b>United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</b></a> (<b>UNDRIP</b>). Upon
review of the public record of debate concerning the <b>Human Rights</b> of <b>Indigenous
Peoples</b> in the context of the proposed <a href="https://redabyayala.blogspot.com/2018/10/trade-agreements.html"><b>US-Mexico-Canada Agreement</b></a> (<b>USMCA</b>), the systemic
disregard for the territorial rights and human rights of Indigenous Peoples is
blatantly discriminatory, unacceptable and must be addressed before the
agreement is put to vote before the House of Representatives.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Specifically, we call today for a full <b>public hearing</b> before
the appropriate committees and/or Working Group formations of the US Congress
for the purpose of informing the US congressional representatives on the Right
of Indigenous Peoples to <b>Free, Prior, and Informed Consent</b> (<b>FPIC</b>) regarding
projects which impact their collective rights. Such a public hearing must be
realized before the USMCA is approved.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The USMCA has been promoted as a necessary
"update" of the 1994 <b>North American Free Trade Agreement</b> (<b>NAFTA</b>). In
distinction from NAFTA which was adopted in 1994 thirteen years before adoption
of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, the signatories of
USMCA must comply with the <b>minimum standards</b> of <b>FPIC</b> or the corporate consortia
investing in any development project in <b>violation of FPIC</b> will immediately
become <b>financially liable</b> and exposed to the risk of<b> legal challenges</b> and
<b>financial penalties</b> that must be presented before their constituencies (states)
and shareholders (corporations).</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">This principle is now well established, having been the
subject of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_softwood_lumber_dispute"><b>Soft Woods Lumber Dispute</b></a> (1982) between the US and Canada which
acknowledged the proprietary rights of Indigenous Peoples over territories and
resources in the international trade tribunals. Recognizing this fact, the
World Bank has restructured its procedures, protocols and practices regarding
Indigenous Peoples and the right of Free, Prior, and Informed Consent under the
Environmental and <a href="http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/837721522762050108/Environmental-and-Social-Framework.pdf#page=89&zoom=80"><b>Social Standard 7</b></a> to shield its interests.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">There can be no approval of USMCA without recognition,
respect, and effective mechanisms for the <b>equal protection</b> of the internationally
recognized Human Rights of Indigenous Peoples in the trade zone encompassing
the three countries, specifically the right of Free, Prior, and Informed
Consent (FPIC). Consultation is not consent.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Without the full and effective participation of Indigenous
Peoples, as Peoples equal to all other peoples, there can be no legitimate
approval of the USMCA.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">“The Indigenous peoples of the Americas possess the
underlying and inalienable title to their lands. Failure by settler governments
to recognize that title within USMCA is a violation of Indigenous rights and
the principle of “free, prior and informed consent” enshrined in the United
Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. As a legal violation
that infringes on the property rights of Indigenous peoples, this failure by
settler governments creates a massive risk to the financial interests that rely
on the tripartite agreement. Businesses cannot hide behind USMCA and disregard
the rights of Indigenous peoples. Every investor, every corporation, every
entity with a financial interest that crosses the borders between Mexico, the
United States and Canada, must account for this risk when they operate on
Indigenous lands. Failure to account for the risks associated with Indigenous
title will result in faulty, and possibly fraudulent, valuations.”</span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Dr. DT Cochrane, Economist</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">With representation of Indigenous Peoples from
Mexico-US-Canada organized under the <a href="http://www.firstnations.de/media/07-indigenous-rights.pdf"><b>Indigenous Network on Economies and Trade</b></a>
(INET), we offer to engage with willing members of Congress to bring such a
proposed hearing to effect.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Please contact me at your earliest convenience to clarify
the position of the <b>USMCA Working Group</b> regarding the issues we have raised in
this intervention.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Tupac Enrique Acosta</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">TONATIERRA</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">chantlaca@tonatierra.org</span></span></div>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073732485 9 0 511 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9-xhXN87Fvd5EYr0Q3BoN1xIHsjAueGCjH4Pm4Si8RGYWZNexIT0PlU-xfrlnsP5ucZdnYHNrcRiNit6jxuatPPCQd4H_G1mCcSLwgWkYPwihJcIT5fC9Lph6IsJE-nd4Qossmn3IZRk/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-09-24+at+7.50.50+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="454" data-original-width="490" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9-xhXN87Fvd5EYr0Q3BoN1xIHsjAueGCjH4Pm4Si8RGYWZNexIT0PlU-xfrlnsP5ucZdnYHNrcRiNit6jxuatPPCQd4H_G1mCcSLwgWkYPwihJcIT5fC9Lph6IsJE-nd4Qossmn3IZRk/s320/Screen+Shot+2015-09-24+at+7.50.50+PM.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 101.7pt; margin-right: 102.35pt; margin-top: 4.05pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Free Prior and Informed Consent FPIC</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="margin: 15.9pt 5.7pt 0in 5.1pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">All<span style="letter-spacing: -.85pt;"> </span>Peoples<span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span>have<span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.85pt;"> </span>right<span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span><b>self-determination</b>.<span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span>It<span style="letter-spacing: -.85pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span>fundamental
principle in international law, embodied in the <b>Charter of the United Nations
</b>and the <b>International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</b> and the
I<b>nternational Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>Rights</b>.</span></span></h1>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.1pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt 5.6pt 0in 5.1pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The standard, <b>Free, Prior
and Informed Consent</b> (<b>FPIC</b>), as well as Indigenous Peoples’ rights to lands,
territories and natural resources are embedded within the universal right to<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>self-determination. The normative
framework for FPIC consists of a series of international legal instruments
including the <b>United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</b>
(UNDRIP), the <b>International Labour Organization Convention<span style="letter-spacing: -2.65pt;"> </span>169</b> (<b>ILO 169</b>), and the <b>Convention on
Biological Diversity </b>(<b>CBD</b>), among many others.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 5.6pt 0in 5.1pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">FPIC is a specific right
that pertains to Indigenous Peoples and is recognized in the UNDRIP. It allows
them to give or withhold consent to a project that may affect them or their
territories. Once they have given their consent, they can withdraw it at any
stage. Furthermore,<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>FPIC<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>enables<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">
</span>them<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>negotiate<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>conditions<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>under which the project will be designed, implemented,
monitored and evaluated.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 101.7pt; margin-right: 102.3pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Consultation is not consent.</span></span></span></b></div>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Georgia;
panose-1:2 4 5 2 5 4 5 2 3 3;
mso-font-alt:Georgia;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Papyrus;
panose-1:2 11 6 2 4 2 0 2 3 3;
mso-font-alt:Papyrus;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612609 1073750107 0 0 403 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:none;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Georgia",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Georgia;
mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia;}
h1
{mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-link:"Heading 1 Char";
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:5.6pt;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:5.1pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:justify;
mso-pagination:none;
mso-outline-level:1;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:16.0pt;
font-family:"Georgia",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Georgia;
mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia;
mso-font-kerning:0pt;
font-weight:normal;}
p.MsoBodyText, li.MsoBodyText, div.MsoBodyText
{mso-style-priority:1;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-link:"Body Text Char";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:none;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Georgia",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Georgia;
mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia;}
span.Heading1Char
{mso-style-name:"Heading 1 Char";
mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:"Heading 1";
mso-ansi-font-size:16.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt;
font-family:"Georgia",serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Georgia;
mso-fareast-font-family:Georgia;
mso-hansi-font-family:Georgia;
mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia;}
span.BodyTextChar
{mso-style-name:"Body Text Char";
mso-style-priority:1;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:"Body Text";
mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Georgia",serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Georgia;
mso-fareast-font-family:Georgia;
mso-hansi-font-family:Georgia;
mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:11.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
.MsoPapDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-pagination:none;
text-autospace:none;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:47.0pt 66.0pt 49.0pt 67.0pt;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:39.95pt;
mso-page-numbers:1;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
@page WordSection2
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:74.0pt 66.0pt 49.0pt 67.0pt;
mso-header-margin:0in;
mso-footer-margin:39.95pt;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection2
{page:WordSection2;}
@page WordSection3
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:74.0pt 66.0pt 49.0pt 67.0pt;
mso-header-margin:0in;
mso-footer-margin:39.95pt;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection3
{page:WordSection3;}
-->
</style></div>
chantlacahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15255116987351106636noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6069514271337748470.post-69308961948435344672019-09-16T18:12:00.001-07:002019-09-16T18:12:58.532-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="WordSection1">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKeQK6X940WroiUUE5pq9hyphenhyphen_walwVT1oIdvp1HqB_bZyPhx7s91CQpstdTjwJpsshUwNoN-bxiLZSoPt2RexcglC5TpwRkbnxCNhx7eZy93Go-B6qQf42dSYkqYVTl2KqD7eYpvFH5Gn4/s1600/TONAL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1551" data-original-width="1600" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKeQK6X940WroiUUE5pq9hyphenhyphen_walwVT1oIdvp1HqB_bZyPhx7s91CQpstdTjwJpsshUwNoN-bxiLZSoPt2RexcglC5TpwRkbnxCNhx7eZy93Go-B6qQf42dSYkqYVTl2KqD7eYpvFH5Gn4/s200/TONAL.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.2pt;">
<span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "papyrus" , sans-serif;">TONATIERRA</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 103%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.1pt; margin-right: 275.1pt; margin-top: .85pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "papyrus" , sans-serif; line-height: 103%;">Community
Development Institute</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 103%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.1pt; margin-right: 275.1pt; margin-top: .85pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "papyrus" , sans-serif; line-height: 103%;">PO Box 24009</span><span style="font-family: "papyrus" , sans-serif; line-height: 103%;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 103%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.1pt; margin-right: 275.1pt; margin-top: .05pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "papyrus" , sans-serif; line-height: 103%;">Phoenix,
AZ 85074</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 103%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.1pt; margin-right: 275.1pt; margin-top: .05pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "papyrus" , sans-serif; line-height: 103%;"> </span><a href="http://www.tonatierra.org/"><span style="font-family: "papyrus" , sans-serif; line-height: 103%; text-decoration: none;">www.tonatierra.org</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "papyrus" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 103%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 13.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 13.45pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">September 13, 2019</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: .15pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.1pt; margin-right: 185.15pt; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">USMCA Working Group, US House of
Representatives</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, (D-Cal)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Representative
Richard Neal (D-MA), Chairman Representative Earl Blumenauer (D-Ore.)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Representative Jan Schakowsky (D-Ill.)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Representative Jimmy Gomez (D-Calif.)</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.55pt; margin-left: 5.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Mike Thompson (D-Calif.)</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.1pt; margin-right: 243.85pt; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Representative Suzanne Bonamici
(D-Ore.) John Larson (D-Conn.)</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.1pt; margin-right: 330.85pt; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Reps. Terri Sewell (D-Ala.) Rosa
DeLauro (D-Conn.)</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: .45pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Good greetings.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: .15pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.1pt; margin-right: 5.75pt; margin-top: 5.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Today, <b>September 13, 2019, </b>marks the 12th anniversary of the <b>United Nations Declaration on the Rights of
Indigenous Peoples </b>(UNDRIP). Upon review of the public record of debate
concerning the Human Rights of Indigenous Peoples in the context of the
proposed <b>US-Mexico-Canada Agreement</b>,
the systemic disregard <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">for </span>the
territorial rights and human rights of Indigenous Peoples is blatantly
discriminatory, unacceptable<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>must<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>addressed<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>before<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>agreement<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">
</span>is<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>put<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>vote<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>before<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>House of<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
</span>Representatives.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: .1pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.1pt; margin-right: 5.7pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Specifically,
we call today for a full public hearing before the appropriate committees
and/or Working Group formations of the US Congress for the purpose of informing
the US<span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span>congressional<span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;"> </span>representatives<span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;"> </span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;"> </span><b>Right<span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;"> </span>Indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -.85pt;"> </span>Peoples<span style="letter-spacing: -.9pt;">
</span></b>to<span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;"> </span><b>Free,<span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span>Prior, and Informed
Consent </b>(FPIC) regarding projects which impact their collective<span style="letter-spacing: -2.0pt;"> </span>rights. Such a public hearing must be
realized before the USMCA is<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>approved.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: .35pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.1pt; margin-right: 5.7pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>USMCA<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>has<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>been<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>promoted<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>necessary<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>"update"<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>1994<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>North<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">
</span>American<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA). In distinction from NAFTA which was adopted in 1994 thirteen<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span>years<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>before<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>adoption<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>UN<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>Declaration<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>Rights<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>Indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>Peoples, the signatories of USMCA must comply with the minimum
standards of FPIC or the <b>corporate
consortia </b>investing in any development project in violation of FPIC will
immediately become <b>financially liable </b>and
<b>exposed </b>to the risk of <b>legal challenges </b>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><b>financial<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>penalties<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span></b>that<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>must<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>presented<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>before<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span>their<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>constituencies<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>(states)<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span>and shareholders (corporations).</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></span><br />
<div class="WordSection2">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.1pt; margin-right: 5.65pt; margin-top: 4.1pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">This principle
is now well established, having been the subject of the <b>Soft Woods Lumber Dispute </b>(1982) between the US and Canada which
acknowledged the <b>proprietary rights </b>of
Indigenous Peoples over territories and resources in the international trade
tribunals. Recognizing this fact, the <b>World
Bank </b>has restructured its procedures, protocols and practices regarding
Indigenous Peoples and the right of Free, Prior, and Informed Consent under the
Environmental and <b>Social Standard 7 </b>to
shield its interests.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: .15pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.1pt; margin-right: 5.7pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">There can be <b>no approval </b>of USMCA without
recognition, respect, and effective mechanisms for the protection of the
internationally recognized <b>Human Rights
of Indigenous Peoples </b>in the trade zone encompassing the three countries,
specifically the right of Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC).
Consultation is not consent.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: .55pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.1pt; margin-right: 5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Without<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>full<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>effective<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>participation<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>Indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>Peoples,<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><i>as<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>Peoples<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>equal<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>all
other peoples</i>, there can be no legitimate approval of the<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>USMCA.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: .45pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 26.7pt; margin-right: 5.65pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">“The<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>Indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>peoples<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>Americas<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>possess<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>underlying<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>inalienable<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>title to<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">
</span>their<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>lands.<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>Failure<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span>by<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>settler<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>governments<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>recognize<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>title<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>within<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">
</span>USMCA<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>is a violation of
Indigenous rights and the principle of “free, prior and informed consent”
enshrined in the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous
Peoples. As a legal violation that infringes on the property rights of
Indigenous peoples, this failure by settler governments creates a massive risk
to the financial interests<span style="letter-spacing: -.85pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: -.85pt;"> </span>rely<span style="letter-spacing: -.85pt;"> </span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -.85pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span>tripartite<span style="letter-spacing: -.85pt;"> </span>agreement.<span style="letter-spacing: -.85pt;"> </span>Businesses<span style="letter-spacing: -.85pt;"> </span>cannot<span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span>hide<span style="letter-spacing: -.85pt;"> </span>behind<span style="letter-spacing: -.85pt;"> </span>USMCA and disregard the rights of
Indigenous peoples. Every investor, every corporation, every entity with a
financial interest that crosses the borders between Mexico, the United States
and Canada, must account for this risk when they operate on Indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span>lands.<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;">
</span>Failure<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>account<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;">
</span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>risks<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>associated<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>with<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span>Indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>title<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>will
result in faulty, and possibly fraudulent,<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>valuations.”</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 320.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Dr. DT Cochrane, Economist</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: .25pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 98%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.1pt; margin-right: 5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 98%;">With<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>representation<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>Indigenous<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>Peoples<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">
</span>from<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>Mexico-US-Canada<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>organized<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;">
</span>under<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span>the <b>Indigenous Network on Economies and Trade
(INET), </b>we offer to engage with willing members of Congress to bring such a
proposed hearing to<span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span>effect.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: .25pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.1pt; margin-right: 5.8pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Please contact
me at your earliest convenience to clarify the position of the USMCA Working
Group regarding the issues we have raised in this intervention.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: .25pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="0" width="62"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<br clear="ALL" />
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.1pt; margin-right: 356.3pt; margin-top: 9.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Tupac Enrique Acosta TONATIERRA</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="mailto:chantlaca@tonatierra.org"><span style="color: windowtext;">chantlaca@tonatierra.org</span></a></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 101.7pt; margin-right: 102.35pt; margin-top: 4.05pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Free Prior and Informed Consent FPIC</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.1pt; margin-right: 5.7pt; margin-top: 15.9pt;">
All<span style="letter-spacing: -.85pt;"> </span>Peoples<span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span>have<span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.85pt;"> </span>right<span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span>self-determination.<span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span>It<span style="letter-spacing: -.85pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span>fundamental
principle in international law, embodied in the Charter of the United Nations
and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>Rights.</h1>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: .1pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.1pt; margin-right: 5.6pt; margin-top: .05pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The standard, Free, Prior
and Informed Consent (FPIC), as well as Indigenous Peoples’ rights to lands,
territories and natural resources are embedded within the universal right to<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>self- determination. The normative
framework for FPIC consists of a series of international legal instruments
including the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
(UNDRIP), the International Labour Organization Convention<span style="letter-spacing: -2.65pt;"> </span>169 (ILO 169), and the Convention on
Diversity (CBD), among many others.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: .45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.1pt; margin-right: 5.6pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">FPIC is a specific right
that pertains to Indigenous Peoples and is recognized in the UNDRIP. It allows
them to give or withhold consent to a project that may affect them or their
territories. Once they have given their consent, they can withdraw it at any
stage. Furthermore,<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>FPIC<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>enables<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">
</span>them<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>negotiate<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>conditions<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>under which the project will be designed, implemented,
monitored and evaluated.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: .3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 101.7pt; margin-right: 102.3pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Consultation is not consent.</span></div>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Georgia;
panose-1:2 4 5 2 5 4 5 2 3 3;
mso-font-alt:Georgia;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Papyrus;
panose-1:2 11 6 2 4 2 0 2 3 3;
mso-font-alt:Papyrus;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610612609 1073750107 0 0 403 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:none;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Georgia",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Georgia;
mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia;}
h1
{mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-link:"Heading 1 Char";
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:5.6pt;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:5.1pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:justify;
mso-pagination:none;
mso-outline-level:1;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:16.0pt;
font-family:"Georgia",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Georgia;
mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia;
mso-font-kerning:0pt;
font-weight:normal;}
p.MsoBodyText, li.MsoBodyText, div.MsoBodyText
{mso-style-priority:1;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-link:"Body Text Char";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:none;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Georgia",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Georgia;
mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia;}
span.Heading1Char
{mso-style-name:"Heading 1 Char";
mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:"Heading 1";
mso-ansi-font-size:16.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt;
font-family:"Georgia",serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Georgia;
mso-fareast-font-family:Georgia;
mso-hansi-font-family:Georgia;
mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia;}
span.BodyTextChar
{mso-style-name:"Body Text Char";
mso-style-priority:1;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:"Body Text";
mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Georgia",serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Georgia;
mso-fareast-font-family:Georgia;
mso-hansi-font-family:Georgia;
mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:11.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
.MsoPapDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-pagination:none;
text-autospace:none;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:47.0pt 66.0pt 49.0pt 67.0pt;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:39.95pt;
mso-page-numbers:1;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
@page WordSection2
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:74.0pt 66.0pt 49.0pt 67.0pt;
mso-header-margin:0in;
mso-footer-margin:39.95pt;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection2
{page:WordSection2;}
@page WordSection3
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:74.0pt 66.0pt 49.0pt 67.0pt;
mso-header-margin:0in;
mso-footer-margin:39.95pt;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection3
{page:WordSection3;}
-->
</style></div>
chantlacahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15255116987351106636noreply@blogger.com